Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2023

OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET

Budget

of the U.S.

Government

FISCAL YEAR 2023

OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET

Budget

of the U.S.

Government

FISCAL YEAR 2023

Budget of the United States Government,

Fiscal Year 2023 contains the Budget Message of the

President, information on the President’s priorities,

and summary tables.

Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United

States Government, Fiscal Year 2023 contains anal-

yses that are designed to highlight speciﬁed subject

areas or provide other signiﬁcant presentations of

budget data that place the budget in perspective.

This volume includes economic and accounting anal-

yses, information on Federal receipts and collections,

analyses of Federal spending, information on Federal

borrowing and debt, baseline or current services es-

timates, and other technical presentations.

Supplemental tables and other materials

that are part of the Analytical Perspectives vol-

ume are available at https://whitehouse.gov/omb/

analytical-perspectives/.

Appendix, Budget of the United States

Government, Fiscal Year 2023 contains detailed in-

formation on the various appropriations and funds

that constitute the budget and is designed primarily

for the use of the Appropriations Committees. The

Appendix contains more detailed ﬁnancial informa-

tion on individual programs and appropriation ac-

counts than any of the other budget documents. It

includes for each agency: the proposed text of ap-

propriations language; budget schedules for each ac-

count; legislative proposals; narrative explanations

of each budget account; and proposed general provi-

sions applicable to the appropriations of entire agen-

cies or group of agencies. Information is also provid-

ed on certain activities whose transactions are not

part of the budget totals.

BUDGET INFORMATION AVAILABLE ONLINE

The President’s Budget and supporting materi-

als are available online at https://whitehouse.gov/

omb/budget/. This link includes electronic versions

of all the budget volumes, supplemental materials

that are part of the Analytical Perspectives volume,

spreadsheets of many of the budget tables, and a

public use budget database. This link also includes

Historical Tables that provide data on budget re-

ceipts, outlays, surpluses or deﬁcits, Federal debt,

and Federal employment over an extended time pe-

riod, generally from 1940 or earlier to 2027. Also

available are links to documents and materials from

budgets of prior years.

For more information on access to electronic ver-

sions of the budget documents, call (202) 512-1530

in the D.C. area or toll-free (888) 293-6498. To pur-

chase the printed documents call (202) 512-1800.

THE BUDGET DOCUMENTS

eciff OP tnemn revoG . S .U , s tnemu coD fo tnednetnirepuS eh t yb elas roF

0081 - 215 ) 202 ( aera CD ; 0081 - 215 ) 668 ( eerf llot :enohP vog . opg . erot s koob :ten retnI

no t gn ihsaW , CCDI po t S :liaM 4012 - 215 ) 202 ( :xaF 1000 - 20402 CD ,

ublishing

ISBN 978-0-16-095232-6

9 780160 952326

90000

U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 2022

GENERAL NOTES

1. All years referenced for budget data are ﬁscal years unless otherwise noted. All years referenced for economic

data are calendar years unless otherwise noted.

2. At the time the Budget was prepared, none of the full-year appropriations bills for 2022 have been enacted,

therefore, the programs and activities normally provided for in the full-year appropriations bills were operat-

ing under a continuing resolution (Public Law 117-43, division A, as amended by Public Law 117-70, division

A; Public Law 117-86, division A; and Public Law 117-95). References to 2022 spending in the text and tables

reﬂect the levels provided by the continuing resolution and, if applicable, the following Public Laws which

provided additional appropriations to certain accounts in 2022—

• The Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (Public Law 117-43, division B);

• The Afghanistan Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (Public Law 117-43, division C);

• The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Appropriations Act (Public Law 117-58, division J); and

• The Additional Afghanistan Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (Public Law 117-70, division B).

3. The estimates in the 2023 Budget do not reﬂect the effects of the Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act,

2022 (included in Public Law 117-103) due to the late date of enactment.

4. Detail in this document may not add to the totals due to rounding.

Table of Contents

The Budget Message of the President ................................................................................................1

Confronting Urgent Crises and Delivering Historic Progress ....................................................3

Building a Better America ..................................................................................................................13

Ensuring an Equitable, Effective, and Accountable Government

that Delivers Results for All ......................................................................................................37

Department of Agriculture .................................................................................................................45

Department of Commerce ................................................................................................................... 49

Department of Defense ........................................................................................................................ 53

Department of Education ...................................................................................................................57

Department of Energy .........................................................................................................................61

Department of Health and Human Services ..................................................................................65

Department of Homeland Security ...................................................................................................71

Department of Housing and Urban Development ........................................................................73

Department of the Interior .................................................................................................................77

Department of Justice .........................................................................................................................81

Department of Labor ............................................................................................................................85

Department of State and Other International Programs ...........................................................89

Department of Transportation ..........................................................................................................93

Department of the Treasury ...............................................................................................................97

Department of Veterans Affairs .........................................................................................................99

Corps of Engineers—Civil Works ....................................................................................................103

Environmental Protection Agency .................................................................................................105

National Aeronautics and Space Administration .......................................................................109

National Science Foundation ........................................................................................................... 111

Small Business Administration .......................................................................................................113

Social Security Administration .......................................................................................................115

Summary Tables ..................................................................................................................................117

OMB Contributors to the 2023 Budget ...........................................................................................145

Page

There is no greater testament to the grit and resilience of the American people than the extraor-

dinary progress we have made together over the last year.

America entered 2021 in the midst of a devastating health crisis, on the heels of the worst economic

crisis since the Great Depression. We ended 2021 having created over 6.5 million new jobs, the most

our Nation has ever recorded in a single year. Our economy grew at a rate of 5.7 percent, the stron-

gest growth in nearly 40 years. As of February, the unemployment rate has fallen from 6.4 percent

when I took ofﬁce to 3.8 percent—the fastest decline in recorded history. We are bringing everyone

along, and leaving no one behind; child poverty is projected to reach the lowest level ever recorded,

while long-term unemployment, youth unemployment, and Black and Hispanic unemployment have

all dropped at record rates. Though family budgets are still tight, millions more Americans are earn-

ing paychecks today—and families have more money in their pockets than they did a year ago.

This progress was no accident. It was a direct result of the new economic vision for America I ran

on—to build our economy from the bottom up and the middle out.

That vision was reﬂected in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, which lifted our Nation out of

crisis; fueled our efforts to vaccinate America and combat the COVID-19 pandemic globally; enabled

small businesses and State and local governments to hire, rehire, and retain workers; and delivered

immediate economic relief to tens of millions of Americans—to put food on their tables, keep a roof

over their heads, enable them to work by keeping schools and child care providers open, and main-

tain their dignity in the face of the pandemic.

That vision was also reﬂected in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law—the most sweeping invest-

ment to rebuild America in history. After years of merely talking about ﬁxing our infrastructure, we

brought together Democrats and Republicans to ﬁnally get it done. Already, that law is paving the

way for better jobs for millions of Americans—modernizing roads, bridges, ports, and airports; build-

ing a national network of charging stations, so America can own the electric car market; replacing

lead pipes across the Nation, so every child can drink clean water at home and at school; providing

affordable high-speed internet for every American; and strengthening our resilience to withstand

both cyber and physical threats, including the devastating effects of the climate crisis.

There have been challenges as we have recovered from the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the speed

of our recovery, businesses have had a hard time hiring workers quickly enough to keep pace with

resurgent demand. Disruptions to global supply chains have also contributed to higher prices. As

a result, America was not immune to the worldwide inﬂation that has followed the pandemic—leav-

ing too many families struggling to keep up with their bills. Since January, that pain has also been

compounded by the anticipation and aftermath of Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine—from the

time he began amassing troops on Ukraine’s borders, triggering a response in global oil markets, the

price of a gallon of gas has risen by more than a dollar here at home as of mid-March.

Today, however, as a result of the new economic vision we are building our economy around, we

are well-positioned to meet the challenges and seize the opportunities of this decisive decade. We

are competing with China from a position of strength, while leading a global coalition united in

THE BUDGET MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT

To The Congress of The UniTed sTaTes:

2 THE BUDGET MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT

condemnation of Russian aggression against Ukraine. We are tackling the climate crisis with ur-

gency, strengthening the global health architecture to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics, and

enhancing cybersecurity and addressing emerging cyber threats. We are joining with allies and part-

ners to write the rules of 21st Century economics, trade, and technology.

My Budget details the next steps forward on our journey to execute a new economic vision, reduce

costs for families, reduce the deﬁcit, and build a better America. It is a Budget anchored in my bed-

rock belief that America is at its best when we invest in the backbone of our Nation: the hardworking

people in every community who make our Nation run.

My Budget lays out detailed investments to build on a record-breaking year of broad-based, inclu-

sive growth—and meet the challenges of the 21st Century. It is a call to reduce costs for families’

biggest expenses; grow, educate, and invest in our workforce; bolster our public health infrastructure;

save lives by investing in strategies such as community policing and community violence interven-

tions, strategies proven to reduce gun crime; and advance equity, environmental justice, and opportu-

nity for all Americans.

As I discussed in my 2022 State of the Union Address, my Budget also reﬂects a bipartisan unity

agenda—areas where we can all come together to make progress. That includes investments to help

beat the opioid epidemic; take on the invisible costs of the mental health crisis, especially among our

children; support our veterans; and end cancer as we know it. My super-charged Cancer Moonshot

plan has a goal of cutting cancer death rates by at least 50 percent over the next 25 years—while my

vision for ARPA-H, the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health, seeks breakthroughs in can-

cer, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and more.

Critically, my Budget would also keep our Nation on a sound ﬁscal course. It ﬁghts inﬂation and

helps families deal with rising costs by growing our economy, making more goods in America, and low-

ering the costs families face. Its bold ideas are fully paid for, with tax reforms that more than offset

the cost of new investments. It fulﬁlls my ironclad promise that no one earning less than $400,000

per year would pay an additional penny in new taxes—while ensuring that the wealthiest Americans

and the biggest corporations begin to pay their fair share. It keeps us on track to reduce the deﬁcit

this year to less than half of what it was before I took ofﬁce.

After a year of historic progress, I am more optimistic about America today than I have ever been.

We are on a path to win the competition for the 21st Century. We are prepared once again to turn a

moment of crisis into a breathtaking opportunity. We are stronger today than we were a year ago—

and we will be stronger a year from now than we are today.

All we have to do is keep coming together—to keep building, keep giving working families a ﬁghting

chance, and keep expanding the possibilities of our Nation. That is what my Budget is all about, and

I look forward to working together to keep delivering for the American people.

JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR.

The WhiTe hoUse.

CONFRONTING URGENT CRISES AND

DELIVERING HISTORIC PROGRESS

When the President took ofﬁce, the United

States was confronting overlapping crises of un-

precedented scope and scale: a once-in-a-century

pandemic; a sharp economic downturn; an accel-

erating climate crisis; and a legacy of persistent

inequity. On day one of his Administration, the

President immediately got to work leveraging

every tool at his disposal to tackle these crises

head-on—mobilizing the Nation around an am-

bitious agenda to deliver results for working

families. Under the President’s leadership—and

thanks to the grit and resilience of the American

people in the face of signiﬁcant challenges—

America has made historic progress.

POWERING A HISTORIC ECONOMIC RESURGENCE

When the President took ofﬁce, he faced an

economy that was struggling to recover from

the most severe downturn since the Great

Depression. The unemployment rate stood at

6.4 percent, with 10 million Americans unable

to ﬁnd a job. Factoring in workers who dropped

out of the labor force or couldn’t ﬁnd full-time

work, the unemployment rate was closer to 11

percent. Between February 2020 and January

2021, the labor force participation rate for wom-

en dropped by 3.7 percent overall, 6.4 percent

for Black women, and 7.1 percent for Hispanic

women, undoing more than 35 years of progress

in labor force participation. More than 18 mil-

lion Americans were receiving unemployment

beneﬁts, and more than half of the unemployed

had been without a job for more than 15 weeks.

Thousands of small businesses—the backbone

of the American economy—were forced to close

their doors, some permanently. Millions of

Americans reported that they were struggling to

pay their rent or mortgage, put food on the table,

and cover basic expenses.

In the face of these challenges, the President

took decisive action—not only to put a ﬂoor un-

der the immediate economic fallout, but to begin

rebuilding the economy from the bottom-up and

the middle-out. The President’s strategy helped

rescue the economy, delivered urgently needed

relief to families and small businesses, fueled

record-breaking economic growth and job cre-

ation, and bolstered American competitiveness

and manufacturing.

Fueling Record-Breaking Economic

Growth and Job Creation

Thanks to the American Rescue Plan Act of

2021 (American Rescue Plan) and the President’s

vaccination program, the American economy is

recovering faster than other advanced econo-

mies around the world, with record-breaking

economic growth and job creation. In 2021, the

Administration achieved the best record of job

creation in American history, with the single

largest calendar year decrease in the unemploy-

ment rate on record. As of February 2022, the

unemployment rate had fallen to 3.8 percent.

Prior to passage of the American Rescue Plan,

the Congressional Budget Ofﬁce did not project

the unemployment rate dropping to 3.8 percent

at any point over this entire decade. Since the

4 CONFRONTING URGENT CRISES AND DELIVERING HISTORIC PROGRESS

President took ofﬁce, the economy has created

7.4 million jobs. The number of long-term unem-

ployed Americans decreased by two million dur-

ing the President’s ﬁrst year in ofﬁce—a record

decline. More than 1.6 million women have reen-

tered the workforce.

As more Americans have gotten back to work,

the economy has come roaring back to life. In

2021, the American economy grew at 5.7 percent,

the fastest rate in nearly four decades. For the

ﬁrst time in 20 years, the economy grew faster

than China’s. Applications for new small busi-

nesses increased 30 percent since before the pan-

demic. Retail sales rose by $90 billion. Between

the American Rescue Plan’s tax cuts for families

that are raising children and rising wages for mid-

dle class families, the average American had more

money in their pocket each month in 2021 than

they did in 2020—after accounting for inﬂation.

Strengthening Supply Chains,

Promoting Competition, and

Bolstering Manufacturing

To sustain and build on this economic momen-

tum, the President has taken aggressive actions

to address other global challenges triggered by

the COVID-19 pandemic and expand the produc-

tive capacity of the economy—strengthening do-

mestic supply chains, promoting competition and

innovation to help lower prices, and bolstering

American manufacturing.

In the face of global supply chain bottlenecks

and global inﬂation, last year the President issued

an Executive Order 14017, “America’s Supply

Chains,” to strengthen the Nation’s supply chains

and launched the Supply Chain Disruptions

Task Force to address disruptions linked to the

COVID-19 pandemic. Thanks to those efforts,

more cargo is moving through American ports

than at any time in the Nation’s history. The

number of containers sitting on the docks at

the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach—two

of the largest ports in America—for more than

eight days has been cut by more than 70 percent

since the beginning of November 2021. Holiday

sales surged 14 percent last year—a new record.

Despite dire predictions about delivery delays

at the end of last year, holiday season delivery

times dropped below their pre-pandemic levels,

while retail inventories hit an all-time record.

In addition, the Administration’s Action Plan for

America’s Ports and Waterways and Trucking

Action Plan to Strengthen America’s Trucking

Workforce continue to help American port opera-

tors move a record amount of goods from ships to

shelves as quickly as possible and connect more

Americans to good jobs in the trucking industry.

The President has also taken key steps to pro-

mote greater competition, protect consumers, and

lower prices. In July 2021, the President signed

a historic Executive Order 14036, “Promoting

Competition in the American Economy,” to en-

courage competition across industries, includ-

ing travel, healthcare, food, internet service, and

more. Executive Order 14036 includes 72 initia-

tives by more than a dozen Federal agencies to

promptly tackle some of the most pressing com-

petition problems across the economy. In the

months since, the Administration has worked to

lower prices for hearing aids and has taken on

meat processors that are raking in record prof-

its while raising prices for consumers at the gro-

cery store. Also, enforcement agencies like the

Federal Trade Commission and the Department

of Justice (DOJ) have taken strong actions to pro-

tect consumers from anti-competitive mergers

that could have raised prices for consumers and

businesses.

The President has also relentlessly focused on

implementing an industrial strategy to revitalize

America’s manufacturing base. During his ﬁrst

week in ofﬁce, the President signed Executive

Order 14005, “Ensuring the Future is Made in

All of America by All of America’s Workers,” that

created the ﬁrst-ever Made in America Ofﬁce

within the Ofﬁce of Management and Budget

and launched a Government-wide initiative to

leverage the Federal Government’s procurement

power to support American manufacturing and

American workers. To help translate that com-

mitment into action, the President announced the

most robust changes to the Buy American Act of

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 5

1933 in more than 70 years—raising the domestic

content threshold, strengthening domestic supply

chains for critical goods, and increasing transpar-

ency and accountability. Since the President took

ofﬁce, the economy has added more than 423,000

new manufacturing jobs. Manufacturing as a

share of Gross Domestic Product has returned

to pre-pandemic levels. In recent months, major

companies have announced signiﬁcant invest-

ments in new manufacturing lines and factories

that will create thousands of good-paying jobs in

the United States.

MOUNTING A FORCEFUL RESPONSE TO THE PANDEMIC

In January 2021, the United States lacked the

tools to fully protect people against COVID-19.

Less than one percent of Americans—some two

million people—were fully vaccinated. Less than

half of our Nation’s schools were open for in-per-

son instruction. Zero at-home tests were on the

market. The Nation faced shortages of protec-

tive equipment for frontline workers and didn’t

have enough vaccines, vaccinators, or locations

where people could get vaccinated. Meanwhile,

the rapid spread of the virus had disrupted the

education of millions of students, forced an esti-

mated 1-in-4 child care providers to close their

doors, taken a signiﬁcant toll on Americans’ men-

tal health, produced a massive surge in domestic

violence incidents and overdose deaths, worsened

food and housing insecurity, and deepened long-

standing health inequities in communities across

the Nation.

From the day he took ofﬁce, the President

has been unrelenting in his focus on ensuring

that the American people have the tools neces-

sary to protect themselves against COVID-19:

more vaccines, boosters, tests, masks, and treat-

ments. Through the American Rescue Plan, the

Administration secured $160 billion to support

the President’s vaccination program, therapeu-

tics, testing and mitigation, personal protective

equipment, and the broader COVID-19 response.

These resources have played a key role in prevent-

ing hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19

and combatting the Delta and Omicron variants.

As a result of these efforts, the United States

is moving forward safely. As of March 2022, more

than 216 million Americans—including more

than 75 percent of adults—had been fully vacci-

nated. Vaccines are approved or authorized for

all Americans ﬁve years of age and older. There

are more than 90,000 vaccination locations in

communities across the Nation, with 90 percent

of Americans living within ﬁve miles of a site.

The Administration is securing millions of doses

of a highly effective pill to treat COVID-19. In

addition, the President’s focus on equity is de-

livering results: the latest CDC data show that

gaps in vaccination rates among Latino, Black,

and White adults have been effectively closed.

After a year of children falling behind on learn-

ing, the President took action to open schools and

get kids and teachers back into their classrooms.

The American Rescue Plan provided $130 billion

to schools to allow for their safe operation and

address the COVID-19 pandemic’s impacts on

learning, as well as an additional $10 billion to

support COVID-19 testing. The Administration

has also ensured schools have the ﬂexibility and

resources they need to ensure children are fed

healthy meals. As a result, about 99 percent of

schools are now open, full-time and in person—up

from just 46 percent when the President took of-

ﬁce. This progress has been crucial to ensuring

that all students can safely be back where they

belong—learning alongside their peers—and to

helping them recover from any learning loss or

mental health setbacks they experienced since

the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

As the Administration combats the COVID-19

pandemic at home, the United States is also lead-

ing the international effort to respond to the

Global COVID-19 pandemic and vaccinate the

world. At the President’s direction, the United

States has committed to donating 1.2 billion vac-

cine doses for free with no strings attached—

the largest commitment in the world—and has

6 CONFRONTING URGENT CRISES AND DELIVERING HISTORIC PROGRESS

already shipped 500 million doses to 112 coun-

tries, four times more doses than any other coun-

try. The Administration is also working to expand

access to tests, treatments, and personal protec-

tive equipment globally. These efforts are sav-

ing lives, improving our national and economic

security, and helping prevent the emergence and

spread of other dangerous variants and future

biological catastrophes like pandemics.

Delivering Urgent Relief

With the passage of the American Rescue

Plan, the Administration quickly mobilized vital

resources to help families and small businesses

weather the worst of the pandemic and create a

bridge to an economic recovery.

In 2021, the Administration delivered more

than 175 million economic impact payments of

$1,400 to the vast majority of Americans—to-

taling over $400 billion in relief. The American

Rescue Plan expanded the Child Tax Credit for

families of more than 61 million children, with

up to $3,600 available for families with children

under six, and $3,000 for families with children

6 to 17 years old. For the ﬁrst time—and begin-

ning just four months after the American Rescue

Plan’s passage—these payments were made on a

monthly basis, providing a reliable boost to work-

ing families to help cover essential expenses. The

American Rescue Plan also helped make quality

health insurance coverage through the Affordable

Care Act more affordable than ever—with

families saving an average of $2,400 on their an-

nual premiums, and 4 out of 5 consumers ﬁnding

quality coverage for under $10 a month.

At the same time, the American Rescue

Plan provided funding to all 50 States and

more than 34,000 cities, towns, and counties

to help prevent layoffs and get workers back

on the job. It provided $28 billion through the

Restaurant Revitalization Fund (RRF) to help

more than 100,000 restaurants and bars keep

their doors open. The RRF was part of the more

than $450 billion in emergency relief delivered

to more than six million small businesses in

2021 through the Administration’s implemen-

tation of the Paycheck Protection Program,

COVID Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL)

program, the COVID EIDL Targeted and

Supplemental Advance programs, and the

Shuttered Venue Operators Grants program.

The Administration also implemented the

Emergency Rental Assistance program, which

delivered 3.8 million payments totaling over

$33 billion to eligible households in 2021. Over

80 percent of the assistance was delivered to low-

est-income households (those earning 50 percent

of area median income and below). As a result

of these efforts, the Administration has built a

nationwide infrastructure for rental assistance

and eviction prevention, helping keep eviction

ﬁlings below 60 percent of historical levels and

preventing households from experiencing fur-

ther economic setbacks associated with housing

insecurity.

DELIVERING PROGRESS AT HOME

Under the President’s leadership, our Nation

has not only risen to meet urgent crises, but we

have begun building a better and more resilient

America. Since taking ofﬁce, the President has

advanced an agenda to bring more dignity, oppor-

tunity, security, and prosperity to working fami-

lies across the Nation—from rebuilding America’s

infrastructure and laying a new foundation for

growth, to taking historic action to combat the

climate crisis, to embedding equity as a priority

across the Federal Government.

Rebuilding America’s

Crumbling Infrastructure

After decades of talk in Washington about re-

building our crumbling infrastructure, last year

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 7

the President worked with members of both

parties in the Congress to pass and sign into

law the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

(Bipartisan Infrastructure Law)—a once-in-a-

generation investment in our Nation’s infrastruc-

ture and competitiveness that will help build a

better America, create good-paying union jobs,

ease inﬂationary pressures, and grow the econ-

omy sustainably and equitably so that everyone

has the chance to get ahead for decades to come.

For the up to 10 million American households

that lack safe drinking water, the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law invests $55 billion to deliver

clean water to all American families and elimi-

nate the Nation’s lead service lines—including

in tribal, rural, and disadvantaged communities.

To ensure that every American has access to reli-

able, affordable, high-speed internet, it invests a

historic $65 billion for broadband deployment to

help lower the cost of internet service and to close

the digital divide. To ﬁx and rebuild our roads

and bridges, it reauthorizes surface transporta-

tion programs for ﬁve years and makes the single

largest investment in repairing and reconstruct-

ing our Nation’s bridges since the construction of

the interstate highway system.

The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law also: in-

cludes crucial resources to improve transporta-

tion options for millions of Americans and reduce

greenhouse emissions through the largest invest-

ment in public transit in U.S. history; upgrades

the Nation’s airports and ports to strengthen

domestic supply chains; makes the largest in-

vestment in passenger rail since the creation of

Amtrak; builds a national network of electric ve-

hicle chargers; makes our Nation’s infrastructure

resilient against the impacts of climate change,

cyber-attacks, and extreme weather events; and

includes more for our Nation.

In the months since the President signed the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law into law, the

Administration has hit the ground running to

deliver results. Already, the Administration has

mobilized resources to: connect tribal Nations to

reliable, affordable high-speed internet; replace,

repair, and rehabilitate bridges across the Nation;

upgrade critical infrastructure at 3,075 airports;

update America’s aging water infrastructure,

sewerage systems, pipes and service lines; and

stop toxic waste from harming communities.

Taking Aggressive Action to

Tackle the Climate Crisis

When the President took ofﬁce, he made tack-

ling the climate crisis a central priority across the

entire Federal Government. At his direction, the

Administration has launched an unprecedented

effort to reduce climate pollution while creating

good-paying union jobs, advancing environmen-

tal justice, strengthening the Nation’s resilience,

and protecting public health.

On the ﬁrst day of his Administration, the

President rejoined the Paris Agreement. The

President set an ambitious goal to reduce green-

house gas pollution 50 to 52 percent from 2005

levels by 2030, while rallying countries around

the world to make their own bold contributions.

At the 2021 United Nations Climate Change

Conference, the President launched the U.S.

Methane Emissions Reduction Action Plan in sup-

port of the Global Methane Pledge of September

18, 2021 (Global Methane Pledge) to reduce the

world’s methane emissions 30 percent from 2020

levels by 2030. To advance the global phasedown

of hydroﬂuorocarbons, the President secured do-

mestic action to reduce emissions of these super

pollutants by 85 percent within 15 years. Also,

to reward clean manufacturing in the global

marketplace, the President announced a ground-

breaking commitment to negotiate the world’s

ﬁrst carbon-based arrangement on steel and alu-

minum trade with the European Union.

