The views expressed here are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta or the
Federal Reserve System. Any remaining errors are the authors’ responsibility.
Please address questions regarding content to Marco Espinosa-Vega, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 104 Marietta Street,
NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-2713, 404/521-8630, [email protected], and Steven Russell, Department of
Economics, 523 Cavanaugh Hall, IUPUI, 425 University Boulevard, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5140, shrusse@ iupui.edu.
Questions regarding subscriptions to the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta working paper series should be addressed to the
Public Affairs Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 104 Marietta Street, NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-2713,
404/521-8020. The full text of this paper may be downloaded (in PDF format) from the Atlanta Fed’s World-Wide Web
site at http://www.frbatlanta.org/publica/work_papers/.
The Long-Run Real Effects of Monetary Policy:
Keynesian Predictions from a Neoclassical Model
Marco Espinosa-Vega and Steven Russell
Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
Working Paper 98-6
April 1998
Abstract: In this paper we integrate Diamond’s (1965) model of neoclassical production and capital with
Wallace’s (1984) model of monetary policy in order to study the real effects of two types of monetary policy
actions: open market operations and changes in reserve requirements. We show that a permanent easing of open
market or reserve policy can produce permanent increases in both the inflation rate and the level (but not the
growth rate) of output. We also describe conditions under which the effects of these policies on real interest rates
and output can be large relative to their effects on the rate of inflation. When we compare the effects of the two
types of policies we find that open market operations are the policy tool that minimizes the change in the inflation
rate necessary to achieve a given change in the level of output.
JEL classification: E4, E5, E6
Key words: long-run real effects, monetary policy, Keynes
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