The President also set a target to eliminate car-

bon pollution from the electricity sector by 2035

and is fast-tracking clean energy—including the

launch of the American offshore wind industry,

with the ﬁrst approvals of large-scale projects on

the path to 30 gigawatts by 2030. The President’s

support for innovation and deployment of wind,

solar, storage, transmission, and more is creating

good-paying union jobs and lowering energy bills

8 CONFRONTING URGENT CRISES AND DELIVERING HISTORIC PROGRESS

for consumers. To jumpstart an electric transpor-

tation future that’s Made in America, the President

brought together automakers and autoworkers

around a new ambitious goal for 50 percent elec-

tric vehicle sales share in 2030. The President also

launched a Federal Sustainability Plan to lead by

example through the Federal Government’s ve-

hicle ﬂeet, buildings, and purchasing power. The

President has pursued new climate-smart agricul-

ture and forestry initiatives, protections for cher-

ished monuments and habitats, and the America

the Beautiful initiative to conserve 30 percent of

U.S. lands and waters by 2030. Also, the President

launched whole-of-Government efforts to build

resilience to intensifying climate impacts, protect

the economy and ﬁnancial systems from climate-

related ﬁnancial risks, and secured emergency

funding last year to help communities recover

from disasters and related crop losses.

The President is also making good on his

Justice40 commitment to deliver 40 percent of

the beneﬁts from Federal investments in climate

and clean energy to disadvantaged communi-

ties to build their economies. To create good-

paying union jobs in hard-hit energy communi-

ties, the President has driven Federal resources

to coal, oil and gas, and power plant communi-

ties. The President made environmental justice

and economic revitalization a centerpiece of the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, which includes

the largest investment in addressing legacy pol-

lution in American history, including capping or-

phaned oil and gas wells that are major sources

of methane emissions and local air pollution. The

Environmental Protection Agency has committed

to cleanup and clear the backlog of 49 previously

unfunded Superfund sites and accelerate cleanup

at dozens of other sites across the Nation.

Through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law,

the Administration also secured the largest in-

vestments ever in the Nation’s water infrastruc-

ture, power grid, public transit, and resilience.

The law will help replace lead service lines and

reduce exposure to the dangerous per- and poly-

ﬂuoroalkyl chemical substances. It will make

communities safer and our infrastructure more

resilient to the impacts of climate change and

cyber-attacks, with an investment of over $50 bil-

lion to protect against droughts, heat, ﬂoods, and

wildﬁres, in addition to a major investment in

weatherization. It invests more than $65 billion

through the Department of Energy to upgrade

our power infrastructure, facilitate the expan-

sion of renewables and clean energy, and fund

new programs to support the development, dem-

onstration, and deployment of cutting-edge clean

energy technologies to accelerate our transition

to a zero-emission economy. Also, it will deliver

thousands of electric school buses nationwide,

including in rural communities, helping school

districts across the Nation buy clean, American-

made, zero-emission buses, and replace the yel-

low school bus ﬂeet for America’s children.

Advancing Equity across the

Economy and Nation

The promise of our Nation is that every

American has an equal chance to live to their full

potential. Yet persistent systemic inequities and

barriers to opportunity have denied this promise

for so many. That is why the President has taken

historic steps to put equity at the center of his

agenda—and why the President assembled the

most diverse cabinet in American history to de-

liver on this Government-wide effort.

Beginning on his ﬁrst day in ofﬁce, the

President took a series of landmark executive

actions to advance equity. The President signed

a day-one Executive Order 13985, “Advancing

Racial Equity and Support for Underserved

Communities Through the Federal Government,”

on advancing equity and racial justice across

the Federal Government; a day-one Executive

Order 13988, “Preventing and Combating

Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or

Sexual Orientation,” directing Federal agencies to

extend protections against discrimination based

on gender identity and sexual orientation, upon

which agencies have already acted in the areas of

housing, lending services, education, healthcare,

and more; and Executive Order 14035, “Diversity,

Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility in the Federal

Workforce,” on advancing diversity, equity,

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 9

inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) across the

Federal workforce. In the months since, Federal

agencies have been hard at work implementing

these orders—delivering more equitable external

work, revised DEIA policies and trainings, and

updated civil rights guidance and regulations.

The Administration set a Government-wide

goal of increasing the share of Federal contracts

to small disadvantaged businesses, including

those owned by people of color, by 50 percent by

2025—which would translate to an increase of

$100 billion to these ﬁrms over ﬁve years. The

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law made permanent

the Minority Business Development Agency, the

only Federal entity focused exclusively on pro-

moting growth and competitiveness of minori-

ty-owned businesses, and elevated the head of

the Agency to the Under Secretary level. The

Administration provided $32 billion speciﬁcally

for tribal communities and Native Americans

as part of the American Rescue Plan, as well as

$13 billion in direct investments in tribal commu-

nities through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.

Also, the American Rescue Plan’s $122 billion

Elementary and Secondary School Emergency

Relief Fund, in addition to providing critically

needed funds to safely reopen and operate schools

and support students, included landmark main-

tenance of equity requirements that protected

high-poverty districts and schools from dispro-

portionate funding reductions and the highest

poverty districts from any reductions.

On International Women’s Day in March 2021,

the President signed Executive Order 14020,

“Establishment of the White House Gender Policy

Council,” establishing the ﬁrst White House

Gender Policy Council within the Executive Ofﬁce

of the President and charged the ofﬁce with lead-

ing a Government-wide effort to advance gender

equity and equality. To guide that work, last year

the Administration issued the ﬁrst ever National

Strategy on Gender Equity and Equality in the

United Sates to advance equal opportunity for

people of all genders—now, agencies are devel-

oping action plans to achieve their top priorities

for advancing gender equity and equality. The

Administration has also: taken critical steps to

eliminate racial disparities in maternal health;

advanced historic military justice reform; de-

ployed resources from the American Rescue Plan

for domestic violence and sexual assault preven-

tion and services; and announced bold commit-

ments to advance women’s economic security,

gender-based violence prevention and response,

and sexual and reproductive health and rights

both at home and around the world.

The President has also moved decisively

to condemn racism, xenophobia, and intoler-

ance against Asian Americans (AA) and Native

Hawaiian and Other Paciﬁc Islanders (NHOPI).

In his ﬁrst week in ofﬁce, the President signed

a Presidential Memorandum establishing an of-

ﬁcial policy to ensure the Federal Government

stands up against racism, xenophobia, nativism,

and bias. The memorandum directed all Federal

agencies to take steps to ensure their actions mit-

igate anti-Asian bias and xenophobia, especially

in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and

charged DOJ to partner with AA and NHOPI com-

munities to respond to and prevent hate crimes

and violence. In May 2021, the President signed

into law the COVID-19 Hate Crimes Act, bipar-

tisan legislation that makes signiﬁcant improve-

ments to the Nation’s response to hate crimes.

The Administration is also creating oppor-

tunity and building wealth in rural communi-

ties. For example, the American Rescue Plan’s

Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery

Fund has enabled States to invest in critical ru-

ral broadband and water infrastructure. In addi-

tion, the Administration’s efforts to strengthen

the food system through American Rescue Plan

funding are opening up new markets for farmers

and ranchers in rural America and supporting a

fairer, more competitive, and more resilient meat

and poultry supply chain. The Administration is

also working to keep rural hospitals open, sup-

porting rural providers, expanding rural health-

care coverage, and making it more affordable

than ever, with nearly 700,000 rural Americans

gaining coverage through the Patient Protection

and Affordable Care Act in 2021 alone and fami-

lies saving an average of $2,400 per year due to

the American Rescue Plan.

10 CONFRONTING URGENT CRISES AND DELIVERING HISTORIC PROGRESS

RESTORING AMERICAN LEADERSHIP ON THE WORLD STAGE

As the President has restored the Nation’s

strength at home, he has revitalized our allianc-

es and partnerships around the world, brought

American leadership to bear on the deﬁning is-

sues of our time, and invested in our military

advantage. The President has prioritized stra-

tegic competition with China and worked with

allies and partners to resist coercion and deter

aggression from Beijing and Moscow, and ended

America’s 20-year war in Afghanistan while re-

moving all U.S. troops. The President has led a

global response to the COVID-19 pandemic and

made historic investments to confront the climate

crisis. As the United States enters what will

be a decisive decade, the President is position-

ing America to win the competition for the 21

Century.

The President strengthened our foundation-

al partnership with Europe on the full range of

global challenges, including climate, health secu-

rity, trade and technology, and our collective and

decisive response to Russian aggression against

Ukraine. In the Indo-Paciﬁc, America is strength-

ening its role and expanding its cooperation with

longtime allies and partners, including new dip-

lomatic, defense and security, critical and emerg-

ing technology and supply chain, and climate

and global health initiatives, while supporting

stronger ties between our European and Indo-

Paciﬁc allies. Closer to home, the United States

has invested in relationships in the Western

Hemisphere, including by reviving the North

American Leaders’ Summit to consult with neigh-

boring countries, committing to work together on

major regional migration efforts, and collaborat-

ing on health security, democratic renewal, and

shared economic growth. In the Middle East and

North Africa, the United States is working to de-

escalate tensions, curb Iran’s destabilizing activi-

ties, and help regional partners lay the foundation

for greater security, prosperity, and opportunity

for their people. The United States is partner-

ing with African nations and publics to solve

problems of common interest—from health secu-

rity to shared economic prosperity to countering

terrorism—mindful of the continent’s importance

to critical global issues.

From his ﬁrst days in ofﬁce, the President has

restored U.S. leadership to the most signiﬁcant

global challenges of our time. At the President’s

direction, the United States has served as the

world’s vaccine arsenal, pledging more than 1.2

billion COVID-19 vaccines to countries around

the world, providing lifesaving supplies, and

hosting a Global COVID-19 Summit to build bet-

ter health security for the future. The President

renewed U.S. leadership on climate, including

by rejoining the Paris Agreement. Alongside

the Group of Seven partners, the United States

launched the Build Back Better World Initiative

to meet the developing world’s infrastructure

needs transparently, sustainably, and with high

standards. The President convened 110 gov-

ernments in the ﬁrst Summit for Democracy

to catalyze action to strengthen democracy at

home and abroad. The United States rejoined

and reinforced international institutions such as

the World Health Organization and the United

Nations Human Rights Council. In addition,

the Administration reprioritized cybersecurity by

strengthening resilience at home and accelerat-

ing cooperation with allies and the private sector.

Under the President’s leadership, the United

States has resolved signiﬁcant trade disputes, in-

cluding on airplanes, steel, and aluminum, and

protected American workers by centering them in

our foreign policy. Last year, the United States

rallied more than 100 countries to join the Global

Methane Pledge to cut emissions by 30 percent by

2030. In addition to fueling the global economic

recovery, America secured a historic win for work-

ers and middle-class families through the agree-

ment of 130 countries to support a global mini-

mum tax for the world’s largest corporations.

As America leads with diplomacy, we are also

investing in our military—the strongest ﬁghting

force the world has ever known. We are investing

in our warﬁghting advantages, understanding

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 11

that a combat-credible military is the foundation

of deterrence and America’s ability to prevail in

conﬂict. At the same time, the United States

is making disciplined choices about the use of

military force and focusing its attention on the

military’s primary responsibilities: to defend

the homeland; deter conﬂict; and to ﬁght and

win the Nation’s wars, while remaining commit-

ted to the wellbeing of its servicemembers and

their families.

BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA

Under the President’s leadership, America

is on the move again. Together, in the face of

unprecedented crises and ongoing challenges,

we have begun to change the trajectory of our

economy to ﬁnally make it work for working

people—with historic job creation, faster eco-

nomic growth, and more money in workers’

pockets. We are moving forward safely, con-

tinuing to combat the pandemic and build-

ing better preparedness for the next health

emergency. We have mobilized the Federal

Government to tackle the climate crisis with

the urgency that the science demands. We

have launched a Government-wide effort to

advance equity and expand opportunity across

our Nation and economy. We have revitalized

our global alliances and our leadership on the

world stage. While much work remains, we are

poised to meet the challenges and opportuni-

ties ahead.

The President’s Budget details his vision for

how to carry this momentum forward and build

a better America. It is a Budget anchored in

the President’s bedrock belief that the economy

grows from the bottom up and the middle out, and

that America is at its best when all Americans—

not just the wealthiest few—can get ahead and

pursue their promise and potential.

In last year’s Budget, the President put forward

a set of proposals designed to ensure America

emerged from the pandemic even stronger than

before. Just months later, the President’s pro-

posals to rebuild America’s crumbling infra-

structure, expand access to clean drinking water,

and invest in communities too often left behind

were enacted in the Infrastructure Investment

and Jobs Act (Bipartisan Infrastructure Law).

Earlier this month, the Congress reached a bi-

partisan agreement to fund the Government for

2022, ending a damaging series of short-term

continuing resolutions and taking a ﬁrst step to

reinvest in research, education, public health,

and other core functions of the Government.

In the State of the Union, the President reiter-

ated his commitment to work with the Congress

to pass legislation to lower costs for American

families, reduce the deﬁcit, and expand the pro-

ductive capacity of the American economy. The

President supports legislation that: cuts costs

for prescription drugs, healthcare premiums,

child care, long-term care, housing, and col-

lege, including tuition-free community college

and expanded support for Historically Black

Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), Tribally

Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs),

and Minority-Serving Institutions (MSIs); re-

duces energy costs by combatting climate change

and accelerating the transition to a clean en-

ergy economy while creating good-paying jobs

for American workers; supports families with

access to free, high-quality preschool and paid

family and medical leave and by continuing the

enhanced Child Tax Credit and Earned Income

Tax Credit; and provides health coverage tomil-

lions of uninsured Americans. The President

believes these proposals must be paired with re-

forms that ensure corporations and the wealthi-

est Americans pay their fair share, including by

paying the taxes they already owe and closing

loopholes that they exploit.

Because discussions with the Congress con-

tinue, the President’s Budget includes a deﬁcit

14 BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA

neutral reserve fund to account for future legisla-

tion, preserving the revenue from proposed tax

and prescription drug reforms for the investments

needed to bring down costs for American families

and expand our productive capacity. This ap-

proach reﬂects the President’s continued commit-

ments to: advancing the policies that strengthen

our economy and reduce costs for American fami-

lies; working collaboratively with the Congress

to shape this legislation; and fully paying for the

long-term costs of all new investments and reduc-

ing the deﬁcit. As the President said in the State

of the Union, he is committed to working with the

Congress on legislation that both cuts costs for

families and reduces the Federal deﬁcit. To be

conservative, however, the Budget reﬂects this re-

serve fund as deﬁcit neutral.

In addition, the President’s 2023 Budget pro-

poses other targeted investments that would:

help expand the productive capacity of our econo-

my to create jobs, bring down prices, and continue

our historic recovery; improve our public health

infrastructure and spur transformational medi-

cal research; combat and prevent gun violence

and other violent crime; drive action to lead the

world in combating the climate crisis; and make

higher education more affordable and accessible

while advancing equity, opportunity, and security

for all Americans. (Due to the timing of enact-

ment, the 2023 Budget does not reﬂect the de-

tails of the 2022 appropriations bill, and invest-

ment levels in the Budget are compared to 2021

funding.)

The Budget also provides the resources nec-

essary to deliver on our commitments to the

American people’s security and prosperity by

revitalizing American leadership on the world

stage. We are at the beginning of a decisive de-

cade that will determine the future of strategic

competition with China, the trajectory of the

climate crisis, and whether the rules governing

technology, trade, and international economics

enshrine or violate our democratic values. The

Budget enables us to meet these challenges by

investing both in our domestic and internation-

al sources of strength—from our dynamic and

diverse workforce, to our industrial and innova-

tion base, to our military and development enter-

prise, to our unparalleled network of allies and

partners. In doing so, the Budget enables us to

marshal global coalitions to act from a position of

strength, whether in the face of Russian aggres-

sion or transnational threats.

The Budget also delivers on the President’s

commitment to ﬁscal responsibility. The deﬁcit

is on track to drop by more than $1trillion this

year, the largest-ever one-year decline. Under

the Budget policies, annual deﬁcits would fall to

less than half of last year’s levels as a share of

the economy, while the economic burden of debt

would remain low. The Budget’s investments are

more than paid for through additional tax re-

forms that ensure corporations and the wealthi-

est Americans pay their fair share, allowing us

to cut costs for American families, strengthen our

economy, and cut deﬁcits and debt by more than

$1trillion over the coming decade.

PROMOTING JOB CREATION, REDUCING COST PRESSURES, AND

BOOSTING THE PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF THE ECONOMY

In 2021, America saw the strongest monthly

job growth ever recorded, the largest decline in

unemployment ever recorded, and the stron-

gest economic growth in nearly four decades.

Importantly, the beneﬁts from this growth were

broadly shared, and not only concentrated among

those at the very top. At the same time, the United

States—like virtually all advanced economies

around the world—is facing pandemic-driven

price increases that strain family budgets. That

is why the President is laser focused on building

a more productive economy that can deliver more

goods and services to the American people while

bringing down costs and driving growth and job

creation. The Budget builds on the progress

the Administration has already made—as well

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 15

as additional steps the President is pursuing—

through a package of investments that would bol-

ster the supply-side of the economy, create jobs

and address cost pressures, and expand the econ-

omy’s capacity over the medium- and long-term.

Strengthening Supply Chains,

Bolstering Manufacturing, and

Improving Infrastructure

Strengthens the Nation’s Supply Chains

through Domestic Manufacturing. To help ig-

nite a resurgence of American manufacturing and

strengthen domestic supply chains, the Budget

provides $372 million, an increase of $206 mil-

lion over the 2021 enacted level, for the National

Institutes of Standards and Technology’s manu-

facturing programs to launch two additional

manufacturing innovation institutes in 2023 and

continue support for the two institutes funded in

2022. The Budget includes a $125million increase

for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership to

make America’s small and medium manufactur-

ers more competitive, as well as $200million for

a new Solar Manufacturing Accelerator at the

Department of Energy (DOE) to build domestic

capacity in solar energy supply chains while mov-

ing away from imported products manufactured

using unacceptable labor practices. The Budget

provides $30 million to support programs that

help ensure entrepreneurs have the tools and

networks they need to bring cutting-edge innova-

tion to the market.

Accelerates Efforts to Move More Goods

Faster through American Ports and

Waterways. The Budget continues support for

the historic levels of Federal investment to mod-

ernize America’s port and waterway infrastruc-

ture provided under the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law. The Budget includes $230 million for the

Port Infrastructure Development Program to

strengthen maritime freight capacity. In addi-

tion to keeping the Nation’s supply chain mov-

ing by improving efﬁciency, the Department of

Transportation will prioritize projects that also

lower emissions—reducing environmental impact

in and around America’s ports. The Budget also

includes $1.7billion for the Harbor Maintenance

Trust Fund to facilitate safe, reliable, and en-

vironmentally sustainable navigation at the

Nation’s coastal ports.

Reduces Bottlenecks and Commute

Times through Investments in Competitive

Programs. The Budget provides robust support

for transportation projects that reduce commute

times, improve safety, reduce freight bottlenecks,

better connect communities, and reduce trans-

portation-related greenhouse gas emissions. For

example, investments include $4 billion for the

new Bipartisan Infrastructure Law-authorized

National Infrastructure Investments grant pro-

grams to support transportation projects with

signiﬁcant beneﬁts across multiple modes.

Modernizes and Upgrades Roads and

Bridges. To modernize, repair, and improve

the safety and efﬁciency of the Nation’s net-

work of roads and bridges, the Budget provides

$68.9 billion for the Federal-aid Highway pro-

gram, including: $9.4 billion provided by the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for 2023; $8billion

to rebuild the Nation’s bridges; $1.4billion to de-

ploy a nationwide, publicly-accessible network of

electric vehicle chargers and other alternative

fueling infrastructure; $1.3billion for a new car-

bon reduction grant program; and $1.7billion for

a new resiliency grant program to make surface

transportation infrastructure more resilient to

hazards such as climate change.

Invests in Reliable Passenger and Freight

Rail. To ensure the safety and performance of

the rail industry today and deliver the passenger

rail network of the future, the Budget provides a

historic $17.9billion, a $15billion increase over

the 2021 enacted level. This includes $4.7billion

in additional funding on top of the $13.2billion al-

ready provided by the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law for 2023. These resources would support

$7.4 billion to signiﬁcantly improve Amtrak’s

rolling stock and facilities, and $10.1 billion for

existing and new competitive grant programs to

support passenger rail modernization and expan-

sion, address critical safety needs, and support

the vitality of the freight rail network.

16 BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA

Connects All Americans to High-Speed,

Affordable, and Reliable Internet. The

President is committed to ensuring that every

American has access to broadband, which would

not only strengthen rural economies, but also cre-

ate high-paying union jobs installing broadband.

Building on key investments in the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law, the Budget provides

$600million for the ReConnect program, which

provides grants and loans to deploy broadband

to unserved areas—especially tribal areas—and

$25million to help rural telecommunications co-

operatives reﬁnance their Rural Utilities Service

debt and upgrade their broadband facilities.

Addressing Cost Pressures and

Expanding Economic Capacity

Increases Affordable Housing Supply. To

address the critical shortage of affordable hous-

ing in communities throughout the Nation, the

Budget proposes $50billion in mandatory funding

and additional Low-Income Housing Tax Credits

(LIHTC) to address market gaps, increase hous-

ing supply, and help to stabilize housing prices

over the long-term. Speciﬁcally, the Budget pro-

vides $35 billion in mandatory funding at the

Department of Housing and Urban Development

(HUD) for State and local housing ﬁnance agen-

cies and their partners to provide grants, revolv-

ing loan funds and other streamlined ﬁnancing

tools, as well as grants to advance State and lo-

cal jurisdictions’ efforts to remove barriers to af-

fordable housing development. In addition, the

Budget proposes $5billion in mandatory funding

for the Department of the Treasury’s Community

Development Financial Institutions Fund to sup-

port ﬁnancing of new construction and substantial

rehabilitation that creates net new units of afford-

able rental and for sale housing. The Budget also

proposes modifying LIHTC to better incentivize

new unit production, with a 10-year cost of nearly

$10billion. The Budget also provides more than

$1.9billion in discretionary funding for the HOME

Investment Partnerships Program to construct

and rehabilitate affordable rental housing and

provide homeownership opportunities—the high-

est funding level for HOME in nearly 15 years.

Fosters Competitive and Productive

Markets and Targets Corporate

Concentration. The Budget reﬂects the

Administration’s commitment to vigorous mar-

ketplace competition through robust enforcement

of antitrust law by including historic increases

of $88 million for the Antitrust Division of the

Department of Justice (DOJ) and $139million for

the Federal Trade Commission. The President

also supports legislation that would align execu-

tives’ interests with the long-term interests of

shareholders, workers, and the economy by re-

quiring executives to hold on to company shares

that they receive for several years after receiving

them, and prohibiting them from selling shares

in the years after a stock buyback. This would

discourage corporations from using proﬁts to re-

purchase stock and enrich executives, rather than

investing in long-term growth and innovation.

Builds a Competitive and Resilient

Food Supply Chain. The Budget strengthens

market oversight through investments in the

Agricultural Marketing Service and the Animal

and Plant Health Inspection Service, resulting

in competitive meat and poultry product prices

for American families and increased protection

against invasive pests and zoonotic diseases.

These programs build on the pandemic and sup-

ply chain assistance funding in the American

Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (American Rescue Plan)

to address pandemic-related vulnerabilities in

the food system and create new market opportu-

nities and good-paying jobs.

Promotes Innovation and Science in

Underrepresented Communities. The

Budget supports programs, including commu-

nity-led capacity building and training, that ex-

pand equitable inclusion in Federal science and

technology programs and the use of scientiﬁc

and technological innovation to advance equi-

table outcomes. The Budget provides $393mil-

lion for the National Science Foundation (NSF),

an increase of $172 million or 78percent above

the 2021 enacted level, for programs dedicated to

increasing the participation of historically under-

represented communities in science and engineer-

ing ﬁelds. The Budget also provides $260million

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 17

for DOE initiatives to build science and tech-

nology capacity in underserved institutions, in-

cluding HBCUs, Hispanic Serving Institutions

(HSIs), and TCCUs. In addition, the Budget pro-

vides $315million through the U.S. Department

of Agriculture (USDA) in agriculture research,

education, and extension grants to build capacity

in underserved institutions, including HBCUs,

HSIs, and TCCUs.

Expanding Opportunities for

Workers and Small Businesses

Expands Access to Capital for Small

Businesses. The Budget addresses the need

for greater access to affordable capital, particu-

larly in underserved communities. The Budget

increases the authorized lending levels in key

Small Business Administration (SBA) programs

by a total of $9.5billion to signiﬁcantly expand

the availability of working capital, ﬁxed capital,

and venture capital funding for small business-

es. The Administration looks forward to working

with the Congress to ensure small manufacturers

have sufﬁcient working capital to help them meet

human resource needs and purchase raw materi-

als/inventory, while incentivizing them to ﬁnance

renewable energy equipment projects.

Supports Minority-Owned Businesses

to Narrow Racial Wealth Gaps. The Budget

elevates the stature and increases the capacity

of the Minority Business Development Agency

by providing the full $110million authorized in

the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. This fund-

ing would bolster services provided to minority-

owned enterprises by expanding the Business

Center program, funding Rural Business Centers,

opening new regional ofﬁces, and supporting in-

novative initiatives to foster economic resiliency.

Creates New Global Markets for American

Goods. The Budget provides an additional

$26 million over 2021 enacted levels to bolster

commercial diplomacy and enhance export promo-

tion through a targeted expansion of the Foreign

Commercial Service at the International Trade

Administration, which would help American

businesses seeking to increase exports abroad,

navigate new foreign markets, or ﬁnd market

opportunities.

Equips Workers with Skills They Need to

Obtain High-Quality Jobs. The Budget invests

$100 million to help community colleges work

with the public workforce development system

and employers to design and deliver high-quality

workforce programs. The Budget also provides

$100 million for a new Sectoral Employment

through Career Training for Occupational

Readiness program, which would support train-

ing programs focused on growing industries, en-

abling disadvantaged workers to enter on-ramps

to middle class jobs, and creating the skilled

workforce the economy needs to thrive.

Expands Access to Registered Apprentice-

ships (RA). RA is a proven earn-and-learn

model that raises participants’ wages and puts

them on a reliable path to the middle class. The

Budget invests $303 million, a $118 million in-

crease above the 2021 enacted level, to expand

RA opportunities in high growth ﬁelds, such as

information technology, advanced manufacturing,

healthcare, and transportation, while increasing

access for historically underrepresented groups,

including people of color and women. To improve

access to RA for women, the Budget doubles the

Department of Labor’s (DOL) investment in its

Women in Apprenticeship and Nontraditional

Occupations grants, which provide pre-appren-

ticeship opportunities to boost women’s partici-

pation in RA.

Provides Youth Training and Employment

Pathways. The Budget invests in programs

that provide young people with equitable access

to high-quality training and career opportuni-

ties, including $75 million for a new National

Youth Employment Program to create high-qual-

ity summer and year-round job opportunities for

underserved youth. The Budget also provides

$145 million for YouthBuild, $48 million above

the 2021 enacted level, to enable more at-risk

youth to gain the education and occupational

skills they need to obtain good jobs. To further

advance equity and inclusion, the Budget also

18 BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA

provides $15million to test new ways to enable

low-income youth with disabilities—including

youth who are in foster care, involved in the

justice system, or are experiencing homeless-

ness—to successfully transition to employment.

RESTORING AMERICAN LEADERSHIP AND CONFRONTING GLOBAL

THREATS

To ensure and strengthen American security,

prosperity, and democracy, we must both deliver

at home and lead on the world stage. The Budget

invests in the key pillars of our international

strength in order to position us to contend with

determined competitors, address transnational

threats, and manage crises as they arise. The

Budget invests in deepening and modernizing

our alliances and partnerships, as we are stron-

ger in managing challenges—whether in the form

of China’s trade abuses, Russian aggression, or

the worsening climate crisis—when we work in

concert with those who share our values or in-

terests. The Budget bolsters our cybersecurity

and strengthens our military by ensuring we

have the resources necessary to sustain deter-

rence and backstop our diplomacy, as well as ﬁght

and win the Nation’s wars if necessary. Also, the

Budget renews our commitment to sustainable

and inclusive development, including through the

President’s Build Back Better World initiative,

which supports building stronger infrastructure

to confront the climate crisis, strengthening glob-

al health security, working toward gender equal-

ity, and shaping the rules of the road for digital

connectivity. In addition, the Budget makes criti-

cal investments in addressing the root causes of

migration while strengthening our immigration

system, and in meeting the sacred commitments

we have made to our Nation’s veterans.

Confronting 21

Century Threats

Supports United States’ European Allies

and Partners. The Budget supports Ukraine,

the United States’ strong partnerships with

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) al-

lies, and other European partner states by bol-

stering funding to enhance the capabilities and

readiness of U.S. forces, NATO allies, and region-

al partners in the face of Russian aggression.

Promotes Integrated Deterrence in the

Indo-Pacic and Globally. The Budget pro-

poses $773billion for the Department of Defense

(DOD). To sustain and strengthen deterrence,

the Budget prioritizes China as the Department’s

pacing challenge. The 2023 Paciﬁc Deterrence

Initiative highlights some of the key investments

that DOD is making that are focused on strength-

ening deterrence in the Indo-Paciﬁc region. Also,

DOD is building the concepts, capabilities, and

posture necessary to meet these challenges, work-

ing in concert with the interagency and America’s

allies and partners to ensure that deterrence is

integrated across domains, theaters, and the

spectrum of conﬂict.

Defends Freedom Globally. To support

American leadership in defending democracy,

freedom, and security worldwide, the Budget

includes nearly $1.8 billion to support a free

and open, connected, secure, and resilient Indo-

Paciﬁc Region and the Indo-Paciﬁc Strategy,

and $400million for the Countering the People’s

Republic of China Malign Inﬂuence Fund. In

addition, the Budget provides $682 million for

Ukraine, an increase of $219 million above the

2021 enacted level, to counter Russian malign

inﬂuence and to meet emerging needs related to

security, energy, cybersecurity issues, disinforma-

tion, macroeconomic stabilization, and civil soci-

ety resilience.

Supports Democracy Globally. In re-

sponse to political fragility and increasing au-

thoritarianism around the world, the Budget

provides more than $3.2billion to support glob-

al democracy, human rights, anti-corruption,

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 19

and governance programming, consistent with

the commitments made during the President’s

Summit for Democracy. The Budget advances

the Presidential Memorandum on Advancing

the Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,

Transgender, Queer, and Intersex Persons around

the World, the U.S. Strategy on Countering

Corruption, and the Presidential Initiative on

Democratic Renewal.

Counters Persistent Threats. While fo-

cused on maintaining robust deterrence against

China and Russia, the Budget would also enable

DOD to counter other persistent threats includ-

ing those posed by North Korea, Iran, and violent

extremist organizations.

Advances U.S. Cybersecurity. The Budget

invests in cybersecurity programs to protect

the Nation from malicious cyber actors and cy-

ber campaigns. Last year, the President signed

Executive Order 14028, “Improving the Nation’s

Cybersecurity,” charting a new course to improve

the Nation’s cybersecurity. Executive Order

14028 prioritizes protecting and modernizing

Federal Government systems and data, im-

proving information-sharing between the U.S.

Government and the private sector, enhancing

standards for secure software development, im-

proving detection of cyber threats and vulner-

abilities on Federal systems, and strengthening

the United States’ ability to respond to incidents

when they occur.

Modernizes the Nuclear Deterrent. The

Budget maintains a strong, credible nuclear de-

terrent, as a foundational aspect of integrated

deterrence, for the security of the Nation and

U.S. allies. The Budget supports the U.S. nu-

clear triad and the necessary ongoing nuclear

modernization programs, to include the nu-

clear command, control, and communication

networks.

Marshalling American Leadership

to Tackle Global Challenges

Renews America’s Leadership in

International Institutions. The Budget

continues the Administration’s efforts to lead

through international organizations by meet-

ing the Nation’s commitments to fully fund U.S.

contributions and to pay United Nations peace-

keeping dues on time and in full. The Budget

also provides $1.4 billion for the World Bank’s

International Development Association (IDA).

This investment restores the United States’ his-

torical role as the largest World Bank donor to

support the development of low- and middle-

income countries, which beneﬁts the American

people by increasing global stability, mitigating

climate and health risks, and developing new

markets for U.S exports. The U.S. contribution

would also support the United States’ $3.5billion

pledge to the next IDA replenishment, a critical

component of the global response to the devastat-

ing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on devel-

oping countries.

Advances American Leadership in Global

Health, Including Global Health Security

and Pandemic Preparedness. The Budget

includes $10.6 billion to bolster U.S. leadership

in addressing global health and health security

challenges, a $1.4billion increase above the 2021

enacted level. Within this total, the Budget dem-

onstrates U.S. leadership by supporting a $2bil-

lion contribution to the Global Fund’s seventh re-

plenishment, for an intended pledge of $6billion

over three years, to save lives and continue the

ﬁght against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malar-

ia, and to support the Global Fund’s expanding

response to the COVID-19 pandemic and global

health strengthening. This total also includes

$1billion to prevent, prepare for, and respond to

future infectious disease outbreaks, including the

continued expansion of Global Health Security

Agenda capacity-building programs and a multi-

lateral ﬁnancial intermediary fund for health se-

curity and pandemic preparedness. The Budget

also invests in the global health workforce and

systems to enhance countries’ abilities to pro-

vide core health services, improve health systems

20 BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA

resiliency, and respond to crises while mitigat-

ing the impacts of crises on routine health ser-

vices. In addition, the Budget includes $6.5bil-

lion in mandatory funding for the Department

of State and the U.S. Agency for International

Development over ﬁve years to make transfor-

mative investments in pandemic and other bio-

logical threat preparedness globally in support

of U.S. biodefense and pandemic preparedness

strategies and plans. This pandemic prepared-

ness funding would strengthen the global health

workforce, support pandemic preparedness re-

search and development (R&D), advance global

R&D capacity, and support health security capac-

ity and ﬁnancing to prevent, detect, and respond

to future COVID-19 variants and other infectious

disease outbreaks.

Advances Equity and Equality Globally.

The Budget provides $2.6billion to advance gen-

der equity and equality across a broad range of

sectors. This includes $200million for the Gender

Equity and Equality Action Fund to advance the

economic security of women and girls. This total

also includes funding to strengthen the participa-

tion of women in conﬂict prevention, resolution,

and recovery through the implementation of the

Women, Peace, and Security Act of 2017.

Continues Collaborative U.S. Leadership

in Central America and Haiti. As part of a

comprehensive strategy to drive systemic reform

while addressing the root causes of irregular

migration from Central America to the United

States, the Budget invests $987million in the re-

gion to continue meeting the President’s four-year

commitment of $4 billion. Further, in response

to deteriorating conditions and widespread vio-

lence in Haiti, the Budget invests $275 million

to strengthen Haiti’s recovery from political and

economic shocks, such as strengthening the ca-

pacity of the Haitian National Police, combating

corruption, strengthening the capacity of civil so-

ciety, and support services for marginalized pop-

ulations. These investments would ensure that

the United States is able to revitalize partner-

ships that build economic resilience, democratic

stability, and citizen security in the region.

Strengthens U.S. Leadership on Refugee

and Humanitarian Issues. The Budget pro-

vides more than $10billion to respond to the un-

precedented need arising from conﬂict and natu-

ral disasters around the world to serve over 70

countries and approximately 240million people.

The Budget continues rebuilding the Nation’s

refugee admissions program and supports up to

125,000 admissions in 2023.

Strengthening America’s

Immigration System

Ensures a Fair and Efcient Immigration

System. The Administration is committed to

ensuring that United States Citizenship and

Immigration Services (USCIS) meets its mission

of administering the Nation’s lawful immigration

system and safeguarding its integrity and prom-

ise by efﬁciently and fairly adjudicating requests

for immigration beneﬁts. The Budget provides

$765million for USCIS to efﬁciently process in-

creasing asylum caseloads, address the immigra-

tion application backlog, and improve refugee

processing.

Supports America’s Promise to Refugees.

The Budget provides $6.3billion to the Ofﬁce of

Refugee Resettlement (ORR) to help rebuild the

Nation’s refugee resettlement infrastructure and

support the resettling of up to 125,000 refugees

in 2023. The Budget would also help ensure that

unaccompanied immigrant children are uniﬁed

with relatives and sponsors as safely and quickly

as possible and receive appropriate care and ser-

vices while in ORR custody.

Improves Border Processing and

Management. The Budget provides $15.3 bil-

lion for the U.S. Customs and Border Protection

and $8.1 billion for the U.S. Immigration and

Customs Enforcement to enforce the immigration

laws, further secure the border, and effectively

manage irregular migration along the Southwest

border, including $309million for border security

technology and $494 million for noncitizen pro-

cessing and care costs.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 21

Improves Immigration Courts. The Budget

invests $1.4 billion, an increase of $621 million

above the 2021 enacted level, in the Executive

Ofﬁce for Immigration Review (EOIR) to con-

tinue addressing the backlog of over 1.5million

cases that are currently pending in the immigra-

tion courts. This funding supports 100 new immi-

gration judges, including the support personnel

required to create maximum efﬁciencies in the

court systems, as well as an expansion of EOIR’s

virtual court initiative. The Budget would also

invest new resources in legal access program-

ming, including $150 million in discretionary

resources to provide access to representation for

adults and families in immigration proceedings.

Complementing this new program is a proposal

for $4.5billion in mandatory resources to expand

these efforts over a 10-year period. Providing re-

sources to support legal representation in the im-

migration court system creates greater efﬁcien-

cies in processing cases while making the system

fairer and more equitable.

Delivering on Our

Commitments to Veterans

Prioritizes Veteran Medical Care. The

Budget provides $119billion—a historic 32-per-

cent increase above the 2021 enacted level for the

Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). In addition

to fully funding inpatient, outpatient, mental

health, and long-term care services, the Budget

supports programs that improve VA healthcare

quality and delivery, including investments in

training programs for clinicians, health profes-

sionals, and medical students. With more women

choosing VA for their healthcare than ever before,

the Budget also invests $9.8billion for all of wom-

en veterans’ healthcare, including $767 million

toward women’s gender speciﬁc care. The Budget

also further supports VA’s preparedness for re-

gional and national public health emergencies.

Prioritizes Veteran Suicide Prevention.

The Budget provides $497 million to support

the Administration’s veteran suicide prevention

initiatives, including: implementation of the

Veterans Crisis Line’s 988 expansion initiative;

the suicide prevention 2.0 program to grow pub-

lic health efforts in communities; a lethal means

safety campaign in partnership with other agen-

cies; and the Staff Sergeant Parker Gordon Fox

Suicide Prevention Grant Program to enhance

community-based clinical strategies.

Bolsters Efforts to End Veteran

Homelessness. The Budget increases resources

for veterans’ homelessness programs to $2.7bil-

lion, with the goal of ensuring every veteran has

permanent, sustainable housing with access to

healthcare and other supportive services to pre-

vent and end veteran homelessness.

Invests in Caregivers Support Program.

The Budget recognizes the important role of fam-

ily caregivers in supporting the health and well-

ness of veterans. The Budget provides funding

for the Program of General Caregivers Support

Services. The Budget also provides $1.8 billion

for the Program of Comprehensive Assistance for

Family Caregivers, which includes stipend pay-

ments and support services to help empower fam-

ily caregivers of eligible veterans.

Supports Research Critical to Veterans’

Health Needs. Extensive research at VA medi-

cal centers, outpatient clinics, and nursing homes

each year has signiﬁcantly contributed to ad-

vancements in healthcare for veterans and all

Americans. The Budget provides $916 million

to continue the development of VA’s research

enterprise, including research in support of the

American Pandemic Preparedness: Transforming

Our Capabilities plan’s goals. The Budget also

invests $81million within VA research programs

for precision oncology to provide access to the

best possible cancer care for veterans.

Continues and Enhances Efcient

Delivery of Veterans Benets. The Budget

would ensure that veterans receive the beneﬁts

they have earned and deserve, such as disabil-

ity compensation, education and employment

training, and home loan guarantees. The Budget

invests $120million for VA to support automat-

ing the disability compensation claims process

from submission to authorization which would

22 BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA

increase VA’s ability to deliver faster and more

accurate claim decisions for veterans.

Addresses Environmental Exposures. The

Budget increases resources for new presump-

tive disability compensation claims related to

environmental exposures from military service.

The Budget also invests $51 million within VA

research programs and $63 million within the

VA medical care program for Health Outcomes

Military Exposures to increase scientiﬁc under-

standing of and clinical support for veterans and

healthcare providers regarding the potential

adverse impacts from environmental exposures

during military service.

Honors the Memory of All Veterans. The

Budget includes $430million to ensure veterans

and their families have access to exceptional me-

morial beneﬁts, including two new and replace-

ment national cemeteries. These funds maintain

national shrine standards at the 158 VA managed

cemeteries and provide the initial operational in-

vestment required to open new cemeteries.

STRENGTHENING AMERICA’S PUBLIC HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE

From the President’s ﬁrst days in ofﬁce, the

Administration has mounted a forceful response

to the COVID-19 pandemic and taken action

to advance the health and well-being of the

American people. Through the American Rescue

Plan, the Administration secured critical resourc-

es to support the President’s historic vaccination

program, testing and mitigation, therapeutics,

and personal protective equipment—and to help

make quality health insurance available through

the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

more affordable. To build on this progress and

bolster America’s public health infrastructure,

the Budget includes key investments to ensure

the United States is prepared to confront future

pandemics and other biological threats domesti-

cally and globally, expand access to critical health

services, address other diseases and epidemics,

and advance and accelerate transformative medi-

cal research.

Ensuring World-Class Public

Health Infrastructure

Prepares for Future Pandemics and Other

Biological Threats. While combatting the on-

going COVID-19 pandemic, the United States

must catalyze advances in science, technology,

and core capabilities to prepare the Nation for

the next biological threat and strengthen U.S.

and global health security. The Budget makes

transformative investments in pandemic pre-

paredness across the Department of Health

and Human Services (HHS) public health agen-

cies—$81.7 billion available over ﬁve years—to

enable an agile, coordinated, and comprehensive

public health response to protect American lives,

families, and the economy and to prevent, detect,

and respond to emerging biological catastrophes.

The Budget builds toward a goal of making effec-

tive vaccines and therapeutics available within

100 days of identifying a new pathogen by in-

vesting in basic and advanced R&D of medical

countermeasures for high priority viral families

and biological threats, including expansion and

modernization of clinical trial infrastructure and

regulatory capacity necessary to inform evalua-

tion and subsequent authorizations or approvals,

as well as expansion of domestic manufacturing

capacity to ensure sufﬁcient supply is available.

The Budget also enhances public health infra-

structure by making signiﬁcant investments in

public health laboratory capacity, domestic and

global threat surveillance, and public health

workforce development that would enable States,

localities, tribal nations, and Territories to mount

a rapid and robust response to future threats.

Further, the Budget encourages development of

innovative antimicrobial drugs through advance

market commitments for critical-need antimicro-

bial drugs. The President also supports extend-

ing telehealth coverage under Medicare beyond

the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency to study

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 23

its impact on utilization of services and access to

care. In addition, the Budget supports enhanced

DOD and DOE investments in: medical counter-

measures, including vaccines, diagnostics, and

therapeutics research and manufacturing; dis-

ease detection and biosurveillance; advanced

computing; lab biosafety and biosecurity; and

threat reduction activities with America’s global

partners.

Builds Advanced Public Health Systems

and Capacity. The Budget includes $9.9billion

in discretionary funding to build capacity at the

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

and at the State and local levels, an increase of

$2.8 billion over the 2021 enacted level. These

resources would improve the core immunization

program, expand public health infrastructure

in States and Territories, strengthen the public

health workforce, support efforts to modernize

public health data collection, increase capacity

for forecasting and analyzing future outbreaks,

including at Center for Forecasting and Outbreak

Analytics, and conduct studies on long COVID con-

ditions to inform diagnosis and treatment options.

In addition, to advance health equity, the Budget

invests in CDC programs related to viral hepatitis,

youth mental health, and sickle cell disease. To

address gun violence as a public health epidemic,

the Budget invests in community violence inter-

vention and ﬁrearm safety research.

Expands Access to Vaccines. The Budget

establishes a new Vaccines for Adults (VFA) pro-

gram, which would provide uninsured adults

with access to all vaccines recommended by the

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

at no cost. As a complement to the successful

Vaccines for Children (VFC) program, the VFA

program would reduce disparities in vaccine

coverage and promote infrastructure for broad,

access to routine and outbreak vaccines. The

Budget would also expand the VFC program to

include all children under age 19 enrolled in the

Children’s Health Insurance Program and con-

solidate vaccine coverage under Medicare Part B,

making more preventive vaccines available at no

cost to Medicare beneﬁciaries.

Guarantees Adequate and Stable Funding

for the Indian Health Service (IHS). The

Budget signiﬁcantly increases IHS’s funding over

time, and shifts it from discretionary to mandato-

ry funding. For the ﬁrst year of the proposal, the

Budget includes $9.1billion in mandatory fund-

ing, an increase of $2.9billion above 2021. After

that, IHS funding would automatically grow to

keep pace with healthcare costs and population

growth and gradually close longstanding ser-

vice and facility shortfalls. Providing IHS stable

and predictable funding would improve access to

high quality healthcare, rectify historical under-

funding of the Indian Health system, eliminate

existing facilities backlogs, address health ineq-

uities, and modernize IHS’ electronic health re-

cord system. This proposal has been informed by

consultations with tribal nations on the issue of

IHS funding and will be reﬁned based on ongoing

consultation.

Advances Maternal Health and Health

Equity. The United States has the highest ma-

ternal mortality rate among developed nations,

with an unacceptably high mortality rate for

Black and American Indian and Alaska Native

women. The Budget includes $470 million to:

reduce maternal mortality and morbidity rates;

expand maternal health initiatives in rural com-

munities; implement implicit bias training for

healthcare providers; create pregnancy medical

home demonstration projects; and address the

highest rates of perinatal health disparities, in-

cluding by supporting the perinatal health work-

force. The Budget also extends and increases

funding for the Maternal, Infant, and Early

Childhood Home Visiting Program, which serves

approximately 71,000 families at risk for poor

maternal and child health outcomes each year,

and is proven to reduce disparities in infant mor-

tality. To address the lack of data on health dis-

parities and further improve access to care, the

Budget strengthens collection and evaluation of

health equity data. Recognizing that maternal

mental health conditions are the most common

complications of pregnancy and childbirth, the

Budget continues to support the maternal mental

health hotline and the screening and treatment

for maternal depression and related behavioral

24 BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA

health disorders. The Administration also looks

forward to working with the Congress to advance

the President’s goal of doubling the Federal in-

vestment in community health centers, which

would help reduce health disparities by expand-

ing access to care.

Supports Survivors of Domestic Violence

and Other Forms of Gender Based-

Violence. The Budget proposes signiﬁcant

increases to support and protect survivors of

gender-based violence, including $519 million

for the Family Violence Prevention and Services

(FVPSA) program to support domestic violence

survivors—more than double the 2021 enacted

level. This amount continues funding availabili-

ty for FVPSA-funded resource centers, including

those that support the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,

Transgender, Queer, and Intersex community.

The Budget would provide additional funding for

domestic violence hotlines and cash assistance

for survivors of domestic violence, as well as

funding to support a demonstration project eval-

uating services for survivors at the intersection

of housing instability, substance use coercion,

and child welfare. In addition, the Budget would

provide over $66 million for victims of human

trafﬁcking and survivors of torture, an increase

of nearly $21million over the 2021 enacted level.

The Budget also proposes a historic investment

of $1billion to support Violence Against Women

Act of 1994 (VAWA) programs, a $487million or

95-percent increase over the 2021 enacted level.

The Budget supports substantial increases for

longstanding VAWA programs, including in le-

gal assistance for victims, transitional housing,

and sexual assault services. The Budget also

provides resources for new programs to support

transgender survivors, build community-based

organizational capacity, combat online harass-

ment and abuse, and address emerging issues in

gender-based violence.

Expands Access to Healthcare Services

for Low-Income Women. The Budget pro-

vides $400million, an increase of nearly 40 per-

cent over the 2021 enacted level, to the Title X

Family Planning program, which provides fam-

ily planning and other healthcare to low-income

individuals. This increase in Title X funding

would improve overall access to vital reproduc-

tive and preventive health services and advance

gender and health equity.

Addressing Other Diseases

and Epidemics

Transforms Mental Healthcare. Mental

health is essential to overall health, and the

United States faces a mental health crisis that

has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandem-

ic. To address this crisis, the Budget proposes re-

forms to health coverage and major investments

in the mental health workforce. For people with

private health insurance, the Budget requires

all health plans to cover mental health and sub-

stance use disorder beneﬁts and ensures that

plans have an adequate network of behavioral

health providers. For Medicare, TRICARE, the

VA healthcare system, health insurance issuers,

group health plans, and the Federal Employees

Health Beneﬁt Program, the Budget lowers costs

for mental health services for patients. The

Budget also requires parity in coverage between

mental health and substance use disorder—or

behavioral health—and other medical beneﬁts,

and expands the types of providers covered

under Medicare to treat these conditions. The

Budget invests in increasing the number of men-

tal health providers serving Medicaid beneﬁcia-

ries, as well as in behavioral health workforce

development and service expansion, including

in primary care clinics and at non-traditional

sites. The Budget also provides sustained and

increased funding for community-based centers

and clinics, including a State option to receive

enhanced Medicaid reimbursement on a per-

manent basis. In addition, the Budget makes

historic investments in youth mental health and

suicide prevention programs and in training, ed-

ucational loan repayment, and scholarships that

help address the shortage of behavioral health

providers, especially in underserved communi-

ties. The Budget also strengthens access to cri-

sis services by building out the National Suicide

Prevention Lifeline, which will transition from a

10-digit number to 988 in July 2022.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 25

Accelerates Innovation through the

Advanced Research Projects Agency for

Health (ARPA-H). The Budget proposes a ma-

jor investment of $5billion for ARPA-H, signiﬁ-

cantly increasing direct Federal R&D spending

in health to improve the health of all Americans.

With an initial focus on cancer and other diseases

such as diabetes and dementia, this major invest-

ment would drive transformational innovation

in health technologies and speed the application

and implementation of health breakthroughs.

Funding for ARPA-H, along with additional fund-

ing for the National Institutes of Health, total a

$49billion request to continue to support research

that enhances health, lengthens life, reduces ill-

ness and disability, and spurs new biotechnology

productions and innovation.

Advances the Cancer Moonshot Initiative.

The Budget proposes investments in ARPA-H,

the National Cancer Institute, CDC, and the Food

and Drug Administration to accelerate the rate

of progress against cancer by working toward re-

ducing the cancer death rate by at least 50 per-

cent over the next 25 years and improving the

experience of people who are living with or who

have survived cancer.

Commits to Ending the HIV/AIDS

Epidemic. The National HIV/AIDS Strategy

for the United States 2022–2025 commits to a

75-percent reduction in HIV infection by 2025.

To meet this ambitious target and ultimate-

ly end the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United

States, the Budget includes $850 million across

HHS to aggressively reduce new HIV cases by

increasing access to HIV prevention and care

programs and ensuring equitable access to sup-

port services. This includes increasing access to

pre-exposure prophylaxis (also known as PrEP)

among Medicaid beneﬁciaries, which is expected

to improve health and lower Medicaid costs for

HIV treatment. The Budget also proposes a new

mandatory program to guarantee PrEP at no cost

for all uninsured and underinsured individuals,

provide essential wrap-around services through

States and localities, and establish a network of

community providers to reach underserved areas

and populations.

Addresses the Opioid and Drug Overdose

Epidemic. The drug overdose epidemic claimed

an estimated 104,000 lives in the 12-month period

ending in September, 2021. To end this epidemic,

a full range of service and supports are needed

for individuals who use or are at risk of using

substances that cause overdose, and their fami-

lies. The Budget invests in services that prevent

substance use disorder, expand quality evidence-

based treatment, and help individuals sustain

recovery. The Budget also includes $663million

speciﬁc to VA’s Opioid Prevention and Treatment

programs, including programs in support of the

Jason Simcakoski Memorial and Promise Act.

TAKING HISTORIC STEPS TO COMBAT THE CLIMATE CRISIS AND

ADVANCE ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE

The President has not only taken bold action

to confront the climate crisis, but he has turned it

into an opportunity to create good-paying union

jobs, advance environmental justice, and posi-

tion America to lead the industries of the future.

At his direction, the Administration has moved

swiftly and decisively to restore America’s glob-

al climate leadership, accelerate clean energy to

lower costs and create jobs, jumpstart an electric

future that is Made in America, advance environ-

mental justice in line with Justice40 and economic

revitalization, and bolster our Nation’s resilience

in the face of accelerating extreme weather and

natural disasters. To build on this progress, the

President’s Budget invests a total of $44.9 billion

to tackle the climate crisis, a $16.7 billion increase

over 2021 enacted. The Budget also makes his-

toric investments in environmental justice, coal

and powerplant communities facing energy tran-

sition, and innovation. These investments would

enhance U.S. competitiveness and put America

on a path to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 50

26 BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA

to 52 percent by 2030—all while supporting com-

munities that have been left behind and ensuring

that 40 percent of the beneﬁts from tackling the

climate crisis are targeted toward addressing the

disproportionately high cumulative impacts on

disadvantaged communities.

Advancing Clean Energy,

Climate Data, and Resilience

Invests in Clean Energy Infrastructure

and Innovation. The Budget invests $3billion

to support clean energy projects that would create

good-paying jobs and drive progress toward the

Administration’s climate goals. Investments in-

clude $502million to weatherize and retroﬁt low-

income homes, including $100million for a new

Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program

(LIHEAP) Advantage pilot to electrify and decar-

bonize low-income homes. In addition, the Budget

funds $150million to electrify tribal homes and

transition tribal colleges and universities to re-

newable energy, and $90million for a new Grid

Deployment Ofﬁce to build the grid of the future.

In addition, the Budget provides $150million in

credit subsidy for the DOE Title XVII Innovative

Technology Loan Guarantee Program to support

up to $5billion in loans to eligible projects that

avoid, reduce, or sequester greenhouse gas emis-

sions. DOE would also launch a new Net-Zero

Laboratory Initiative with a $58million competi-

tion to reduce emissions across the national labo-

ratory complex.

Strengthens Domestic Clean Energy

Manufacturing. Meeting the challenge of cli-

mate change will require a dramatic scale-up in

domestic manufacturing of key climate and clean

energy equipment, providing opportunities for

U.S. workers. The Budget includes $200million

to launch a new Solar Manufacturing Accelerator

that would help create a robust domestic

manufacturing sector capable of meeting the

Administration’s solar deployment goals without

relying on imported goods manufactured using

unacceptable labor practices. At the same time,

it is imperative that the United States partners

with its allies to create resilient clean energy

supply chains. In addition, the Budget proposes

a new $1billion mandatory investment to launch

a Global Clean Energy Manufacturing effort that

would build resilient supply chains for climate

and clean energy equipment through engagement

with allies, enabling an effective global response

to the climate crisis while creating economic op-

portunities for the United States to increase its

share of the global clean technology market.

Increases Demand for American Made,

Zero-Emission Vehicles through Federal

Procurement. The Budget invests $757million

for zero-emission ﬂeet vehicles and supporting

charging or fueling infrastructure in the indi-

vidual budgets of 19 Federal agencies to provide

an immediate, clear, and stable source of demand

to help accelerate American industrial capacity

to produce clean vehicles and components. This

includes $300million for dedicated funds at the

General Services Administration for other agen-

cies and for charging infrastructure at the United

States Postal Service (USPS).

Provides Resources, Tools, and

Coordination to Reduce Greenhouse Gas

Emissions. To help reduce greenhouse gas

emissions and make the Nation’s infrastructure

more resilient, the Budget invests $100 million

in grants to States and Tribes that would sup-

port the implementation of on-the-ground efforts

to reduce and prevent greenhouse gas emissions

in communities across the Nation, such as ensur-

ing safe and effective oil and gas well pollution

management and prevention, and supporting

State and local government development of zero

emissions vehicle charging infrastructure. The

Budget also provides an additional $35 million

over the 2021 enacted level to continue phasing

out potent greenhouse gases known as hydro-

ﬂuorocarbons, as well as resources to spur the

development of a Federal climate data portal

with support from the Department of the Interior

(DOI) that would provide the public with acces-

sible information on historical and projected cli-

mate impacts. The Budget also supports multi-

agency efforts to integrate science-based tools

into conservation planning in order to measure,

monitor, report, and verify carbon sequestration,

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 27

greenhouse gas reduction, wildlife stewardship,

and other environmental services at the farm lev-

el and on Federal lands. In addition, the Budget

supports enhancement of greenhouse monitoring

and measurement capabilities, as well as efforts

to make greenhouse gas data more accessible to a

broad range of users.

Strengthens Climate Resilience. The

Budget provides more than $18 billion for

climate resilience and adaptation programs

across the Federal Government, including

$3.5 billion for the Department of Homeland

Security, $5.9billion at DOI, $1billion for HUD,

and $376million for the National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). These

critical investments would reduce the risk of

damages from ﬂoods and storms, restore the

Nation’s aquatic ecosystems, and make HUD-

assisted multifamily homes more energy and

water efﬁcient and climate resilient. Resources

include $507 million, $93 million above the

2021 enacted level, for the Federal Emergency

Management Agency’s (FEMA) ﬂood hazard

mapping program to incorporate climate sci-

ence and future risks and robust investments

in FEMA programs that help disadvantaged

communities build resilience against natural

disasters. The Budget also sustains funding

for key conservation and ecosystem manage-

ment initiatives, including the Civilian Climate

Corps, alongside a historic $1.4billion invest-

ment in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for

ecosystem restoration across America.

Invests in Conservation and Carbon

Sequestration. The Budget invests in the

Administration’s America the Beautiful

Initiative, a multi-agency, multi-jurisdiction-

al ecosystem management effort that would

strengthen conservation partnerships between

communities and Federal partners such as DOI,

USDA, and NOAA. The President’s historic

goal of conserving and restoring 30 percent of

America’s lands and waters by 2030 incentiv-

izes America’s farmers, ranchers, and forest

landowners to sequester carbon in soils and veg-

etation, and support the efforts and visions of

States and tribal nations.

Bolsters the Nation’s Frontline Defenses

against Catastrophic Wildres. Protecting

communities, ecosystems, and infrastructure

from wildﬁre requires a resilient and reliable

Federal workforce. The Budget provides near-

ly $3.9 billion for Forest Service Wildland Fire

Management, an increase of $778 million, plus

an additional $2.6billion authorized in the sup-

pression cap adjustment. The Budget upholds

the President’s commitment that no Federal ﬁre-

ﬁghter will make less than $15 an hour, and in-

creases the size of the Federal ﬁreﬁghting work-

force by providing $1.8billion for personnel and

preparedness. Consistent with the President’s

commitment to use the latest technologies in

the ﬁght against wildﬁres, the Budget also per-

manently sustains a pilot program that lever-

ages sensitive satellite imagery to rapidly detect

wildﬁres. The Budget also invests $646million

in Hazardous Fuels Management and Burned

Area Rehabilitation programs to help reduce the

risk and severity of wildﬁres and restore lands

that were devastated by catastrophic ﬁre over

the last several years. This funding complements

the $2.5billion for hazardous fuels management

and $650 million for burned area rehabilita-

tion projects provided through the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law.

Securing Environmental Justice and

Delivering for Communities Left Behind

Advances Equity and Environmental

Justice. The Budget provides historic support

for underserved communities, and advances the

President’s Justice40 commitment to ensure 40

percent of the beneﬁts of Federal investments in

climate and clean energy reach disadvantaged

communities. The Budget includes more than

$12million to coordinate implementation of the

Justice40 initiative at impacted agencies. The

Budget bolsters the Environmental Protection

Agency’s (EPA) environment justice efforts by

investing over $1.5billion across numerous pro-

grams that would help create good-paying jobs,

clean up pollution, implement Justice40, advance

racial equity, and secure environmental justice for

communities that too often have been left behind,

28 BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA

including rural and tribal communities. To better

align with this vision, EPA’s Budget structure in-

cludes the new Environmental Justice National

Program Manager to help administer this work.

The Budget also provides over $670 million for

EPA’s enforcement and compliance assurance ef-

forts, including funding to implement an enforce-

ment plan for climate and environmental justice

inspections and community outreach. The Budget

invests over $3billion in DOI programs covered

under the Justice40 initiative, such as tribal

housing improvements, wildlife conservation

grants, and energy infrastructure development

in insular communities. In addition, the Budget

provides DOE with $47 million to strengthen

the Agency’s environmental justice mission,

$100million to launch a new LIHEAP Advantage

pilot to retroﬁt low-income homes with efﬁcient

electric appliances and systems, and $31million

for a new Equitable Clean Energy Transition ini-

tiative to help energy and environmental justice

communities navigate and beneﬁt from the tran-

sition to a clean energy economy. The Budget

also provides $1.4million for DOJ to establish an

Ofﬁce for Environmental Justice to further this

important work.

Supports the Clean Energy Transition in

Rural America. The Budget provides $300mil-

lion in new funding for grants, loans, and debt

forgiveness for rural electric providers as they

transition to clean energy, as well as $6.5billion

in loan authority for rural electric loans, an in-

crease of $1billion over the 2021 enacted level.

The Budget also provides $20million to support

the new Rural Clean Energy Initiative, to provide

technical assistance and promote coordination

between USDA, DOE, and DOI that is necessary

to achieve the President’s de-carbonization goals

and ensure clean energy funding is implemented

effectively in rural areas. The Budget also sup-

ports multi-agency efforts to integrate science-

based tools into conservation planning in order

to measure, monitor, report, and verify carbon

sequestration, greenhouse gas reduction, wildlife

stewardship, and other environmental services at

the farm level and on Federal lands.

Supports Legacy Energy Communities.

The Budget includes over $9 billion in discretion-

ary funding for priority programs and initiatives

across the Federal Government that support eco-

nomic revitalization and job creation in hard-hit

coal, oil and gas, and power plant communities.

This includes $100million to support DOL’s role

in the multi-agency POWER+ Initiative, which

aims to assist displaced workers and transform

local economies and communities transition-

ing away from fossil fuel production to new, sus-

tainable industries. The Budget also includes

$35million, administered by DOL in partnership

with the Appalachian Regional Commission and

the Delta Regional Authority, to help Appalachian

and Delta communities develop local and regional

workforce development strategies that promote

long-term economic stability and opportunities

for workers, especially those connected to the en-

ergy industry.

Upgrades Drinking Water and Waste-

water Infrastructure Nationwide. The

Budget provides roughly $4billion for EPA water

infrastructure programs, an increase of $1 bil-

lion over the 2021 enacted level. This includes

full funding of grant programs authorized by the

Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure

Act of 2021, an increase of $160million over 2021

enacted for EPA’s Reducing Lead in Drinking

Water grant program. Outside of EPA, the Budget

also includes $717million in direct appropriation

and $1.5 billion in loan level for USDA’s Water

and Wastewater Grant and Loan Program. These

resources would help upgrade drinking water

and wastewater infrastructure nationwide, with

a focus on underserved communities that have

historically been overlooked.

Protects Communities from Hazardous

Waste and Environmental Damage.

Preventing and cleaning up environmental dam-

age that harms communities and poses a risk to

public health and safety is a top Administration

priority. The Budget includes $7.6 billion for

DOE’s Environmental Management program to

support the cleanup of community sites used dur-

ing the Manhattan Project and Cold War for nu-

clear weapons production, including $40million

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 29

for a new initiative to support historically under-

served communities. The Budget also provides

$1.2billion for the Superfund program for EPA

to continue cleaning up some of the Nation’s

most contaminated land, respond to environ-

mental emergencies and natural disasters, and

begin to adjust for revenue from the Superfund

Tax. The Budget also provides $215million for

EPA’s Brownﬁelds program to enable EPA to pro-

vide technical assistance and grants to commu-

nities, including disadvantaged communities, so

they can safely clean up and reuse contaminated

properties. These funds complement Brownﬁelds

funding provided in the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law. These programs also support presidential

priorities such as the Cancer Moonshot Initiative,

by addressing contaminants that lead to greater

cancer risk.

Tackles Per- and Polyuoroalkyl

Substances (PFAS) Pollution. PFAS are a set

of man-made chemicals that threaten the health

and safety of communities across the Nation, dis-

proportionately impacting historically disadvan-

taged communities. As part of the President’s

commitment to tackling PFAS pollution, the

Budget provides approximately $126 million,

$57million over the 2021 enacted level, for EPA

to: increase the understanding of PFAS impacts

to human health, as well as its ecological effects;

restrict use to prevent PFAS from entering the

air, land, and water; and remediate PFAS that

have been released into the environment.

Investing in Innovation

and Climate Science

Improves Climate Data and Forecasting.

The Budget signiﬁcantly improves the Nation’s

ability to predict extreme weather and climate

events so that American businesses and com-

munities can have accurate and accessible in-

formation to allow them to better prepare for

such events. This includes a bold investment of

$2.3 billion for the next generation of weather

satellites at NOAA which would help support the

development of next generation technologies, and

$2.4billion for the Earth Science program at the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

including more than $200million to develop an

Earth System Observatory that would provide

a three-dimensional, holistic view of Earth to

better understand natural hazards and climate

change. The Budget also provides an additional

$13 million over 2021 enacted levels to bolster

EPA’s abilities to forecast where smoke from wild-

ﬁres could harm people and communicate where

smoke events are occurring.

Makes Historic Investments in Innovation

and Climate Research. To support the

Administration’s whole-of-Government approach

to tackle the climate crisis, the Budget provides a

historic investment of $17billion for climate sci-

ence and innovation, including more than $9bil-

lion to DOE for clean energy research, develop-

ment and demonstration, an increase of more

than 33 percent over the 2021 enacted level.

Within this total, the Budget provides $700mil-

lion for the Advanced Research and Projects

Agency – Energy (ARPA-E) and proposes expand-

ed authority for ARPA-E to more fully address

innovation gaps around adaptation, mitigation,

and resilience to the impacts of climate change.

The Budget provides $913million at NSF for re-

search to better understand climate change and

its adverse impacts and $500million for R&D in

clean energy and emission mitigation technolo-

gies. The Budget invests $6 million in USDA’s

climate hubs, a multi-agency undertaking to le-

verage climate science and increase landowner

awareness of—and engagement in—efforts to

combat climate change. In addition, the overall

budget for DOE’s Ofﬁce of Science would grow 11

percent over 2021 enacted levels.

Restoring America’s Global

Climate Leadership

Advances the President’s Historic

Climate Pledge. The Budget request includes

over $11 billion in international climate ﬁ-

nance, meeting the President’s pledge to qua-

druple international climate ﬁnance a year

early. U.S. international climate assistance and

ﬁnancing would: accelerate the global energy

30 BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA

transition to net-zero emissions by 2050; help

developing countries build resilience to the

growing impacts of climate change, including

through the President’s Emergency Plan for

Adaptation and Resilience (PREPARE) and

other programs; and support the implementa-

tion of the President’s Plan to Conserve Global

Forests: Critical Carbon Sinks. Among these

critical investments are $1.6 billion for the

Green Climate Fund, a critical multilateral tool

for ﬁnancing climate adaptation and mitigation

projects in developing countries and support

for a $3.2billion loan to the Clean Technology

Fund to ﬁnance clean energy projects in devel-

oping countries.

EXPANDING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, ADVANCING EQUITY, AND

STRENGTHENING AMERICAN DEMOCRACY

From his ﬁrst days in ofﬁce, the President

has pursued an agenda to ensure all Americans

can lead lives of dignity and extend the reach of

America’s promise. To further that agenda, the

Budget includes a range of crucial investments to

help ensure that all Americans can pursue their

potential and fully participate in our economy

and our democracy—improving education and

supporting students; advancing equity, dignity,

and security across our Nation and economy;

expanding housing opportunities; and ensuring

safety and justice and reinvigorating American

democracy.

Improving Education

Makes Historic Investments in High-

Poverty Schools. To advance the goal of pro-

viding a high-quality education to every student,

the Budget provides $36.5billion for Title I, more

than doubling the program’s funding compared

to the 2021 enacted level, through a combination

of discretionary and mandatory funding. Title

I helps schools provide students in low-income

communities the learning opportunities and sup-

ports they need to succeed. This substantial new

support for the program, which serves 25million

students in nearly 90 percent of school districts

across the Nation, would be a major step toward

fulﬁlling the President’s commitment to address-

ing long-standing funding disparities between

under-resourced schools—which disproportion-

ately serve students of color—and their wealthier

counterparts.

Makes Historic Investments in College

Affordability and Completion. To help low-

and middle-income students overcome ﬁnancial

barriers to postsecondary education, the Budget

proposes to double the maximum Pell Grant by

2029. This begins with a historic $2,175 increase

for the 2023-2024 school year, compared to the

2021-2022 school year, thereby expanding access

and reaching nearly 6.7 million students. The

Budget would also support strategies to improve

the retention, transfer, and completion of stu-

dents by investing the Federal TRIO Programs,

Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for

Undergraduate Programs, and new retention and

completion grants. The Budget also invests in

institutional capacity at HBCUs, TCCUs, MSIs,

and low-resourced institutions such as communi-

ty colleges, by providing an increase of $752mil-

lion over the 2021 enacted level. This fund-

ing includes $450 million in four-year HBCUs,

TCCUs, and MSIs to expand research and de-

velopment infrastructure at these institutions.

The Administration also looks forward to work-

ing with the Congress on changes to the Higher

Education Act that ease the burden of student

debt, including through improvements to the

Income Driven Repayment and Public Service

Loan Forgiveness programs.

Expands Access to Affordable, High-

Quality Early Child Care and Learning. The

Budget provides $20.2billion for HHS’s early care

and education programs, an increase of $3.3bil-

lion over the 2021 enacted level. This includes

$7.6billion for the Child Care and Development

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 31

Block Grant, an increase of $1.7billion over the

2021 enacted level, to expand access to quality,

affordable child care for families. In addition, the

Budget helps young children enter kindergarten

ready to learn by providing $12.2billion for Head

Start, an increase of $1.5 billion over the 2021

enacted level. The Budget also helps States iden-

tify and ﬁll gaps in early education programs by

funding the Preschool Development Grants pro-

gram at $450million, an increase of $175million

over the 2021 enacted level.

Prioritizes the Health and Well-Being of

Students. Disruptions caused by the COVID-19

pandemic continue to take a toll on the physi-

cal and mental health of students, teachers, and

school staff. Recognizing the profound effect of

physical and mental health on academic achieve-

ment, the Budget includes a $1 billion invest-

ment to increase the number of school counselors,

psychologists, social workers, nurses, and other

health professionals in schools.

Increases Support for Children with

Disabilities. The President is committed to

ensuring that children with disabilities receive

the services and support they need to thrive in

school and graduate ready for college or a career.

The Budget provides an additional $3.3 billion

over 2021 enacted levels—the largest two-year

increase ever—for Individuals with Disabilities

Education Act (IDEA) Grants to States, with a

total of $16.3billion to support special education

and related services for students in grades Pre-K

through 12. The Budget also doubles funding to

$932million for IDEA Part C grants, which sup-

port early intervention services for infants and

families with disabilities that have a proven re-

cord of improving academic and developmental

outcomes.

Advancing Equity, Dignity, and Security

Expands Opportunities for Minority- and

Women-Owned Businesses. The Budget pro-

vides a $31 million increase over the 2021 en-

acted level to support women, people of color,

veterans, and other underserved entrepreneurs

through SBA’s Entrepreneurial Development

programs. This bold commitment ensures entre-

preneurs have access to counseling, training, and

mentoring services. The Budget also provides

$331million for the Department of the Treasury’s

Community Development Financial Institutions

(CDFI) Fund, an increase of $61 million, or 23

percent, above the 2021 enacted level. CDFIs

provide historically underserved and often low-

income communities access to credit, capital, and

ﬁnancial support to grow businesses, increase af-

fordable housing, and reinforce healthy neighbor-

hood development.

Supports Economic Development and

Invests in Underserved Communities. The

Budget provides $3.8billion for the Community

Development Block Grant program to help com-

munities modernize infrastructure, invest in eco-

nomic development, create parks and other pub-

lic amenities, and provide social services. The

Budget includes a targeted increase of $195mil-

lion to spur equitable development and the re-

moval of barriers to revitalization in 100 of the

most underserved neighborhoods in the United

States.

Empowers and Protects Workers. To en-

sure workers are treated with dignity and respect

in the workplace, the Budget invests $2.2billion,

an increase of $397 million above the 2021 en-

acted level, in DOL’s worker protection agencies.

Between 2016 and 2020, these agencies lost ap-

proximately 14 percent of their staff, limiting

their ability to perform inspections and conduct

investigations. The Budget would enable DOL

to conduct the enforcement and regulatory work

needed to ensure workers’ wages and beneﬁts are

protected, address the misclassiﬁcation of work-

ers as independent contractors, and improve

workplace health and safety. The Budget also

ensures fair treatment for millions of workers

by restoring resources to oversee and enforce the

equal employment obligations of Federal contrac-

tors, including protections against discrimination

based on race, gender, disability, gender identity,

and sexual orientation.

32 BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA

Reduces Lead and Other Home Health

Hazards for Vulnerable Families. The Budget

provides $400million, an increase of $40million

above the 2021 enacted level, for States, local gov-

ernments, and nonproﬁts to reduce lead-based

paint and other health hazards in the homes of

low-income families with young children. The

Budget also includes $25million to address lead-

based paint and $60million to prevent and miti-

gate other housing-related hazards, such as ﬁre

safety and mold, in Public Housing.

Provides Robust Support for Tribal

Communities. The Budget requests $4.5 bil-

lion for DOI tribal programs, more than $1 bil-

lion above the 2021 enacted level. These invest-

ments would support public safety and justice,

social services, climate resilience, and education-

al needs to uphold Federal trust responsibilities

and promote equity for historically underserved

communities. This includes a $156 million in-

crease to support reconstruction work at seven

Bureau of Indian Education schools. This fund-

ing complements Bipartisan Infrastructure Law

investments to address climate resilience needs

in tribal communities. The Budget proposes to

reclassify Contract Support Costs and Indian

Self-Determination and Education Assistance

Act of 1975 Section 105(l) leases as mandatory

spending, providing certainty in meeting these

ongoing needs through dedicated funding sourc-

es. The Budget further proposes to provide man-

datory funding to the Bureau of Reclamation

for operation and maintenance of previously en-

acted Indian Water Rights Settlements, and the

Administration is interested in working with the

Congress on an approach to provide a mandatory

funding source for future settlements. The Budget

also complements Bipartisan Infrastructure Law

investments to address climate resilience needs

in tribal communities with $673million in tribal

climate funding at DOI.

Advances Child and Family Well-Being in

the Child Welfare System. The Budget propos-

es to expand and incentivize the use of evidence-

based foster care prevention services to keep fam-

ilies safely together and to reduce the number of

children entering foster care. For children who do

need to be placed into foster care, the Budget pro-

vides States with support and incentives to place

more children with relatives or other adults who

have an existing emotional bond with the child

and fewer children in group homes and institu-

tions, while also providing additional funding to

support youth who age out of care without a per-

manent caregiver. The Budget proposes to nearly

double ﬂexible funding for States through the

Promoting Safe and Stable Families program and

proposes new provisions to expand access to legal

representation for children and families in the

child welfare system. The Budget also provides

$100million in competitive grants for States and

localities to advance reforms that would reduce

the overrepresentation of children and families of

color in the child welfare system, address the dis-

parate experiences and outcomes of these fami-

lies, and provide more families with the support

they need to remain safely together. In addition,

the Budget provides $215million for States and

community-based organizations to respond to

and prevent child abuse.

Supports Health and Economic Security

of America’s Seniors and People with

Disabilities. The Budget provides $14.8billion,

an increase of $1.8billion above the 2021 enacted

level, to improve services at the Social Security

Administration’s ﬁeld ofﬁces, State disability de-

termination services, and teleservice centers for

retirees, people with disabilities, and their fami-

lies. At HUD, the Budget supports 2,000 units of

new permanently affordable housing speciﬁcally

for seniors and people with disabilities, support-

ing the Administration’s priority to maximize

independent living for people with disabilities.

The Budget also includes nearly $500 million

to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

Survey and Certiﬁcation, a 24-percent increase,

to support health and safety inspections at nurs-

ing homes and enhances Medicare for seniors by

expanding behavioral health beneﬁts, eliminat-

ing cost sharing for vaccines, and adding coverage

of services from community health workers. The

President also looks forward to working with the

Congress on other policies to improve economic

security and access to healthcare for seniors and

people with disabilities.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 33

Strengthens the Unemployment Insurance

(UI) Program and Combats Fraud. The UI pro-

gram has helpedmillions of Americans through

periods of unemployment during the COVID-19

pandemic. The Budget invests $3.4 billion, an

increase of $769million above the 2021 enacted

level, to modernize, protect, and strengthen this

critical program. This includes several invest-

ments aimed at tackling fraud in the UI program,

including funding to support more robust identity

veriﬁcation for UI applicants, help States develop

and test fraud-prevention tools and strategies,

and allow the Ofﬁce of Inspector General to in-

crease its investigations into fraud rings target-

ing the UI program.

Improves Healthcare, Nutrition Assis-

tance, and Economic Support for Americans

in Puerto Rico and Other Territories. The

President supports: eliminating Medicaid fund-

ing caps for Puerto Rico and other Territories

while aligning their matching rate with States;

granting U.S. Territories the option to transition

from current block grants to the Supplemental

Nutrition Assistance Program; and providing

parity to U.S. Territories in the Supplemental

Security Income Program. The Administration

will continue to work with the Congress to ad-

vance these policies.

Expanding Housing Opportunity

Expands the Housing Choice Voucher

Program and Enhances Household Mobility.

The Housing Choice Voucher program currently

provides 2.3 million low-income families with

rental assistance to obtain housing in the private

market. The Budget provides $32.1billion, an in-

crease of $6.4billion—including emergency fund-

ing—over the 2021 enacted level, to maintain

services for all currently assisted families and

to expand assistance to an additional 200,000

households compared to the 2021 level, particu-

larly those who are experiencing homelessness or

ﬂeeing, or attempting to ﬂee, domestic violence or

other forms of gender-based violence. The Budget

also funds mobility-related supportive services to

provide low-income families with greater options

to move to higher-opportunity neighborhoods.

Advances Efforts to End Homelessness.

To prevent and reduce homelessness, the Budget

provides $3.6 billion, an increase of $580 mil-

lion over the 2021 enacted level, for Homeless

Assistance Grants to meet renewal needs and

expand assistance to nearly 25,000 additional

households, including survivors of domestic vio-

lence and homeless youth.

Prevents and Redresses Housing

Discrimination and Supports Access to

Homeownership for First-Generation

Homebuyers. The Budget provides $86million

in grants to support State and local fair housing

enforcement organizations and bolster education,

outreach, and training on rights and responsibili-

ties under Federal fair housing laws. The Budget

supports access to homeownership for under-

served borrowers, including many ﬁrst-time and

minority homebuyers, through Federal Housing

Administration and Ginnie Mae credit guaran-

tees. The Budget also provides $115million for

complementary loan and down payment assis-

tance pilot proposals to expand homeownership

opportunities for ﬁrst-generation and/or low-

wealth ﬁrst-time homebuyers.

Invests in Affordable Housing in Tribal

Communities. Native Americans are seven

times more likely to live in overcrowded condi-

tions and ﬁve times more likely to have inade-

quate plumbing, kitchen, or heating systems than

all U.S. households. The Budget helps address

poor housing conditions in tribal areas by provid-

ing $1billion to fund tribal efforts to expand af-

fordable housing, improve housing conditions and

infrastructure, and increase economic opportuni-

ties for low-income families.

Addresses Housing Needs in Rural

America. The Budget includes $1.9 billion for

USDA’s rural housing loan and grant programs,

including increases for the rural multifamily hous-

ing programs which would help address housing

insecurity, rent burdens, and the impacts of climate

change in rural America, including through a new

34 BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA

policy requiring construction practices to improve

energy or water efﬁciency, implement green fea-

tures, or strengthen climate resilience. The multi-

family housing programs would fund the preserva-

tion or development of 224 affordable multifamily

housing properties, totaling 11,100 units and pro-

vide rental assistance to 270,000 units. USDA’s

single-family housing loans would provide new

homeownership opportunities to 171,000 rural

borrowers. The Budget also provides $39million

to continue the Rural Partners Network initiative

from 2022, which connects America’s rural commu-

nities to a broad range of programs and resources

throughout the Federal Government.

Addressing Violent Crime, Ensuring

Justice, and Strengthening

American Democracy

Invests in Federal Law Enforcement

to Combat Gun Crime and Other Violent

Crime. The Budget once again makes robust

investments to bolster Federal law enforcement

capacity. The Budget includes $17.4 billion, an

increase of $1.7 billion above the 2021 enacted

level, for DOJ law enforcement, including a total

of $1.7billion for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,

Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) to expand mul-

tijurisdictional gun trafﬁcking strike forces with

additional personnel, increase regulation of

the ﬁrearms industry, enhance ATF’s National

Integrated Ballistic Information Network, and

modernize the National Tracing Center. The

Budget includes $1.8billion for the U.S. Marshals

Service to support personnel dedicated to ﬁghting

violent crime, including through fugitive appre-

hension and enforcement operations. The Budget

also provides the Federal Bureau of Investigation

with an additional $69million to address violent

crime, including violent crimes against children

and crime in Indian Country. In addition, the

U.S. Attorneys are provided with $72.1million to

prosecute violent crimes.

Supports State and Local Law Enforce-

ment and Community Violence Prevention

and Intervention Programs to Make Our

Neighborhoods Safer. The Budget provides

$3.2 billion in discretionary resources for State

and local grants and $30billion in mandatory re-

sources to support law enforcement, crime preven-

tion, and community violence intervention.

Reinvigorates Federal Civil Rights

Enforcement. In order to address longstanding

inequities and strengthen civil rights protections,

the Budget invests $367 million, an increase of

$101million over the 2021 enacted level, in civil

rights protection across DOJ. These resources

support police reform, the prosecution of hate

crimes, enforcement of voting rights, and efforts to

provide equitable access to justice. Investments

also provide mediation and conciliation services

through the Community Relations Service.

Reforms the Federal Criminal Justice

System. The Budget leverages the capacity of

the Federal justice system to advance innovative

criminal justice reform initiatives and serve as a

model for reform that is not only comprehensive

in scope, but evidence-informed and high-impact.

The Budget supports key investments in First Step

Act implementation, including $100million for a

historic collaboration with the Bureau of Prisons

(BOP), DOJ, and DOL for a national initiative to

provide comprehensive workforce development

services to people in the Federal prison system,

both during their time in the BOP facilities and af-

ter they are transferred to community placement.

In support of Federal law enforcement reform and

oversight, the Budget also proposes $106million

to support the deployment of body-worn cameras

(BWC) to DOJ’s law enforcement ofﬁcers, as well

as an impact evaluation to assess the role of BWC

in advancing criminal justice reform.

Protects U.S. Elections and the Right to

Vote. As America’s democracy faces threats

across the Nation, the State, county, and munici-

pal governments that run Federal elections have

struggled to obtain resources commensurate with

the improved access and security that voters ex-

pect and deserve. Federal funding for the equip-

ment, systems, and personnel that comprise the

Nation’s critical election infrastructure has been

episodic or crisis-driven. To provide State and lo-

cal election ofﬁcials with a predictable funding

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 35

stream for critical capital investments and in-

creased stafﬁng and services, the Budget propos-

es $10billion in new elections assistance funding

to be allocated over 10 years. The Budget also

proposes to fund an expansion of USPS delivery

capacity in underserved areas and support for

vote-by-mail, including making ballots postage-

free and reducing the cost of other election-relat-

ed mail for jurisdictions and voters.

PUTTING THE NATION ON A SOUND FISCAL AND ECONOMIC COURSE

When the President took ofﬁce, the COVID-19

pandemic and resulting economic crisis had driv-

en deﬁcits to high levels: $3.1trillion, or 14.9 per-

cent, of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020.

Thanks in part to the success of the American

Rescue Plan and the President’s economic strat-

egy, strong economic growth has driven deﬁcits

down dramatically. The Budget projects a deﬁcit

of $1.4trillion, or 5.8 percent, of GDP for 2022—

less than half the deﬁcit the President inherited

and more than $1 trillion less than the deﬁcit for

2021.

The Budget builds on this progress by propos-

ing smart, targeted, and fully-offset investments

designed to expand economic capacity, spur dura-

ble economic growth, create jobs, reduce cost pres-

sures, and foster shared prosperity. The Budget

reﬂects the President’s belief that growing the

economy from the bottom up and the middle out

creates more growth, higher wages, more jobs,

lower prices, less poverty, and makes it easier to

achieve ﬁscal sustainability.

The Budget also reﬂects the President’s com-

mitment to put the Nation on a sound ﬁscal

course by more than fully offsetting the cost of its

new investments. Overall, the Budget’s policies

would reduce deﬁcits by more than $1 trillion over

10 years through additional tax reforms that en-

sure corporations and the wealthiest Americans

pay their fair share. Under the Budget policies,

annual deﬁcits would fall further as a share of

the economy, while the economic burden of debt

would stay low.

Paying for Investments through

a Fairer Tax System

The Budget’s investments are more than paid

for through reforms that would create a fairer tax

system.

Proposes a New Minimum Tax on

Billionaires. The tax code currently offers

special treatment for the types of income that

wealthy people enjoy. This special treatment,

combined with sophisticated tax planning and gi-

ant loopholes, allows many of the very wealthiest

people in the world to end up paying a lower tax

rate on their full income than many middle-class

households. To ﬁnally address this glaring prob-

lem, the Budget includes a 20 percent minimum

tax on multi-millionaires andbillionaires who so

often pay indefensibly low tax rates. This mini-

mum tax would apply only to the wealthiest 0.01

percent of households—those with more than

$100 million—and over half the revenue would

come frombillionaires alone.

Ensures Corporations Pay Their Fair

Share. The Budget also includes an increase to

the rate that corporations pay in taxes on their

proﬁts. Corporations received an enormous tax

break in 2017. While their proﬁts have soared,

their investment in the economy did not. Those

tax breaks did not trickle down to workers or con-

sumers. Instead of allowing some of the most prof-

itable corporations in the world to avoid paying

their fair share, the Budget would raise the cor-

porate tax rate to 28 percent, still well below the

35 percent rate that prevailed for most of the last

several decades. This increase is complemented

by other changes to the corporate tax code that

would incentivize job creation and investment in

36 BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA

the United States and ensure that large corpora-

tions pay their fair share.

Prevents Multinational Corporations

from Using Tax Havens to Game the System.

For decades, American workers and taxpayers

have paid the price for a tax system that has

rewarded multinational corporations for ship-

ping jobs and proﬁts overseas. Last year, the

Administration rallied more than 130 countries

to agree to a global minimum tax that will ensure

that proﬁtable corporations pay their fair share

and incentivizes U.S. multinationals to create

jobs and invest in the United States. The Budget

contains additional measures to ensure that mul-

tinationals operating in the United States cannot

use tax havens to undercut the global minimum.

Improving the Nation’s Fiscal Outlook

The Budget’s investments boost economic

growth, reduce cost pressures, and promote

shared prosperity in a way that improves the ﬁs-

cal outlook of the United States and reduces ﬁs-

cal risks over the long term.

The Administration is on track to becoming the

ﬁrst in history to reduce the deﬁcit by more than

$1trillion in a single year. Under the Budget’s

policies, deﬁcits would continue to decline from

recent levels. Deﬁcits would fall from 14.9 per-

cent of GDP in 2020 to 5.8 percent of GDP this

year and then decline further and remain below 5

percent of GDP through the 10-year window.

Moreover, under the Budget’s policies, the

medium-term economic burden of Federal debt

would remain low. Real interest—the Federal

Government’s annual interest payments after ad-

justing for inﬂation—directly measures the cost

of servicing the debt: the real resources that are

going toward paying off old debt, instead of in-

vesting in the future.

The widespread, persistent, and global phe-

nomenon of interest rates falling even as debt

has risen has meant that the burden associated

with debt over the near and medium term has

decreased. Even as the economy has recovered

and growth has come roaring back, interest rates

remain well below historical averages.

Real interest has averaged about one percent

of the economy since 1980 and was about two per-

cent in the 1990s. Since then, the effective real

interest rate on Federal debt has fallen ten-fold,

from over 4 percent to 0.4 percent in the 2010s.

As a result, real interest has fallen—and real in-

terest costs are expected to remain negative in

2022. The Budget’s economic assumptions an-

ticipate that real interest rates would rise over

the coming decade, using projections in line with

private forecasters. Nevertheless, under these

assumptions, the President’s policies would keep

real interest at or below the historical average

over the coming decade. This means that we

have the capacity to make fully-offset, critical in-

vestments that expand the productive capacity of

the economy while also keeping real interest cost

burdens low by historical standards.

At the same time, the United States does face

ﬁscal challenges over the long term—driven

largely by demographic pressures on health and

retirement programs, an inequitable tax sys-

tem, and rising healthcare costs. There is also

uncertainty about the interest rate outlook. The

Budget’s proposals prudently address these fu-

ture challenges by reforming the tax system and

more than paying for all new policies, reducing

deﬁcits over the long run. In total, the Budget

policies reduce deﬁcits by more than $1 trillion

over the next 10 years

Overall, the Budget details an economically

and ﬁscally responsible path forward—address-

ing the long-term ﬁscal challenges facing the

Nation while making investments that produce

stronger economic growth and broadly shared

prosperity well into the future.

ENSURING AN EQUITABLE, EFFECTIVE,

AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT

THAT DELIVERS RESULTS FOR ALL

Under the President’s leadership, the Nation

is rising to meet the full range of challenges

and opportunities before us. As set forth in

the President’s Management Agenda (PMA),

making the most of this historic moment and

delivering on the President’s agenda also re-

quires strengthening the Government’s capac-

ity to meet the needs of all Americans—toward

a Government that works for people by meet-

ing them where they are. To help deliver that

future, the President’s Budget advances the

goals of the PMA across three key priority ar-

eas: strengthening and empowering the Federal

workforce; delivering excellent, equitable, and

secure Federal services and customer experi-

ence; and managing the business of Government

to build a better America. This work—including

the investments the Budget puts forward in sup-

port of the PMA—is critical for bolstering the

Federal Government’s capacity and capabilities

to deliver for the American people today and for

years to come.

Values in Action

The Administration’s work to further develop

and implement the PMA, including through the

Budget, is guided by values: equity, dignity, ac-

countability, and results. These values guide the

Administration’s work to deliver results for the

public and strengthen the capacity of Federal

agencies. For example, the Budget advances

these values by:

Advancing Equity as a Core Part of

Government Management and Decision-

Making Processes. To support the

Administration’s whole-of-Government approach

to advancing equity, the Budget provides resourc-

es to hire Federal agency talent and expertise

needed to help embed equity in agency decision-

making and policy-making, such as civil rights

legal expertise, human-centered design, public

engagement and participatory design, evaluation

and evidence design, planning and analysis, and

data science. For example, the Budget includes

resources to: expand the Department of Labor’s

Civil Rights Center in order to begin establish-

ing regional ofﬁces across the Nation that can be

more responsive to regional equity challenges;

promote greater equity in service delivery at

the Veterans Beneﬁts Administration by placing

evaluation analysts to assess potential dispari-

ties among veterans who have historically been

disadvantaged based on their race, ethnicity, sex,

sexual orientation, or gender identity; and help

to bolster the Federal Emergency Management

Agency’s capacity to identify inequities and bar-

riers to access in the application process for di-

saster assistance.

Treating Every Person with Dignity

and Meeting the American People Where

They Are. The Administration values and re-

spects the inherent dignity of all people. The

Government of the United States is working to

recommit to being “of the people, by the people,

[and] for the people” in order to solve the com-

plex challenges the Nation faces. Through the

PMA and the President’s Executive Order 14058,

“Transforming Federal Customer Experience

and Service Delivery to Rebuild Trust in

Government,” the Administration has developed

an accountability framework for designing and

delivering services with a focus on the actual

38 ENSURING AN EQUITABLE, EFFECTIVE, AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT

experience of the people whom Federal agencies

are meant to serve. The Budget supports agen-

cies conducting activities in support of this frame-

work, including building increased mechanisms

for providing feedback and input from the public

into the work of the Government, hiring for the

skills and expertise required to conduct human

centered design, and forming interagency teams

to tackle pain points from the lens of how people

experience the Government’s role in important

events in their lives.

Managing Federal Funding with Account-

ability and Integrity. The Administration is

committed to improving program integrity and

ensuring effective stewardship of taxpayer dol-

lars, including through implementation of the

American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (American

Rescue Plan) and the Infrastructure Investment

and Jobs Act (Bipartisan Infrastructure Law). To

deliver on those commitments, the Administration

has provided comprehensive guidance to Federal

agencies to ensure coordinated and consistent ap-

proaches to fostering program integrity and deliv-

ering on the intended outcomes for ﬁnancial as-

sistance programs. In addition, as the President

has made clear, results and accountability go

hand-in-hand. To that end, the Administration

is committed to collaborating with the Congress

and the oversight community, including Ofﬁces

of Inspectors General and the U.S. Government

Accountability Ofﬁce, as appropriate, and across

various sectors and levels of the Government.

Also, the Administration will apply its commit-

ment to accountability and transparency to im-

plementation of the resources provided by the

President’s Budget as well, through sound ﬁnan-

cial management and a focus on delivering effec-

tive and equitable funding.

Managing the Government to Deliver

Results that Improve Lives. As part of the

Administration’s commitment to deliver results

for all, Federal agencies have worked with exter-

nal stakeholders and their own workforces to cre-

ate four-year strategic plans that deﬁne mission

success, as well as two-year Agency Priority Goals

(APGs), reﬂecting each agency’s top implementa-

tion priorities. Concurrent with the President’s

Budget, Federal agencies have identiﬁed stra-

tegic goals, strategic objectives, and APGs that

reﬂect the bottom line of the Government ad-

vancing outcomes across key Administration pri-

orities, including improving customer experience,

advancing equity, combatting climate change,

improving the Nation’s infrastructure, and meet-

ing the health, welfare, and economic challeng-

es of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the

Ofﬁce of Management and Budget (OMB) has

deployed Cross-Agency Priority (CAP) Goals to

establish cross-cutting targets that cover a lim-

ited number of mission and management areas

where Government-wide direction will be helpful

to drive collective action on these cross-cutting is-

sues. The public will be able to follow progress to-

ward PMA priorities, agency strategic plans, and

APGs, on https://Performance.gov, which will be

updated quarterly.

Strengthening and Empowering

the Federal Workforce

The strength of any organization rests on its

people. As the Nation’s largest employer, more

than four million Americans work for the Federal

Government, both at home in the United States

and overseas. Those serving in Government to-

day are dedicated and talented professional pub-

lic servants. That is why the President has taken

signiﬁcant steps to protect, empower, and re-

build the career Federal workforce, and why the

President charged the White House Task Force

on Worker Organizing and Empowerment with

developing steps to augment the voice of frontline

Federal workers. The Budget makes further in-

vestments in the Federal workforce by providing

agencies with new tools to help win the competi-

tion for highly-skilled talent. The Budget builds

on this work and advances the ﬁrst PMA prior-

ity—strengthening and empowering the Federal

workforce—by:

Making Every Federal Job a Good

Job, Where All Employees are Engaged,

Supported, Heard, and Empowered. Federal

agencies must cultivate the passion of their em-

ployees and empower them to advance agency

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 39

missions—and the Federal Government must be

a model employer with respect to worker organiz-

ing, collective bargaining, and labor-management

partnership. The voices of Federal employees

are critical to agency management, which is why

the Administration is strengthening the annual

Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey and pilot-

ing a Government-wide pulse survey of Federal

employees. These efforts will help agencies re-

tain qualiﬁed employees, empower workers to

make their agencies better, create a pipeline of

qualiﬁed leaders, and provide better services to

the public. The Budget supports these objectives

by ensuring that all those in Federal jobs earn at

least $15 per hour and providing a pay increase

of 4.6 percent for civilian and military personnel.

The Budget also supports the Ofﬁce of Personnel

Management (OPM) and agencies’ ability to an-

swer the President’s call for agencies to lead by

example in supporting worker organizing and

collective bargaining.

Helping Agencies Attract and Hire Talent

that Reﬂect America’s Diversity across the

Federal Government. Federal agencies are fo-

cused on attracting more people to Federal service

over the long term, while also addressing immediate

agency hiring needs to rebuild capacity. The Federal

Government is continuing to implement practices to

hire based on skills rather than educational qualiﬁ-

cations alone. Certain agency hiring practices are

changing, including applicant assessment methods,

to ensure that those most capable of performing the

role do not get needlessly overlooked because they do

not have a college degree. Agencies are also aligning

with the Government-wide Strategic Plan to Advance

Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility in the

Federal Workforce, including through efforts to de-

velop cultures within agencies that can foster a

more diverse, equitable, inclusive, and accessible

environment. To support hiring surges necessary

to deliver on the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law

and streamline hiring practices across the Federal

Government, the Budget includes resources to help

Federal agencies increase capacity for recruiting

and talent management. This includes continued

support for agency “talent teams” in each of the 24

Chief Financial Ofﬁcers Act agencies. Given that

internships can introduce students and those in

the early stages of their careers to public service,

the Budget prioritizes internships and equitable ac-

cess to internships. Developing pipelines for intern-

ships would also be prioritized around the Nation

through a reinvigorated vision and funding model

for Federal Executive Boards, to ensure a pulse on

the Federal impact in communities and support

Federal employees and agencies across the Nation.

The Budget also provides resources to support new

requirements for personnel vetting and the Trusted

Workforce 2.0 Initiative, which is designed to ensure

all Americans can trust the Federal workforce to

protect people, property, information, and mission.

Reimagining and Building a Roadmap

to the Future of Federal Work. The Federal

Government has an opportunity to reimagine the

way Federal employees work. By utilizing ex-

panded ﬂexibilities in work arrangements such

as: expanded telework and alternative work

schedules; increased adoption of technology, such

as cloud computing collaboration tools; and auto-

mation supported by information technology in-

vestments in the Budget the Government can en-

hance its ability to recruit and retain top talent,

staying competitive with broader trends in how

Americans work. A changing world has proven

that innovation is possible in the way Federal

employees work and operate, including chang-

ing needs and uses for Federal workplaces, which

agencies will continue to evaluate and assess.

Building the Personnel System and

Support Required to Sustain the Federal

Government as a Model Employer. As the

Government faces increasingly complex chal-

lenges, the need for Federal leaders, managers,

and front-line staff with the right skills in the

right jobs has never been greater. To meet this

need, the Budget supports OPM in enhancing

its ability to lead Federal human capital man-

agement, and serve as a central, strategic leader

in Federal human resources, in alignment with

OPM’s Strategic Plan. In support of this work,

the Budget requests $418million, a $88million

increase over the 2021 enacted level, for OPM’s

Salaries and Expenses account, its primary dis-

cretionary appropriation. This funding would

support stafﬁng to enhance customer service

40 ENSURING AN EQUITABLE, EFFECTIVE, AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT

provided by OPM to Federal agencies, allowing

further collaboration in support of the Federal

Government’s strategic workforce planning and

talent acquisition functions.

Delivering Excellent, Equitable,

and Secure Federal Services

and Customer Experience

Every interaction between the Government

and the public is an opportunity to deliver the

value and competence Americans expect and de-

serve. The American people rely on Federal ser-

vices to support them through disasters, advance

their businesses, provide opportunities for their

families, safeguard their rights, and help rebuild

their communities. That is why the President

signed Executive Order 14058 that will help

agencies center services around those who use

them—toward delivering simple, secure, effective,

equitable, and responsive solutions. The Budget

advances these efforts and the second PMA pri-

ority—delivering excellent, equitable, and secure

Federal services and customer experience—by:

Improving the Service Design, Digital

Products, and Customer-Experience Man-

agement of Federal High-Impact Service

Providers. The Budget supports Federal High

Impact Service Providers—those services that

serve the largest percentage of people, conduct

the greatest volume of transactions annually,

and have an outsized impact on the lives of the

individuals they serve. Focusing on these high-

impact services would yield capabilities, tools,

and practices that cascade to other Federal pro-

grams and services Government-wide. For ex-

ample, the Budget includes an additional $2 mil-

lion to build the Ofﬁce of Customer Experience at

the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which would

improve delivery of critical programs for farm-

ers, producers, and ranchers, as well as support

for the nutrition of more than six million partici-

pants in the Women, Infants, and Children pro-

gram. The Budget supports the Small Business

Administration’s efforts to establish baseline

customer experience measures for application

processes across the Agency’s loan, grant, and

contracting programs, as well as streamlining the

online disaster assistance application experience.

The Budget also includes resources to advance

customer experience efforts at the Department of

Housing and Urban Development, to help deliver

on the President’s housing priorities, including

eliminating barriers that restrict housing and

neighborhood choice, furthering fair housing, and

providing redress to those who have experienced

housing discrimination. In addition, the Budget’s

investments in digital modernization would al-

low the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to enable

Americans to access more permits online, and the

Budget would help the Transportation Security

Administration expand the use of innovative

technologies to reduce passenger wait times at

airport security checkpoints. The Budget also

invests in the Social Security Administration’s

efforts to make it easier for individuals to ﬁle

for Social Security retirement beneﬁts, apply for

replacement Social Security cards, and apply for

need-based Supplemental Security Income dis-

ability payments. In addition, the Budget would

also provide $2.7 billion to the Department of

Education’s Ofﬁce of Federal Student Aid to pro-

vide better support to student loan borrowers

by implementing customer experience improve-

ments and ensuring the successful transition

from the current short-term loan servicing con-

tracts into a more stable long-term contract and

servicing environment.

Designing, Building, and Managing

Government Service Delivery for Key Life

Experiences that Reach across Federal

Agencies. When a person experiences a disas-

ter, loses a job, or faces another key moment in

their lives, Federal Government services should

meet them where they are instead of forcing

them to navigate Government siloes. By better

coordinating service delivery based on the life

experience of the customer, instead of around ex-

isting funding streams or organizational struc-

tures, Government can better serve the public.

The Budget advances these efforts by providing

funding for interagency teams to simplify the

process of accessing Government services, such

as, services for those surviving a natural disaster,

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 41

approaching retirement, having a child, and navi-

gating supports after a ﬁnancial shock.

Enabling Simple, Seamless, and Secure

Customer Experiences across High Impact

Service Providers. The Budget supports ef-

forts to develop shared products, services, and

standards while designing safe and secure prod-

ucts that better meet customer needs. For ex-

ample, these resources would support efforts at

the Departments of Veterans Affairs and Defense

to provide streamlined login credentials for ser-

vicemembers to access the beneﬁts they have

earned through their service as they transition

to veterans status, as well as a $61 million in-

crease over the 2021 enacted level for the Federal

Citizen Services Fund at the General Services

Administration (GSA) to power shared products

and platforms that enable simple, seamless, and

secure services across the Federal Government.

As part of this request, GSA is investing an ad-

ditional $35 million in the Public Experience

Portfolio to continue to evolve USA.gov to deliver

a seamless public experience when transacting

with the Government and provide the public an

optimal experience when seeking voting resourc-

es on https://Vote.gov.

Managing the Business of Government

The Federal Government inﬂuences and re-

shapes markets, supports key supply chains,

drives technological advances, and supports do-

mestic manufacturing. This scale creates an op-

portunity to leverage Federal systems for manag-

ing the business of Government—the goods and

services the Government buys and the ﬁnancial

assistance and resources it provides and over-

sees—to create and sustain good quality union

jobs, address persistent wealth and wage gaps,

and tackle other challenges. The Administration

has taken bold action to leverage Federal acqui-

sition, ﬁnancial assistance, and ﬁnancial man-

agement systems to take on some of the Nation’s

most pressing challenges. That is why the Budget

supports improvements that would make contin-

ued progress and improvements in these systems.

The Budget supports this work and advances the

third PMA priority—managing the business of

Government—by:

Ensuring the Future is Made in America

by America’s Workers. The Administration

is working to ensure that Federal resources and

programs advance domestic jobs and industries.

Two recent examples of that work include the cre-

ation of a new review process to ensure Made in

America waivers are transparent and consistent-

ly applied and a change in the Buy American Act

rule for procurement to increase domestic con-

tent. The Made in America Ofﬁce within OMB

will continue its work with Federal agencies to

maximize the use of Federal procurement and

assistance on domestic goods and services that

provide good value while strengthening the U.S.

industrial base in critical sectors and creating

good-paying jobs and economic opportunities in

communities across the Nation.

Leveraging Federal Contracting as a

Catalyst to Drive Clean Energy Solutions,

Support American Jobs, and Advance

Equity. Federal agencies spent over $619 bil-

lion in 2021 through millions of contracts for

goods and services, providing an opportunity to

transform the marketplace in ways that mitigate

the effects of climate change, bolster American

manufacturing, and increase opportunities for

small disadvantaged businesses (SDBs) and

other small businesses in underserved commu-

nities. The Administration is leveraging Federal

procurement power to move toward a clean en-

ergy future, including 100 percent carbon pollu-

tion-free Federal electricity on a net annual ba-

sis by 2030, 100 percent zero-emission vehicle

acquisitions by 2035, and a net-zero emissions

in the Federal building portfolio by 2045. The

Administration is also using the Federal acqui-

sition system to increase the procurement of

Made in America products to support domestic

manufacturing, including through greater trans-

parency in agency acquisition plans so domestic

providers can help meet agency requirements,

and a new Government-wide acquisition regu-

lation that establishes an aggressive schedule

to raise domestic content to 75 percent by 2029.

In addition, the Administration is taking steps

42 ENSURING AN EQUITABLE, EFFECTIVE, AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT

through Federal acquisitions to better disclose

and mitigate the risks that climate change poses

in Federal contracting. Agencies are taking ag-

gressive actions to increase contract awards to

SDBs and other underserved entrepreneurs to

advance the President’s commitment to break

down barriers and build generational wealth for

underserved communities through procurement

and contracting. This includes increasing con-

tract awards for SDBs from just over 10 percent

to 15 percent of total Federal contract spend by

2025. Agencies will continue to apply category

management principles for common goods and

services to ensure strong stewardship of taxpayer

dollars, supported by increased use of business

intelligence and data analytics. The President

has directed the Administration to explore addi-

tional actions that strengthen the United States

as a buyer, improving the efﬁciency and effective-

ness of the Federal procurement system, includ-

ing, for example, by utilizing approaches such as

skills-based hiring, Registered Apprenticeship,

and work-based learning.

Supporting Ongoing Improvements

to Federal Government Capabilities

and Systems in Support of the PMA

The Budget also supports ongoing improve-

ments to Federal Government capabilities that

support an equitable, effective, and accountable

Government by:

Modernizing Federal Information

Technology (IT) Systems and Strengthening

Federal Data Capabilities. The Administration

continues to prioritize the modernization of

Federal IT systems to better deliver agency mis-

sion and services to the American public in an

effective, efﬁcient, and secure manner. This in-

cludes continued efforts by Federal agencies to

leverage, utilize, and implement data as a re-

source and strategic asset, with focus on open-

ing data, advancing equity through data collec-

tion, use, and management, and data sharing,

accountability, and transparency in support of

Administration priorities. The Budget supports

the interagency driving data sharing practices

project that promotes data sharing activities in

support of the Administration’s priorities on ra-

cial equity and climate. To support IT moderniza-

tion efforts, the Budget also includes an addition-

al $300 million for the Technology Modernization

Fund (TMF). In the ﬁrst tranche of TMF awards

funded by the American Rescue Plan, the TMF

Board invested $187 million in Login.gov, a se-

cure sign-on service used by over 30 million citi-

zens and businesses that: supports easy access

to over 200 Government services spanning 27

agencies; reduces Government costs; prevents

fraud; and protects individual privacy. This ﬁrst

tranche of TMF investments also is contributing

to protecting the data and privacy of 100 mil-

lion students and borrowers, two million civil-

ian Federal employees, and millions of users of

Government-wide shared services, as well as the

security of hundreds of Federal facilities.

Bolstering Federal Cybersecurity. The

Budget funds a strategic shift in the defense of

Federal infrastructure and service delivery, bet-

ter positioning agencies to guard against sophis-

ticated adversaries. The Budget provides for

investments across Federal agencies that align

them to foundational cybersecurity practices and

priorities as outlined in Executive Order 14028,

“Improving the Nation’s Cybersecurity.” This in-

cludes funding to facilitate the ongoing transition

to a “zero trust” approach, which would enable

agencies to more rapidly detect, isolate, and re-

spond to cyber threats. To support these efforts, the

Budget provides $2.5 billion to the Cybersecurity

and Infrastructure Security Agency, a $486 mil-

lion increase above 2021 enacted, to: maintain

critical cybersecurity capabilities implemented in

the American Rescue Plan; expand network pro-

tection throughout the Federal Executive Branch;

and bolster support capabilities, such as cloud

business applications, enhanced analytics, and

stakeholder engagement. The Budget also sup-

ports the Ofﬁce of the National Cyber Director,

which would improve national coordination in the

face of escalating cyber attacks on Government

and critical infrastructure.

Promoting Evidence-Based Policymaking

and Decision Making in Federal Agencies.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 43

The President has made clear that the

Administration will make decisions guided by

the best available science and data, which re-

quires the Federal Government to foster and

strengthen a culture of evidence where genera-

tion and use is routine and integrated across all

agency functions. The Budget’s investments have

been informed by existing evidence of effective-

ness. The Budget also includes investments to

build evidence in critical areas where it is lack-

ing and invests in agency capacity to execute

priority studies, including those identiﬁed in

publicly posted Learning Agendas and Annual

Evaluation Plans required by the Foundations for

Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018. The

Budget’s investments in statistical infrastruc-

ture recognize the importance of Federal statis-

tics in strengthening the evidence base. New in-

vestments also support cross-agency evaluation

efforts aligned with Administration priorities,

where policy and programmatic solutions span

agencies and functions.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Bolsters the Nation’s Frontline Defenses against Catastrophic Wildﬁres. Protecting

communities, ecosystems, and infrastructure from wildﬁre requires a resilient and reliable

Federal workforce. The Budget provides nearly $4.9 billion for Forest Service Wildland Fire

Management, including $2.2 billion for the Wildﬁre Suppression Operations Reserve Fund.

The Budget also upholds the President’s commitment that no Federal ﬁreﬁghter would

make less than $15 an hour, increases the size of the Federal ﬁreﬁghting workforce, and pro-

vides critical technological support for wildﬁre detection and response, including FireGuard

satellite imagery. The Budget also complements investments provided in the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law to reduce the risk and severity of wildﬁres through smart investments in

Forest Service hazardous fuels management and ecosystem restoration.

• Builds a Fair and Resilient Food Supply Chain. The Budget strengthens market over-

sight through investments in the Agricultural Marketing Service and the Animal and Plant

Health Inspection Service, resulting in competitive meat and poultry product prices for

American families and increased protection against invasive pests and zoonotic diseases.

These programs build on the pandemic and supply chain assistance funding in the American

Rescue Plan Act of 2021 to address pandemic-related vulnerabilities in the food system and

create new market opportunities and good-paying jobs.

• Spurs Climate Research. To support the Administration’s whole-of-Government approach to

tackle the climate crisis, the Budget invests $24 million in USDA’s climate hubs, a multi-agency

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is responsible for providing nutrition assistance

to low-income Americans and income support for the farm sector, and for conserving and

preserving the Nation’s forests and private agricultural lands. The President’s 2023 Budget for

USDA: invests in tackling the climate crisis while mitigating its ongoing impacts on communities;

strengthens the food supply chain and nutrition safety net; advances environmental justice;

creates new jobs and opportunities in rural communities; supports underserved farmers and

producers; and restores America’s advantage in agriculture.

The Budget requests $28.5 billion in discretionary funding for USDA, a $4.2 billion or 17.1-percent

increase from the 2021 enacted level, excluding Food for Peace Title II Grants, which is included

in the State and International Programs total. Resources provided through the 2023 Budget

complement investments in conservation, forest management, and broadband deployment

provided in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Bipartisan Infrastructure Law).

46 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

undertaking to leverage climate science and increase landowner awareness of—and engagement

in—efforts to combat climate change. The Budget also supports multi-agency efforts to integrate

science-based tools into conservation planning in order to measure, monitor, report, and verify

carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas reduction, wildlife stewardship, and other environmental ser-

vices at the farm level and on Federal lands. In addition, the Budget increases funding for priority

climate research and for innovative mechanisms to incentivize the adoption of innovative agricul-

tural practices and open new markets for climate-smart commodities at scale, while complementing

actions being undertaken by stakeholders and the private sector.

• Advances Equity and Environmental Justice. The Budget supports the Administration’s on-

going work to advance racial justice and provide more equitable program delivery. Certain USDA

programs and initiatives, such as High Cost Energy grants, Rural Energy for America grants

and loan guarantees, Private Lands Conservation Operations, Urban Agriculture, and Water and

Wastewater direct loans, would support the President’s Justice40 Initiative, which directs that

at least 40 percent of the overall beneﬁts from climate and clean energy investments be directed

to historically disadvantaged communities. In addition, the Budget includes $39 million for the

Rural Partners Network, which would connect America’s rural communities to a broad range of

programs and resources throughout the Federal Government. The Budget also provides $31 mil-

lion for USDA’s Ofﬁce of Civil Rights, an increase of $9 million over the 2021 enacted level.

• Addresses Climate Change and Housing Insecurity in Rural Communities. The

Budget provides $1.8 billion for USDA multifamily housing programs, an increase of $259 mil-

lion from the 2021 enacted level, including over twice the loan level as in 2021. This signiﬁcant

investment would help address housing insecurity, rent burdens, and the impacts of climate

change in rural America, including through a new policy requiring construction practices to

improve energy or water efﬁciency, implement green features, or facilitate climate resilience.

• Helps Rural Communities Transition to Clean Energy. Rural communities are criti-

cal to achieving the goal of transitioning to 100 percent zero carbon electricity by 2035. The

Budget provides $300 million in new funding for grants, loans, and debt forgiveness for rural

electric providers as they transition to clean energy. The Budget also provides $6.5 billion in

loan authority for rural electric loans, an increase of $1 billion over the 2021 enacted level, to

support additional clean energy, energy storage, and transmission projects that would create

good-paying jobs and meet the ambitious climate progress that science demands. In addition,

the Budget includes $15 million in new funding to support the creation of the Rural Clean

Energy Initiative to help achieve the President’s decarbonation goals and ensure clean energy

funding is implemented effectively in rural areas.

• Restores America’s Advantage in Agriculture. American farmers must be able to leverage

new technologies to compete in world markets. The Budget provides $4 billion, $644 million

above the 2021 enacted level, for USDA’s research, education, and outreach programs, includ-

ing $315 million targeted to under-served populations.

• Connects All Americans to High-Speed, Affordable, and Reliable Internet. The

President is committed to ensuring that every American has access to broadband. High-speed

internet strengthens rural economies, and the work of installing broadband creates high-pay-

ing union jobs. Building on the $2 billion for USDA broadband programs provided in the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, the Budget provides $600 million for the ReConnect program,

which provides grants and loans to deploy broadband to unserved areas, especially tribal areas.

The Budget also provides $25 million to help rural telecommunications cooperatives reﬁnance

their Rural Utilities Service debt and upgrade their broadband facilities.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 47

• Protects America’s Food Supply. The Budget provides $1.2 billion for the Food Safety and

Inspection Service (FSIS), an increase of $134 million from the 2021 enacted level. This fund-

ing would enable the hiring of more inspectors and Public Health Veterinarians, which would

increase the strength and ﬂexibility of FSIS to provide inspection services so that meat and

poultry producers would be better able to respond to market demands and provide safe and

healthy food products. The Budget is providing targeted funds to support smaller producers

so that they may increase their production capacity, which in turn would create a more diverse

food supply chain.

• Invests in Tribal Communities. The Budget invests $62 million for agriculture research,

education, and extension grants to tribal institutions; $7 million to assist Native Americans

with home ownership through the Single-Family Housing Native American Community

Development Financial Institutions Re-lending Program, and $7 million to support Native

American farmers and ranchers through the Intertribal Assistance Network. In addition,

through the Tribal Forest Protection Act of 2004 and other authorities, the Forest Service

would make initial investments of at least $11 million in 2023 to increase equity and expand

tribal self-governance, allowing Tribes to participate in restoration activities under agree-

ments and contracts.

• Supports a Strong Nutrition Safety Net. The Budget provides $6.8 billion for critical

nutrition programs, including $6 billion for the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for

Women, Infants, and Children, to help vulnerable families put healthy food on the table and

address racial disparities in maternal and child health outcomes.

• Supports Economically Distressed Farmers. USDA is committed to examining barriers

faced by all underserved borrowers, especially those in economic distress, beginning farmers,

and veterans. The Administration is interested in working with the Congress on legislative

changes that would ease the debt burden for economically distressed farm loan borrowers to

achieve a robust and competitive agriculture sector.

• The 2023 Farm Bill. The Administration looks forward to working this year with the Congress,

partners, stakeholders, and the public to identify shared priorities for the 2023 Farm Bill

that position USDA to live up to its moniker as “the People’s Department” and deliver on its

mission to serve all Americans by providing effective, innovative, science-based public policy

leadership in agriculture, food and nutrition, natural resource protection and management,

and rural development. The Administration also looks forward to working with the Congress

to address climate change through climate-smart agriculture and forestry and investments

in renewable energy that open new market opportunities and provide a competitive advan-

tage for American producers of climate-smart commodities, including small and historically

underserved producers and early adopters, and through voluntary incentives to reduce cli-

mate risk. The 2023 Farm Bill is also a critical opportunity to ensure that the wealth created

in rural America stays there and to empower rural communities with the tools necessary to

advance their locally-led vision. In addition, USDA’s nutrition programs are among the most

far-reaching tools available to improve health and well-being and to ensure that all Americans

have access to healthy, affordable food. This is an important moment to reconsider barriers

to food assistance for vulnerable groups that are likely undermining their chances of success,

including low-income college students, individuals reentering society and seeking a second

chance, youth who have aged out of foster care, kinship families, and low-income individuals

in the U.S. Territories.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Strengthens the Nation’s Supply Chains through Domestic Manufacturing. To help

ignite a resurgence of American manufacturing, the Budget provides $372 million, an in-

crease of $206 million from the 2021 enacted level, for the National Institutes of Standards

and Technology’s (NIST) manufacturing programs. These resources would help launch two

additional Manufacturing Innovation Institutes in 2023 and continue support for two insti-

tutes funded in 2022 as part of the Administration’s growing Manufacturing USA network,

which brings together industry, academia, and Government to accelerate manufacturing in-

novation and commercialization. The Budget also expands the Manufacturing Extension

Partnership, providing an increase of $125 million to make America’s small and medium

manufacturers more competitive and to ensure that the future ismade in all of America by

all of America’s workers. The Budget also provides $11 million to the International Trade

Administration (ITA) to build analytical capacity in meeting new requirements on supply

chain resilience across the manufacturing and services industries, as well as $5 million for

the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) to develop new data tools to measure American com-

petitiveness in global supply chains.

• Revitalizes Coal Communities and Other Economically Distressed Communities.

To foster investment and economic revitalization in communities impacted by the transition

from fossil fuel to a clean energy economy, the Budget provides more than $70 million in new

funding to the Economic Development Administration (EDA) to create jobs and drive growth

in economically distressed communities. This funding would allow EDA to more than double

its Assistance to Coal Communities initiative. The Budget also provides $50 million for

The Department of Commerce (Commerce) is responsible for: promoting job creation; supporting

and overseeing international trade; and providing economic, environmental, and scientic

information needed by businesses, citizens, and governments. The President’s 2023 Budget

for Commerce makes historic investments to strengthen domestic supply chains, help American

entrepreneurs bring their products to the market, support minority business development, tackle

the climate crisis, and promote opportunity and safety in space.

The Budget requests $11.7 billion in discretionary funding for Commerce, a $2.8 billion or

31.2-percent increase from the 2021 enacted level. Resources provided through the 2023

Budget complement major investments in broadband Internet access and climate resilience

through the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Bipartisan Infrastructure Law).

50 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

an EDA pilot program to address structural prime-age employment gaps and boost competi-

tiveness in persistently distressed communities through innovative, ﬂexible, and locally-led

grants.

• Supports Minority-Owned Business to Narrow Racial Wealth Gaps. The Budget el-

evates the stature and increases the capacity of the Minority Business Development Agency

by providing the full $110 million authorized in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. This fund-

ing would bolster services provided to minority-owned enterprises by expanding the Business

Center program, funding Rural Business Centers, opening new regional ofﬁces, and support-

ing innovative initiatives to foster economic resiliency.

• Creates New Markets for American Goods by Expanding Economic Engagement

Abroad. The Budget provides an additional $26 million from the 2021 enacted level to bol-

ster commercial diplomacy and enhance export promotion through a targeted expansion of the

Foreign Commercial Service at the ITA. With this funding, Commerce would augment staff to

assist American businesses seeking to increase exports abroad, navigate new foreign markets,

or ﬁnd market opportunities. These activities would focus on areas of high economic and geo-

strategic value, including the Indo-Paciﬁc.

• Responds to the Impacts of Climate Change and Extreme Weather. The Budget invests

$6.9 billion in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an increase of

$1.4 billion from the 2021 enacted level, supporting programs that would catalyze wind energy,

restore habitats, protect the oceans and coasts, and improve NOAA’s ability to predict extreme

weather associated with climate change. This includes $45 million to support NOAA’s role in

deploying 30 gigawatts of offshore wind energy by 2030, and a $30 million increase in funding

for marine sanctuaries and other marine protected areas to assess and address climate change

impacts. The Budget also supports the Administration’s America the Beautiful initiative, and

$92 million for expanded climate competitive research grants. Through a bold investment of

$2.3 billion in the next generation of weather satellites, the Budget also provides a robust and

predictable long-term funding strategy to develop new weather detection capabilities to help

plan for extreme weather events.

• Safeguards America’s Burgeoning Space Industry. The Budget expands opportunities

for civil space situational awareness and supports the long-term sustainability of the space

environment by committing $88 million, a $78 million increase from the 2021 enacted level,

for the Ofﬁce of Space Commerce in order to improve real-time tracking and reporting of space

objects and debris, helping the space industry safely navigate a congested space environment.

The Budget also provides $2 million for BEA to develop new data tools to measure the space

economy.

• Advances Key Emerging Technologies and U.S. Leadership in International

Standards Development. The Budget supports U.S. industry competing in the global commu-

nications market by providing $13 million for cutting-edge advanced communications research

and engineering at the National Telecommunications and Information Administration. The

Budget also includes a $187 million increase for research initiatives at NIST that would focus

on developing standards to accelerate adoption of critical and emerging technologies with a

focus on artiﬁcial intelligence, quantum science, and advanced biotechnologies. As part of this

investment, the Budget includes an $8 million increase to strengthen U.S. leadership in inter-

national standards development for critical and emerging technologies.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 51

• Secures the American Economy and American’s Sensitive Data against Foreign

Threats. The Budget strengthens the Nation’s national and economic security by protect-

ing the information and communications technology (ICT) supply chain and improving the

security of the commercial cyber ecosystem. This includes a $36 million increase to review

ICT transactions that pose an undue risk to the United States, and an enforcement program

to deter and mitigate foreign malicious cyber-enabled activities. The Budget also provides

the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) with a $30 million increase to advance national

security and secure trade by bolstering BIS’s ability to implement and enforce export controls.

In addition, BIS monitors industrial base and supply chain trends with regard to critical and

emerging technologies, such as microelectronics.

• Supports Evidence-Based Policymaking. The Budget supports evidence-based policy

making and strengthens the ability of the Census Bureau to deliver reliable, high-quality data

and innovative statistical products that improve understanding of the Nation’s people and

economy. The Budget includes $408 million to ﬁnalize and evaluate the Decennial Census

and lay the groundwork for a successful 2030 Census and $141 million for BEA to support the

production of vital economic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product. In 2023, BEA will

transition the prototype Annual National and Annual State Distribution of Personal Income

measures into regular production, providing policymakers and the public with crucial new

information about how families across the income distribution spectrum are faring.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Supports United States’ European Allies and Partners. The Budget supports Ukraine,

the United States’ strong partnerships with North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) al-

lies, and other European partner states by bolstering funding to enhance the capabilities and

readiness of U.S. forces, NATO allies, and regional partners in the face of Russian aggression.

• Promotes Integrated Deterrence in the Indo-Paciﬁc and Globally. The Budget propos-

es $773 billion for DOD. To sustain and strengthen deterrence, the Budget prioritizes China

as the Department’s pacing challenge. DOD’s 2023 Paciﬁc Deterrence Initiative highlights

some of the key investments the Department is making that are focused on strengthening

deterrence in the Indo-Paciﬁc region. DOD is building the concepts, capabilities, and posture

necessary to meet these challenges, working in concert with the interagency and U.S. allies

and partners to ensure U.S. deterrence is integrated across domains, theaters, and the spec-

trum of conﬂict.

• Counters Persistent Threats. While focused on maintaining robust deterrence against

China and Russia, the Budget also enables DOD to counter other persistent threats includ-

ing those posed by North Korea, Iran, and violent extremist organizations.

• Modernizes the Nuclear Deterrent. The Budget maintains a strong, credible nuclear

deterrent, as a foundational aspect of integrated deterrence, for the security of the Nation

and U.S. allies. The Budget supports the U.S. nuclear triad and the necessary ongoing nu-

clear modernization programs, to include the nuclear command, control, and communication

networks.

The Department of Defense (DOD) is responsible for the military forces needed to safeguard

U.S. vital national interests. The President’s 2023 Budget for DOD provides the resources

necessary to sustain and strengthen U.S. deterrence, advancing our vital national interests

through integrated deterrence, campaigning, and investments that build enduring advantages.

The Budget: supports America’s servicemembers and their families; strengthens alliances and

partnerships; preserves America’s technological edge; bolsters economic competitiveness; and

combats 21

Century security threats.

The Budget requests $773 billion in discretionary funding for DOD, a $69 billion or 9.8-percent

increase from the 2021 enacted level. This two-year growth enables DOD to make the

investments necessary to execute the Administration’s Interim National Security Strategic

Guidance and forthcoming National Security Strategy and National Defense Strategy.

54 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

• Advances U.S. Cybersecurity. The Budget invests in cybersecurity programs to pro-

tect the Nation from malicious cyber actors and cyber campaigns. These priorities include

strengthening cyber protection standards for the defense industrial base and investing in the

cybersecurity of DOD networks.

• Takes Care of Servicemembers and the DOD Civilian Workforce. The Budget invests

in America’s servicemembers and civilian workforce with robust 4.6 percent pay raises—the

largest in a generation—and addresses economic insecurity by funding a newly authorized

basic needs allowance. The Budget also continues to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.

• Fulﬁlls America’s Commitment to Military Families. Military families are key to the

readiness and well-being of the All-Volunteer Force, and therefore are critical to national se-

curity. The Budget supports military families by prioritizing programs that directly support

military spouses, children, caregivers, survivors, and other dependents.

• Strengthens Programs to Prevent and Respond to Sexual Assault. The Budget fully

funds DOD’s implementation of the recommendations of the Independent Review Commission

on Sexual Assault in the Military to improve the Department’s ongoing work to enhance ac-

countability, prevention, climate and culture, and victim care and support. Examples of these

efforts include the establishment of a violence prevention workforce and enabling service-

members who experience sexual harassment to access services from a sexual assault victim

advocate. The Budget also supports the establishment of an independent Ofﬁce of Special Trial

Counsel in each military department, as required under the National Defense Authorization

Act for Fiscal Year 2022, to carry out changes to the military justice process for handling

sexual assault, domestic violence, and other serious crimes.

• Promotes Climate Resilience and Energy Efﬁciency to Support Warﬁghting

Operations. It is vital to examine the security implications of climate-induced extreme

weather and to adapt DOD platforms and military installations to protect mission critical ca-

pabilities. The Budget supports efforts to plan for and mitigate the impacts of climate change

and improve the resilience of DOD facilities and operations. The Budget invests in power and

energy performance, which makes U.S. forces more agile, efﬁcient, and survivable in this com-

plex and changing environment.

• Enhances Biodefense and Pandemic Preparedness. The Budget provides robust fund-

ing for programs that support the Administration’s biodefense and pandemic preparedness

priorities as outlined in U.S. biodefense and pandemic preparedness strategies and plans,

including the Ofﬁce of the Assistant Secretary for Health Affairs, Chemical and Biological

Defense Program, and Biological Threat Reduction Program. The Budget supports enhanced

investments in medical countermeasures, including vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics

research and manufacturing; clinical research and testing; early warning and real-time moni-

toring; biosafety and biosecurity; and threat reduction activities with global partners.

• Builds the Air Forces Needed for the 21

Century. The Budget procures a mix of highly

capable aircraft while continuing to make investments in the ﬁghter, bomber, and training

aircraft of the future. Investing in this mix of aircraft provides an opportunity to reduce the

future ﬂeet’s operational costs while increasing its resiliency and ﬂexibility to meet future

threats.

• Optimizes U.S. Naval Shipbuilding. Maintaining U.S. naval power is critical to reassuring

allies and deterring potential adversaries. The Budget proposes executable and responsible

investments in the U.S. Navy ﬂeet. In addition, the Budget continues the recapitalization of

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 55

the Nation’s strategic ballistic missile submarine ﬂeet while also investing in the submarine

industrial base.

• Supports a Ready and Modern Army. The Budget maintains a ready Army capable of

responding globally as part of the Joint Force through investments in Army modernization

initiatives, force posture improvements, and deterrence capabilities.

• Invests in Long-Range Fire Capabilities. The safety and security of the Nation requires a

strong, sustainable, and responsive mix of long-range strike capabilities. The Budget invests

in the development and testing of hypersonic strike capabilities while enhancing existing long-

range strike capabilities to bolster deterrence and improve survivability.

• Increases Space Resilience. Space is vital to U.S. national security and integral to modern

warfare. The Budget maintains America’s advantage by improving the resilience of U.S. space

architectures to bolster deterrence and increase survivability during hostilities.

• Ensures Readiness. The Budget continues to ensure that U.S. Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen,

Marines, and Guardians remain the best trained and equipped ﬁghting force in the world. At

the same time, the Budget strengthens and empowers DOD’s civilian workforce as a critical

contributor to the Nation’s security.

• Optimizes Force Structure. In line with the forthcoming National Defense Strategy, the

Budget optimizes force structure to build a Joint Force that is lethal, resilient, sustainable,

survivable, agile, and responsive. The Budget supports DOD’s plan to responsibly upgrade

capabilities by redirecting resources to cutting edge technologies in high-priority platforms.

Some force structure is too costly to maintain and operate, and no longer provides the capa-

bilities needed to address the current and future national security challenges. The Budget

enables DOD to reinvest savings associated with optimized force structure to higher priority

investments.

• Supports Defense Research and Development and the Defense Technology Industrial

Base. DOD plays a critical role in overall Federal research and development that spurs inno-

vation, yields high-value technology, ensures American dominance over strategic competitors,

and creates good-paying jobs. The Budget prioritizes defense research, development, test,

and evaluation funding to invest in breakthrough technologies that drive innovation, support

capacity in the defense technology industrial base, ensure American technological leadership,

and underpin the development of next-generation defense capabilities.

• Strengthens the U.S. Supply Chain and Industrial Base. The Budget invests in key

technologies and sectors of the U.S. industrial base such as microelectronics, casting and forg-

ing, and critical materials.

• Empowers Small Disadvantaged Businesses and Underserved Communities. The

Budget advances equity and supports small disadvantaged businesses and underserved com-

munities. DOD will continue to explore opportunities to serve the American people, with a

focus on these communities, through supplier and contracting operations.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

The President’s 2023 Budget:

K-12 Education

• Makes Historic Investments in High-Poverty Schools. To advance the goal of provid-

ing a high-quality education to every student, the Budget provides $36.5 billion for Title I,

including $20.5 billion in discretionary funding and $16 billion in mandatory funding, which

more than doubles the program’s funding compared to the 2021 enacted level. Title I helps

schools provide students in low-income communities the learning opportunities and support

they need to succeed. This substantial new support for the program, which serves 25 million

students in nearly 90 percent of school districts across the Nation, would be a major step

toward fulﬁlling the President’s commitment to address long-standing funding disparities

between under-resourced schools—which disproportionately serve students of color—and

their wealthier counterparts.

• Prioritizes the Health and Well-Being of Students. Disruptions caused by the COVID-19

pandemic continue to take a toll on the physical and mental health of students, teachers, and

school staff. Recognizing the profound effect of physical and mental health on academic

achievement, the Budget includes a $1 billion investment to increase the number of coun-

selors, nurses, school psychologists, social workers, and other health professionals in schools.

• Increases Support for Children with Disabilities. The President is committed to ensur-

ing that children and youth with disabilities receive the services and support they need to

thrive in school and graduate ready for college or a career. The Budget provides an additional

$3.3 billion from the 2021 enacted level—the largest two-year increase ever—for Individuals

with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) grants to States, with a total of $16.3 billion to sup-

port special education and related services for students in grades Pre-K through 12. The

The Department of Education assists States, school districts, and institutions of higher education

in providing a high-quality education to all students and addressing the inequitable barriers

underserved students face in education. The President’s 2023 Budget for the Department of

Education makes historic investments in the Nation’s future prosperity: increases aid for high-

poverty schools; meets the needs of students with disabilities; and expands access to higher

education.

The Budget requests $88.3 billion in discretionary funding for the Department of Education, a

$15.3 billion or 20.9-percent increase from the 2021 enacted level.

58 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Budget also doubles funding to $932 million for IDEA Part C grants, which support early

intervention services for infants and families with disabilities that have a proven record of im-

proving academic and developmental outcomes. The increased funding would support States

in implementing critical reforms to expand their enrollment of underserved children, includ-

ing children of color, children from low-income families, and children living in rural areas.

The increase also includes $200 million to expand and streamline enrollment of children at

risk of developing disabilities, such as children born with very low-birth weight or who have

been exposed to environmental toxins, which would help mitigate the need for more extensive

services later in childhood and further expand access to the program for underserved chil-

dren. The Budget also more than doubles funding to $250 million for IDEA Part D Personnel

Preparation grants to support a pipeline of special educators at a time when the majority of

States are experiencing a shortage of special educators.

• Supports Full Service Community Schools. Community schools play a critical role in pro-

viding comprehensive wrap-around services to students and their families, from afterschool

to adult education opportunities, and health and nutrition services. The Budget includes

$468 million for this program, an increase of $438 million from the 2021 enacted level. The in-

crease would also help school districts implement integrated student supports to meet student

and family mental health needs through partnerships with community-based organizations

and other entities.

• Invests in Education Recruitment and Retention. While the education sector has faced

shortages in critical stafﬁng areas for decades, the COVID-19 pandemic and tight labor mar-

ket has made shortages worse, which has negatively impacted students and fallen hardest on

students in underserved communities. The Budget includes $514 million for the Education

Innovation and Research program, $350 million of which the Department would target toward

identifying and scaling models that improve recruitment and retention of staff in education.

Such models include those that would improve support for educators and provide teacher ac-

cess to leadership opportunities that improve teacher retention and maximize the impact of

great teachers beyond their classrooms.

• Supports Multi-Language Learners. Students learning English as a second language were

disproportionately impacted by the multiple transitions to and from remote learning during

the COVID-19 pandemic. The Budget would provide $1.1 billion for the English Language

Acquisition (ELA) program, an increase of $278 million, or 35 percent, from the 2021 enacted

level, including additional funding to provide technical assistance and build local capacity to

better support multilanguage learners and their teachers. The ELA program helps students

learning English attain English proﬁciency and achieve academic success.

• Fosters Diverse Schools. The segregation of students by race and income undermines the

promise that public schools provide an equal opportunity for all students to learn and succeed.

The Budget includes $100 million for a grant program to help communities develop and imple-

ment strategies to promote racial and socioeconomic diversity in their schools.

Education Beyond High School

• Makes Historic Investments in College Affordability and Completion. To help low- and

middle-income students overcome ﬁnancial barriers to postsecondary education, the Budget

proposes to double the maximum Pell Grant by 2029. This begins with a historic $2,175

increase for the 2023-2024 school year compared to the 2021-2022 school year, thereby expand-

ing access and reaching nearly 6.7 million students. The Budget would also support strategies

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 59

to improve the retention, transfer, and completion rates of students by investing in the Federal

TRIO Programs, Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs, and

new retention and completion grants.

• Increases Funding for Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), Tribally

Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs), Minority-Serving Institutions (MSIs),

and Community Colleges. The Budget would increase institutional capacity at HBCUs,

TCCUs, MSIs, and low-resourced institutions, including community colleges, by providing an

increase of $752 million from the 2021 enacted level. This funding includes $450 million for

four-year HBCUs, TCCUs, and MSIs to expand research and development infrastructure at

these institutions.

• Invests in Services for Student Borrowers. The Budget provides $2.7 billion to the

Department of Education’s Ofﬁce of Federal Student Aid (FSA), an $800 million, or 43-percent,

increase compared to the 2021 enacted level. This additional funding is needed to provide

better support to student loan borrowers. Speciﬁcally, the increase allows FSA to implement

customer service improvements to student loan servicing and to ensure the successful transi-

tion from the current short-term loan servicing contracts into a more stable long-term contract

and servicing environment.

Ofﬁce for Civil Rights

• Strengthens Civil Rights Enforcement. The Budget provides $161 million to the

Department of Education’s Ofﬁce for Civil Rights, an 18-percent increase compared to the

2021 enacted level. This additional funding would ensure that the Department has the capac-

ity to protect equal access to education through the enforcement of civil rights laws, such as

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972.

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Enables Progress toward Climate Goals. The Budget supports investments in research,

development, demonstration, and deployment, which are central to enabling achievement

of the Administration’s climate goals of a 50- to 52-percent reduction from 2005 levels in

economy-wide net greenhouse gas pollution in 2030 and zero emissions economy-wide by no

later than 2050.

• Creates Jobs through Support for Clean Energy Infrastructure. The Budget invests

$2.1 billion to support clean energy workforce and infrastructure projects across the Nation,

including: $502 million to weatherize and retroﬁt low-income homes; $150 million to elec-

trify tribal homes and transition tribal colleges and universities to renewable energy; and

$90 million for a new Grid Deployment Ofﬁce to build a grid that is more reliable and re-

silient and that integrates accelerating levels of renewable energy. In addition, the Budget

includes $58 million to launch the Net-Zero Labs Initiative, competitively selecting clean en-

ergy deployment projects across the national laboratories. These investments would create

good-paying jobs while driving progress toward the Administration’s climate goals, including

the President’s goal of carbon pollution-free electricity by 2035.

• Tackles the Climate Crisis through Clean Energy Innovation. To support U.S. preemi-

nence in developing innovative technologies that accelerate the transition to a clean energy

economy, the Budget invests $9.2 billion in DOE clean energy research, development, and

demonstration, an increase of more than 33 percent from the 2021 enacted level. These

investments strengthen clean energy-enabling transmission and distribution systems, decar-

bonize transportation, advance carbon management technologies, improve energy efﬁciency

The Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for supporting the Nation’s prosperity by

addressing its climate, energy, environmental, and nuclear security challenges through

transformative science and technology solutions. The President’s 2023 Budget for DOE: invests

in domestic clean energy manufacturing; advances environmental justice; tackles the climate

crisis; and modernizes and ensures the safety and security of the nuclear weapons stockpile.

The Budget requests $48.2 billion in discretionary funding for DOE, a $6.3 billion or 15.1-percent

increase from the 2021 enacted level. Resources provided through the 2023 Budget complement

major investments in clean energy demonstrations, advanced manufacturing, grid infrastructure,

and low-income home weatherization funded in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

(Bipartisan Infrastructure Law).

62 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

in industry and buildings, and secure the availability of high-assay low-enriched uranium.

Funding would also leverage the tremendous innovation capacity of the national laboratories,

universities, and entrepreneurs to transform America’s power, transportation, buildings, and

industrial sectors to achieve a net-zero emissions economy by 2050.

• Strengthens Domestic Clean Energy Manufacturing. Meeting the challenge of climate

change will require a dramatic scale-up in domestic manufacturing of key climate and clean

energy equipment, providing opportunities for U.S. workers. Across the $11.3 billion in dis-

cretionary DOE clean energy investments described above, the Budget reﬂects the importance

of strategically supporting the U.S. domestic manufacturing base through innovation, techni-

cal assistance, and training. Speciﬁcally, the Budget includes $200 million for a new Solar

Manufacturing Accelerator that would help create a robust domestic manufacturing sector

capable of meeting the Administration’s solar deployment goals without relying on import-

ed goods manufactured using unacceptable labor practices. The Budget also funds a new

ManufacturingUSA institute and increases support for Industrial Assessment Centers, giving

students valuable experience conducting energy audits for small and medium-sized manufac-

turers. In addition, the Budget also proposes a $1 billion mandatory investment to launch a

Global Clean Energy Manufacturing effort that would build resilient supply chains for climate

and clean energy equipment through engagement with allies, enabling an effective global re-

sponse to the climate crisis while creating economic opportunities for the United States to

increase its share of the global clean technology market.

• Advances Environmental Justice and Equity. The Budget provides historic support

for underserved communities, including: $34 million for the Ofﬁce of Economic Impact and

Diversity to play a critical role in implementing the Department’s Justice40 efforts and eq-

uity action plan; $40 million in new resources for capacity building assistance in areas of

persistent poverty around the Department’s cleanup sites; and $13 million for the Ofﬁce of

Legacy Management to strengthen its environmental justice mission. New programs, in-

cluding Funding for Accelerated, Inclusive Research, would train and support a diverse and

inclusive scientiﬁc workforce for the future. In addition, the newly established Ofﬁce of State

and Community Programs would launch Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program

Advantage with a $100 million pilot to retroﬁt low-income homes with efﬁcient electric appli-

ances and systems; and the Ofﬁce of Energy Efﬁciency and Renewable Energy would lead a

$31 million Equitable Clean Energy Transition initiative to build capacity and provide tech-

nical assistance to help energy and environmental justice communities navigate and beneﬁt

from the transition to a clean energy economy. These investments would build healthy, cultur-

ally vibrant, sustainable, and resilient communities.

• Supports Energy Communities. The Budget provides $893 million for DOE’s Ofﬁce of Fossil

Energy and Carbon Management to advance technologies that can provide economic revitaliza-

tion opportunities in energy communities. This includes dedicated funding for the Interagency

Working Group on Coal and Power Plant Communities and Economic Revitalization to coor-

dinate interagency efforts and stakeholder engagement across at least 10 Federal agencies.

This interagency effort would expand the delivery of Federal resources to those communities

affected by the energy transition.

• Advances Transformational Clean Energy and Climate Solutions. The Budget pro-

vides $700 million for the Advanced Research and Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E). This

investment in high-potential, high-impact research and development would help remove

the technological barriers to advance energy and environmental missions. The Budget also

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 63

proposes expanded authority for ARPA-E to more fully address innovation gaps around adap-

tation, mitigation, and resilience to the impacts of climate change.

• Invests in Research and Innovation. The Budget provides a historic investment of $7.8 bil-

lion for the Ofﬁce of Science to support cutting-edge research at the national laboratories and

universities to: advance the Nation’s understanding of climate change; identify and accelerate

novel technologies for clean energy solutions; provide new computing insight through quantum

information science and artiﬁcial intelligence that would address scientiﬁc and environmental

challenges; leverage data, analytics, and computational infrastructure to strengthen pandemic

preparedness in support of U.S. biodefense and pandemic preparedness strategies and plans;

and support the Nation’s leading scientiﬁc user facilities. New programs would promote U.S.

leadership in the industries of the future, including biotechnology and biomanufacturing, and

support the Cancer Moonshot initiative.

• Reduces Health and Environmental Hazards for At-Risk Communities. The Budget

includes $7.6 billion for the Environmental Management program to support the cleanup of

communities used during the Manhattan Project and Cold War for nuclear weapons produc-

tion. The Administration would ensure that investments in the remediation of legacy soil and

groundwater contamination provide beneﬁts to disadvantaged communities.

• Strengthens the Nation’s Nuclear Security, Biological Security, and Cybersecurity.

The Budget supports a safe, secure, and effective nuclear stockpile by robustly funding in-

vestments in the recapitalization of the National Nuclear Security Administration’s physical

infrastructure and essential facilities to modernize the U.S. nuclear deterrent. The Budget

also increases funding for: key arms control and nuclear nonproliferation and counterter-

rorism programs; the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, which designs, builds, operates,

maintains, and manages the reactor systems of the naval nuclear ﬂeet; and biosecurity in-

novation, as well as highly-skilled staff capacity to carry out these missions. The Budget also

invests in energy-sector cybersecurity through the Ofﬁce of Cybersecurity, Energy Security,

and Emergency Response.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Accelerates Innovation through the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health

(ARPA-H). The Budget proposes a major investment of $5 billion for ARPA-H, signiﬁcantly

increasing direct Federal research and development spending in health. With an initial focus

on cancer and other diseases such as diabetes and dementia, this major investment would

drive transformational innovation in health research and speed application and implemen-

tation of health breakthroughs. Funding for ARPA-H, along with additional funding for the

National Institutes of Health, total a $49 billion request to continue to support research that

enhances health, lengthens life, reduces illness and disability, and spurs new biotechnology

productions and innovation.

• Advances the Cancer Moonshot Initiative. The Budget proposes investments in ARPA-H,

the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and

the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to accelerate the rate of progress against cancer by

working toward reducing the cancer death rate by at least 50 percent over the next 25 years

and improving the experience of people who are living with or who have survived cancer.

• Transforms Mental Healthcare. Mental health is essential to overall health, and the

United States faces a mental health crisis that has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pan-

demic. To address this crisis, the Budget proposes reforms to health coverage and major

investments in the mental health workforce. For people with private health insurance, the

Budget requires all health plans to cover mental health beneﬁts and ensures that plans

have an adequate network of behavioral health providers. For Medicare, TRICARE, the

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is responsible for protecting the health

and well-being of Americans through its research, public health, and social services programs.

The President’s 2023 Budget for HHS invests in: mental healthcare and suicide prevention;

healthcare access and outcomes for vulnerable populations; health research and innovation;

public health systems and pandemic preparedness; ending the HIV/AIDS epidemic; social service

equity; access to child care and early learning programs; and support services for survivors of

domestic violence.

The Budget requests $127.3 billion in discretionary funding for HHS, a $26.9 billion or 26.8-

percent increase from the 2021 enacted level, excluding amounts requested for the Indian Health

Service (IHS), which the Budget proposes to shift from discretionary to mandatory funding. This

request includes appropriations for 21st

Century Cures Act and program integrity activities.

66 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare system, health insurance issuers, group health

plans, and the Federal Health Employee Beneﬁt Program, the Budget lowers patients’ costs

for mental health services. The Budget also requires parity in coverage between behavior-

al health and medical beneﬁts, and expands coverage for behavioral health providers under

Medicare. The Budget invests in increasing the number of mental health providers serving

Medicaid beneﬁciaries, as well as in mental health workforce development and service expan-

sion, including at primary care clinics and non-traditional sites. The Budget also provides

sustained and increased funding for community-based centers and clinics, including a State

option to receive enhanced Medicaid reimbursement on a permanent basis. In addition, the

Budget makes historic investments in youth mental health and suicide prevention programs

and in training, educational loan repayment, and scholarships that help address the short-

age of behavioral health providers, especially in underserved communities. The Budget also

strengthens access to crisis services by building out the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline,

which will transition from a ten-digit number to 988 in July 2022.

• Commits to Ending the HIV/AIDS Epidemic. The National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the

United States 2022–2025 commits to a 75-percent reduction in HIV infection by 2025. To

meet this ambitious target and ultimately end the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States,

the Budget includes $850 million across HHS to aggressively reduce new HIV cases, increase

access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (also known as PrEP), and ensure equitable access to ser-

vices and supports for those living with HIV. This includes increasing access to PrEP among

Medicaid beneﬁciaries, which is expected to improve health and lower Medicaid costs for HIV

treatment. The Budget also proposes a new mandatory program to guarantee PrEP at no

cost for all uninsured and underinsured individuals, provide essential wrap-around services

through States, IHS, tribal entities, and localities, and establish a network of community pro-

viders to reach underserved areas and populations.

• Guarantees Adequate and Stable Funding for IHS. As part of the Administration’s

commitment to honor the United States’ trust responsibility to tribal nations and strengthen

the Nation-to-Nation relationship, the Budget signiﬁcantly increases IHS’s funding over time,

and shifts it from discretionary to mandatory funding. For the ﬁrst year of the proposal, the

Budget includes $9.1 billion in mandatory funding, an increase of $2.9 billion from the 2021

enacted level. After the ﬁrst year, IHS funding would automatically grow to keep pace with

healthcare costs and population growth and gradually close longstanding service and facility

shortfalls. By providing IHS stable and predictable funding, the proposal would improve ac-

cess to high-quality healthcare, rectify historical underfunding of the Indian health system,

reduce existing facility backlogs such as the Healthcare Facilities Construction Priority List,

address health inequities, and modernize IHS’ electronic health record system. This proposal

has been informed by consultations with tribal nations on the issue of mandatory funding and

will be reﬁned based on ongoing consultation.

• Prepares for Future Pandemics and Advances Health Security for Other Biological

Threats. While combatting the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the United States must cata-

lyze advances in science, technology, and core capabilities to prepare the Nation for the next

biological threat and strengthen U.S. and global health security. The Budget makes trans-

formative investments in pandemic preparedness and biodefense across HHS public health

agencies—$81.7 billion available over ﬁve years—to enable an agile, coordinated, and com-

prehensive public health response to future threats, and to protect American lives, families

and the economy. The Budget provides $40 billion to the Ofﬁce of the Assistant Secretary for

Preparedness and Response to invest in advanced development and manufacturing of vaccines,

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 67

therapeutics, and diagnostics for high priority threats. The Budget provides $28 billion for

CDC to enhance public health system infrastructure, domestic and global threat surveillance,

public health workforce development, public health laboratory capacity, and global health se-

curity. The Budget provides $12.1 billion to NIH for: research and development of vaccines,

diagnostics, and therapeutics against high priority biological threats; biosafety and biosecu-

rity research and innovation to prevent biological incidents; and safe and secure laboratory

capacity and clinical trial infrastructure. The Budget also includes $1.6 billion for FDA to

expand and modernize regulatory capacity information technology and laboratory infrastruc-

ture to support the evaluation of medical countermeasures. Further, the Budget encourages

the development of innovative antimicrobial drugs through advance market commitments for

critical-need antimicrobial drugs.

• Builds Advanced Public Health Systems and Capacity. The Budget includes $9.9 billion

in discretionary funding to build capacity at CDC and at the State and local levels, an increase

of $2.8 billion over the 2021 enacted level. These resources would: improve the core immuni-

zation program; expand public health infrastructure in States and Territories and strengthen

the public health workforce; support efforts to modernize public health data collection; includ-

ing at the Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics; and conduct studies on long COVID

conditions to inform diagnosis and treatment options. In addition, to advance health equity,

the Budget invests in CDC programs related to viral hepatitis, youth mental health, and sickle

cell disease. To address gun violence as a public health epidemic, the Budget invests in com-

munity violence intervention and ﬁrearm safety research.

• Expands Access to Vaccines. The Budget establishes a new Vaccines for Adults (VFA) pro-

gram, which would provide uninsured adults with access to all vaccines recommended by the

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices at no cost. As a complement to the successful

Vaccines for Children (VFC) program, the VFA program would reduce disparities in vaccine

coverage and promote infrastructure for broad access to routine and outbreak vaccines. The

Budget would also expand the VFC program to include all children under age 19 enrolled in

the Children’s Health Insurance Program and consolidate vaccine coverage under Medicare

Part B, making more preventive vaccines available at no cost to Medicare beneﬁciaries.

• Advances Maternal Health and Health Equity. The United States has the highest mater-

nal mortality rate among developed nations, and rates are disproportionately high for Black

and American Indian and Alaska Native women. The Budget includes $470 million to: reduce

maternal mortality and morbidity rates; expand maternal health initiatives in rural commu-

nities; implement implicit bias training for healthcare providers; create pregnancy medical

home demonstration projects; and address the highest rates of perinatal health disparities, in-

cluding by supporting the perinatal health workforce. The Budget also extends and increases

funding for the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting program, which serves

approximately 71,000 families at risk for poor maternal and child health outcomes each year,

and is proven to reduce disparities in infant mortality. To address the lack of data on health

disparities and further improve access to care, the Budget strengthens collection and evalua-

tion of health equity data. Recognizing that maternal mental health conditions are the most

common complications of pregnancy and childbirth, the Budget continues to support the ma-

ternal mental health hotline and the screening and treatment for maternal mental depression

and related behavioral disorders.

• Expands Access to Healthcare Services for Low-Income Women. The Budget provides

$400 million, an increase of nearly 40 percent from the 2021 enacted level, to the Title X

Family Planning program, which provides family planning and other healthcare to low-income

68 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

communities. This increase in Title X funding would improve overall access to vital reproduc-

tive and preventive health services and advance gender and health equity.

• Expands Access to Affordable, High-Quality Early Child Care and Learning. The

Budget provides $20.2 billion for HHS’s early care and education programs, an increase of

$3.3 billion, or 19 percent, from the 2021 enacted level. This includes $7.6 billion for the Child

Care and Development Block Grant, an increase of $1.7 billion from the 2021 enacted level

to expand access to quality, affordable child care for families across the Nation. In addition,

the Budget helps young children enter kindergarten ready to learn by providing $12.2 billion

for Head Start, an increase of $1.5 billion from the 2021 enacted level. The Budget also helps

States identify and ﬁll gaps in early education programs by funding the Preschool Development

Grants program at $450 million, an increase of $175 million from the 2021 enacted level.

• Advances Child and Family Well-Being in the Child Welfare System. The Budget pro-

poses to expand and incentivize the use of evidence-based foster care prevention services to

keep families safely together and to reduce the number of children entering foster care. For

children who do need to be placed into foster care, the Budget provides States with support

and incentives to place more children with relatives or other adults who have an existing emo-

tional bond with the children and fewer children in group homes and institutions, while also

providing additional funding to support youth who age out of care without a permanent care-

giver. The Budget proposes to nearly double ﬂexible funding for States through the Promoting

Safe and Stable Families program, and proposes new provisions to expand access to legal

representation for children and families in the child welfare system. The Budget also provides

$100 million in competitive grants for States and localities to advance reforms that would

reduce the overrepresentation of children and families of color in the child welfare system,

address the disparate experiences and outcomes of these families, and provide more families

with the support they need to remain safely together. Further, the Budget provides $215 mil-

lion for States and community-based organizations to respond to and prevent child abuse.

• Supports Survivors of Domestic Violence and Other Forms of Gender Based-

Violence. The Budget proposes signiﬁcant increases to support and protect survivors of

gender-based violence, including $519 million for the Family Violence Prevention and Services

(FVPSA) program to support domestic violence survivors—more than double the 2021 en-

acted level. This amount continues funding availability for FVPSA-funded resource centers,

including those that support the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Intersex

community. The Budget would provide additional funding for domestic violence hotlines and

cash assistance for survivors of domestic violence, as well as funding to support a demon-

stration project evaluating services for survivors at the intersection of housing instability,

substance use coercion, and child welfare. In addition, the Budget would provide over $66 mil-

lion for victims of human trafﬁcking and survivors of torture, an increase of nearly $21 million

from the 2021 enacted level.

• Supports America’s Promise to Refugees. The Budget provides $6.3 billion to the Ofﬁce

of Refugee Resettlement (ORR). This funding would help rebuild the Nation’s refugee resettle-

ment infrastructure and support the resettling of up to 125,000 refugees in 2023. The Budget

would also help ensure that unaccompanied immigrant children are uniﬁed with relatives

and sponsors as safely and quickly as possible and receive appropriate care and services while

they are in ORR’s custody. The Budget makes additional investments in services, including ex-

panded access to counsel to help children navigate complex immigration court proceedings, and

enhanced case management and post-release services. The Budget also includes mandatory

investments in the Unaccompanied Children (UC) program, including a multiyear contingency

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 69

fund that would automatically provide additional resources when there are large increases in

UC referrals, and a proposal to scale up to universal UC legal representation. The Budget

redresses past wrongs by providing resources for critical reuniﬁcation services—including

trauma-related and mental health services—to children and families unduly separated from

each other through policies of the previous administration.

• Supports Families Struggling with Home Energy and Water Bills. The Budget pro-

vides $4 billion, a $225 million increase from the 2021 enacted level, for the Low Income

Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP). LIHEAP helps families access home energy and

weatherization assistance, vital tools for protecting vulnerable families’ health in response to

extreme weather and climate change. As part of the Justice40 pilot, HHS plans to increase ef-

forts to prevent energy shutoffs and increase support for households with young children and

older people, and high energy burdens. Since the Low Income Household Water Assistance

Program (LIHWAP) expires at the end of 2023, the Budget proposes to expand LIHEAP to

advance the goals of both LIHEAP and LIHWAP. Speciﬁcally, the Budget increases LIHEAP

funding and gives States the option to use a portion of their LIHEAP funds to provide water

bill assistance to low-income households.

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Bolsters Federal Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure Security. The Budget

provides $2.5 billion to the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), a

$486 million increase from the 2021 enacted level, to maintain critical cybersecurity capa-

bilities implemented in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, expand network protection

throughout the Federal Executive Branch, and bolster support capabilities, such as cloud

business applications, enhanced analytics, and stakeholder engagement. The Budget also

provides signiﬁcant enhancements across DHS to modernize protection of systems, networks,

assets, and information, as required by Executive Order 14028, “Improving the Nation’s

Cybersecurity.” In addition to bolstering Federal cybersecurity, the Budget includes funding

to ensure safe and secure elections, build and maintain critical public-private partnerships,

enhance critical infrastructure protection, and prioritize and reinforce CISA’s role as the na-

tional risk manager.

• Enhances Natural Disaster Resilience. The Budget provides $3.5 billion for DHS’s cli-

mate resilience programs. This includes $507 million, a $93 million increase from the 2021

enacted level, for the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) ﬂood hazard map-

ping program to incorporate climate science and future risks. The Budget also makes robust

investments in FEMA’s hazard mitigation grant programs, including the Building Resilient

Infrastructure and Communities grant program, which helps communities build resilience

against natural disasters, including disadvantaged communities who are disproportionately

at risk from climate crises.

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is responsible for safeguarding the American

people by: preventing terrorism and countering domestic violent extremism; securing and

managing U.S. borders; administering and enforcing U.S. immigration laws; defending and

securing Federal cyberspace and critical infrastructure; and ensuring disaster resilience,

response, and recovery. The President’s 2023 Budget for DHS advances key Administration

priorities by: investing in climate resilience; research and development; Federal cybersecurity;

maritime security; and secure and humane border management. The Budget also enhances

DHS’s capacity to prepare for and respond to pandemics and other biological threats.

The Budget requests $56.7 billion in discretionary funding for the Department of Homeland

Security, a $2.9 billion or 5.4-percent increase from the 2021 enacted level. Resources provided

through the 2023 Budget complement investments in cybersecurity, hazard mitigation, and others

areas provided in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Bipartisan Infrastructure Law).

72 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

• Expands U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Capabilities. The Budget provides $11.5 billion for

the USCG, a $564 million increase from the 2021 enacted level, to address emerging national

security concerns and goals. This includes expanding USCG cyber operations capacity to pro-

tect and respond to cyber threats in the maritime sector, as well as expanding its presence

in the Paciﬁc, the Atlantic, and the Arctic—including procuring a commercially available ice-

breaker. These efforts would expand the capabilities of partners and deepen U.S. ties in each of

the above-mentioned regions in order to strengthen maritime security and governance, which

would protect economic activity and counter transnational criminal organizations.

• Upgrades Research Laboratory Infrastructure. The Budget makes historic investments

in research and development infrastructure, providing $89 million to improve and modernize

laboratories in the DHS Science and Technology Directorate (S&T). This funding would allow

S&T to replace and enhance mission-critical equipment, make necessary information technol-

ogy improvements, and allow DHS to construct the Detection Sciences Testing and Applied

Research Center, which would enable DHS to more efﬁciently and effectively test and evaluate

threat screening devices and counter homemade explosives to further secure transportation

systems and other public venues.

• Modernizes Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Pay and Workforce

Policies. The Budget provides a total of $7.1 billion for TSA pay and beneﬁts, an increase of

$1.6 billion from the 2021 enacted level, to compensate TSA employees at rates comparable

to their peers in the Federal workforce. By establishing salary parity with other Federal em-

ployees, the Budget addresses retention issues faced by the Transportation Security Ofﬁcer

workforce, improving service delivery. The Budget also supports expanding TSA workforce

access to labor beneﬁts such as collective bargaining and merit systems protection. These en-

hancements support the President’s commitment to fostering diversity, equity, and inclusion

in the Federal workforce.

• Ensures a Safe, Humane, and Efﬁcient Immigration System. The Administration is

committed to ensuring the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) meets its mis-

sion administering the Nation’s lawful immigration system and safeguarding its integrity and

promise by efﬁciently and fairly adjudicating requests for immigration beneﬁts. The Budget

provides $765 million in discretionary funding for USCIS to: efﬁciently process increasing

asylum caseloads; address the backlog of applications for work authorization, naturalization,

adjustment of status, and other immigration beneﬁts; and improve refugee processing.

• Improves Border Processing and Management. The Budget provides $15.3 billion

for the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and $8.1 billion for the U.S. Immigration and

Customs Enforcement to enforce immigration law, further secure U.S. borders and ports of en-

try, and effectively manage irregular migration along the Southwest border, including through

$309 million in modern border security technology and $494 million for noncitizen processing

and care costs.

DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Expands the Housing Choice Voucher Program and Enhances Household Mobility.

The Housing Choice Voucher program currently provides 2.3 million low-income families with

rental assistance to obtain housing in the private market. The Budget provides $32.1 billion,

an increase of $6.4 billion (including emergency funding) over the 2021 enacted level, to

maintain services for all currently assisted families and to expand assistance to an addition-

al 200,000households, particularly for those who are experiencing homelessness or ﬂeeing,

or attempting to ﬂee, domestic violence or other forms of gender-based violence. The Budget

also funds mobility-related supportive services to provide low-income families with greater

options to move to higher-opportunity neighborhoods.

• Increases Affordable Housing Supply. To address the critical shortage of affordable

housing in communities throughout the Nation, the Budget provides nearly $2 billion for

the HOME Investment Partnerships Program (HOME), an increase of $600 million over

the 2021 enacted level, to construct and rehabilitate affordable rental housing and provide

homeownership opportunities. If enacted, this would be the highest funding level for HOME

in nearly 15 years. In addition, the Budget provides $180 million to support 2,000 units of

new permanently affordable housing speciﬁcally for the elderly and persons with disabili-

ties, supporting the Administration’s priority to maximize independent living for people with

disabilities. To complement these investments, the Budget contains a total of $50 billion in

mandatory funding and additional Low-Income Housing Tax Credits to increase affordable

housing development. Speciﬁcally, the Budget provides $35 billion in HUD funding for State

and local housing ﬁnance agencies and their partners to provide grants, revolving loan funds,

and other streamlined ﬁnancing tools that reduce transactional costs and increase housing

The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is responsible for creating healthy,

safe, sustainable, inclusive communities and affordable homes for all. The President’s 2023

Budget for HUD: signicantly expands rental assistance to low-income households; advances

efforts to end homelessness; increases affordable housing supply; expands homeownership

opportunities for underserved borrowers; improves affordable housing by increasing climate

resilience and energy efciency; strengthens communities facing underinvestment; and prevents

and redresses housing-related discrimination.

The Budget requests $71.9 billion in discretionary funding for HUD, a $12.3 billion or 21-percent

increase from the 2021 enacted level.

74 DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

supply, as well as grants to advance State and local jurisdictions’ efforts to remove barriers to

affordable housing development.

• Advances Efforts to End Homelessness. To prevent and reduce homelessness, the Budget

provides $3.6 billion, an increase of $580 million over the 2021 enacted level, for Homeless

Assistance Grants to meet renewal needs and expand assistance to nearly 25,000 additional

households, including survivors of domestic violence and homeless youth.

• Promotes Equity by Preventing and Redressing Housing Discrimination. The Budget

provides $86 million in grants to support State and local fair housing enforcement organiza-

tions and to further education, outreach, and training on rights and responsibilities under

Federal fair housing laws. The Budget also invests in HUD staff and operations capacity to

deliver on the President’s housing priorities, including to lift barriers that restrict housing and

neighborhood choice, afﬁrmatively further fair housing, and provide redress to those who have

experienced housing discrimination.

• Supports Access to Homeownership. The Budget supports access to homeownership for

underserved borrowers, including many ﬁrst-time and minority homebuyers, through Federal

Housing Administration (FHA) and Ginnie Mae credit guarantees. The Budget, via FHA and

HOME, also provides $115 million for complementary loan and down payment assistance pilot

proposals to expand homeownership opportunities for ﬁrst-generation and/or low-wealth ﬁrst-

time homebuyers.

• Invests in Resilience and Energy Efﬁciency across HUD Multifamily Programs.

Multifamily properties with HUD rental assistance and Public Housing provide 2.3 million af-

fordable homes to low-income families. The Budget not only fully funds operating costs across

this portfolio and provides critical Public Housing capital investments, but also provides about

$900 million in resources across HUD programs for modernization activities aimed at energy

efﬁciency and resilience to climate change impacts. These investments would help improve

the quality of public and HUD-assisted housing while creating good-paying jobs.

• Reduces Lead and Other Home Health Hazards for Vulnerable Families. The Budget

provides $400 million, an increase of $40 million above the 2021 enacted level, for States, local

governments, and nonproﬁts to reduce lead-based paint and other health hazards in the homes

of low-income families with young children. The Budget also includes $25 million to address

lead-based paint in Public Housing. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identiﬁes

the risk for lead exposure as greatest for children from racial and ethnic minority groups and

children in families living below the poverty level, and the Lead Hazard and Healthy Homes

grants complement additional Government-wide lead remediation investments included in

the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Bipartisan Infrastructure Law), and target in-

terventions to these most at-risk communities. In addition, the Budget targets $60million

speciﬁcally to prevent and mitigate housing-related health hazards, such as ﬁre safety and

mold, in HUD-assisted housing.

• Supports Economic Development and Invests in Underserved Communities. The

Budget provides $3.8 billion for the Community Development Block Grant program to help

communities modernize infrastructure, invest in economic development, create parks and oth-

er public amenities, and provide social services. The Budget includes a targeted increase of

$195million to spur equitable development and the removal of barriers to revitalization in 100

of the most underserved neighborhoods in the United States.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 75

• Invests in Affordable Housing in Tribal Communities. Native Americans are seven

times more likely to live in overcrowded conditions and ﬁve times more likely to have inad-

equate plumbing, kitchen, or heating systems than all U.S. households. The Budget helps

address the poor housing conditions in tribal areas by providing $1 billion to fund tribal efforts

to expand affordable housing, improve housing conditions and infrastructure, and increase

economic opportunities for low-income families. Of this total, $150 million would prioritize

activities that advance resilience and energy efﬁciency in housing-related projects.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Strengthens Climate Resilience for Communities and Ecosystems. As steward for

20 percent of the Nation’s lands and waters and with a primary responsibility to uphold

the Nation’s commitments to American Indians and Alaska Natives, DOI plays an integral

role in addressing the climate crisis through strengthened conservation partnerships, in-

cluding the Administration’s America the Beautiful Initiative, and science-based ecosystem

management. The Budget invests $5 billion in climate adaptation and resilience, includ-

ing for several priorities listed below, to mitigate the impacts of climate change—such as

drought, wildﬁre and severe storms—on America’s communities, lands, waters, and wildlife.

The Budget also sustains funding for key conservation and ecosystem management initia-

tives, including the Civilian Climate Corps, alongside a historic $1.4 billion investment in the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for ecosystem restoration across America.

• Honors Trust and Treaty Responsibilities to Tribal Communities through Robust

Program Funding. The Budget makes the largest annual investment in tribal nations in

history, reﬂecting input received from the ﬁrst Government-wide tribal consultation on the

development of the President’s Budget. With $4.5 billion for DOI’s tribal programs, more

than $1 billion above the 2021 enacted level, investments would support public safety and

justice, social services, climate resilience, and educational needs to uphold Federal trust

responsibilities and advance equity for Native communities. This includes a $156million

The Department of the Interior (DOI) conserves and manages the Nation’s natural resources and

cultural heritage for the benet and enjoyment of the American people. The President’s 2023

Budget for DOI invests in climate change mitigation and adaptation, honors commitments to

tribal nations, supports development in U.S. Territories and freely associated states, and funds

reclamation and resilience work that ensures healthy lands and waters and creates good-paying

jobs.

The Budget requests $17.5 billion in discretionary funding for DOI, a $2.8 billion or 19.3-percent

increase from the 2021 enacted level, excluding amounts requested for Contract Support Costs

and Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 Section 105(l) leases,

which the Budget proposes to shift from discretionary to mandatory funding. Resources provided

through the 2023 Budget complement major investments in wildre management, tribal programs,

methane emissions reduction, abandoned mine land reclamation, western water infrastructure,

and ecosystem restoration through the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law).

78 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

increase to support construction work at seven Bureau of Indian Education schools, providing

quality facilities for culturally-appropriate education with high academic standards, as well

as $7million for the Indian Boarding School Initiative, which takes preliminary steps to ad-

dress the injustices of past Federal Indian boarding school policy. The Budget also includes

$632million in Tribal Public Safety and Justice funding at DOI, which collaborates closely

with the Department of Justice, including on continued efforts to address the crisis of Missing

and Murdered Indigenous Persons. The Budget also proposes to reclassify Contract Support

Costs and Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 Section 105(l)

leases as mandatory spending, providing certainty for tribal communities in meeting these

ongoing needs through dedicated funding sources. The Budget further proposes to provide

mandatory funding to the Bureau of Reclamation for operation and maintenance of previously

enacted Indian Water Rights Settlements, and the Administration is interested in working

with the Congress on an approach to provide a mandatory funding source for future settle-

ments. The Budget also complements Bipartisan Infrastructure Law investments to address

climate resilience needs in tribal communities.

• Advances Climate Science. The Budget invests $375 million at DOI to advance under-

standing of the impacts of climate change, unlock new opportunities to reduce climate risk

through innovative mitigation and adaptation research, measure and monitor greenhouse gas

emissions and sinks on Federal lands, and ensure that coastal, ﬁre-prone, and other particu-

larly vulnerable communities have accurate and accessible information to allow them to better

respond to the climate crisis. The Budget also supports the development of a Federal climate

data portal that would provide the public with accessible information on historical and pro-

jected climate impacts, inform decision-making, and strengthen community climate resilience.

• Mitigates the Risk of Catastrophic Wildﬁres. The Budget invests $325 million in

Hazardous Fuels Management and Burned Area Rehabilitation programs to help reduce the

risk and severity of wildﬁres, and restore lands that were devastated by catastrophic ﬁre

over the last several years. This funding complements the $878 million for hazardous fuels

management and $325 million for burned area rehabilitation projects provided through the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.

• Invests in the Wildland Fireﬁghting Workforce. Protecting communities, ecosystems, and

infrastructure from wildﬁre requires a resilient and reliable Federal workforce. The Budget

includes $477 million, an increase of $130 million over the 2021 enacted level, to ensure that

no Federal ﬁreﬁghter will make less than $15 an hour, to increase the Federal ﬁreﬁghting

workforce, and to support these men and women with competitive compensation. This funding

is further supported by $120 million made available in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to

address ﬁreﬁghting workforce needs.

• Increases Drought Resilience. The Budget helps to ensure that all communities across the

Nation have access to a resilient and reliable water supply by investing in water conservation,

development of desalination technologies, and water recycling and reuse projects. In addition,

nearly $1.7billion provided through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for 2023, the Budget

invests over $675 million in Western water resource infrastructure and to provide potable wa-

ter to rural areas, serving both tribal and non-tribal communities. The Budget also provides

funding to address the ongoing drought in the western United States, including funding to

implement the Drought Contingency Plans to conserve water in the Colorado River System,

which is at historically low levels.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 79

• Promotes Racial Justice and Equity. The Budget supports DOI’s ongoing work to advance

racial justice and more equitably deliver services to all Americans with discrete investments

in each bureau. The Budget provides over $3 billion to programs covered under the Justice40

initiative, such as tribal housing improvements, wildlife conservation grants, and energy in-

frastructure development in insular communities, which ensures that at least 40 percent of

the overall beneﬁts from certain Federal investments are delivered to disadvantaged com-

munities. Moreover, the Budget includes a $48 million initiative to build a more equitable

National Park System (NPS). Through this initiative, DOI would expand operations at parks

that preserve and tell the story of historically underrepresented and marginalized groups,

further integrate tribal viewpoints into park management, address transportation barriers to

parks from underserved communities, and improve park accessibility for visitors and employ-

ees with disabilities.

• Accelerates Renewable Energy Development on Public Lands. The Budget includes

$254 million, an increase of $151 million from the 2021 enacted level, to accelerate and expand

activities that support economic development and the creation of thousands of good-paying

jobs through clean energy deployment on public lands and offshore waters. Funding would

support the leasing, planning, and permitting of solar, wind and geothermal energy projects,

and associated transmission infrastructure that would help mitigate climate change impacts

and meet the Administration’s goal of deploying 30 gigawatts of offshore wind capacity by

2030.

• Creates Jobs Remediating and Reclaiming Abandoned Wells and Mines. The Budget

provides over $321 million to remediate orphaned oil and gas wells and reclaim abandoned

mine lands on Federal and non-Federal lands. The funding complements the $16billion pro-

vided in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for orphaned well remediation and abandoned

mine reclamation, and would help create good union jobs, mitigate climate change by reducing

greenhouse gas emissions, and ultimately allow for more productive land uses.

• Rebuilds Critical Capacity. The Budget rebuilds core functions and capabilities across

DOI, including science capacity at the U.S. Geological Survey, and land management opera-

tions of the NPS, Fish and Wildlife Service, and Bureau of Land Management.

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Invests in Federal Law Enforcement to Combat Gun Crime and Other Violent Crime.

The Budget makes robust investments to bolster Federal law enforcement capacity. The

Budget includes $17.4 billion, an increase of $1.7 billion above the 2021 enacted level, for DOJ

law enforcement including a total of $1.7 billion for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms,

and Explosives (ATF) to expand multijurisdictional gun trafﬁcking strike forces with ad-

ditional personnel, increase regulation of the ﬁrearms industry, enhance ATF’s National

Integrated Ballistic Information Network, and modernize the National Tracing Center. The

Budget includes $1.8 billion for the U.S. Marshals Service to support personnel dedicated

to ﬁghting violent crime, including through fugitive apprehension and enforcement opera-

tions. The Budget also provides the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) with an additional

$69 million to address violent crime, including violent crimes against children and crime in

Indian Country. In addition, the Budget provides the U.S. Attorneys with $72.1 million to

prosecute violent crimes.

• Supports State and Local Law Enforcement and Community Violence Prevention

and Intervention Programs to Make Our Neighborhoods Safer. The Budget provides

$3.2 billion in discretionary resources for State and local grants and $30 billion in man-

datory resources to support law enforcement, crime prevention, and community violence

intervention.

• Reinvigorates Federal Civil Rights Enforcement. In order to address longstanding in-

equities and strengthen civil rights protections, the Budget invests $367 million, an increase

of $101 million over the 2021 enacted level, in civil rights protection across DOJ. These re-

sources would support police reform, the prosecution of hate crimes, enforcement of voting

rights, and efforts to provide equitable access to justice. Investments also provide mediation

The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for defending the interests of the United States

and protecting all Americans as the chief enforcer of Federal laws. The President’s 2023 Budget

for DOJ invests in: combating gun crime and other violent crime, terrorism, violence against

women, and cyber threats; protecting civil rights; implementing Federal, State, and local criminal

justice reforms; improving the immigration court system; bolstering antitrust enforcement; and

advancing environmental justice.

The Budget requests $37.7 billion in discretionary funding for DOJ, a $4.2 billion or nearly

13-percent increase from the 2021 enacted level.

82 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

and conciliation services through the Community Relations Service. The Budget also con-

tinues investments in civil rights enforcement at the FBI by providing $18 million to expand

civil rights investigations across the Nation, $8 million to the U.S. Attorneys to expand pros-

ecutions of violations of civil rights, and nearly $1 million to the Criminal Division to expand

investigations of election-related crimes, including voter suppression.

• Reforms the Federal Criminal Justice System. The Budget leverages the capacity of

the Federal justice system to advance innovative criminal justice reform initiatives and serve

as a model for reform that is not only comprehensive in scope, but evidence-informed and

high-impact. The Budget supports key investments in First Step Act (FSA) implementation,

including $100 million for a historic collaboration between the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and

the Department of Labor (DOL) for a national initiative to provide comprehensive workforce

development services to people in the Federal prison system, both during their time in BOP

facilities and after they are transferred to community placement. Thousands of incarcerated

people would have access to a wide variety of evidence-informed models and practices, and in

service of continuing to build the evidence base, DOL and BOP would oversee a ground-break-

ing, large-scale evaluation that assesses the impact of these programs on recidivism, labor

market outcomes, and other key metrics. To support rehabilitative programming, improve

conditions of conﬁnement, and address augmentation in BOP facilities, the Budget proposes

$151 million to hire additional staff, including $72 million for FSA-dedicated programmatic

staff and $79 million for front-line correctional ofﬁcers. In support of Federal law enforcement

reform and oversight, the Budget also proposes $106 million to support the deployment of

body-worn cameras (BWC) to DOJ’s law enforcement ofﬁcers, as well as an impact evaluation

to assess the role of BWC in advancing criminal justice reform.

• Reforms the Juvenile Justice System and Supports Existing Criminal Justice Reform

Programs. The Budget proposes $760 million for juvenile justice programs, an increase of

$414 million over the 2021 enacted level, to bolster diversionary juvenile justice strategies.

In addition to these resources, funding is provided to support existing reform programs such

as the Second Chance Act of 2007, research and innovation programs, and alternative court

systems.

• Addresses Terrorism. The Budget invests resources to address the threats of both foreign

and domestic terrorism while respecting civil rights and civil liberties. The FBI is provided an

increase of $33 million for domestic terrorism investigations.

• Prioritizes Efforts to End Gender-Based Violence. The Budget proposes a historic in-

vestment of $1 billion to support Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA) programs, a

$487million or 95-percent increase over the 2021 enacted level. The Budget supports substan-

tial increases for longstanding VAWA programs, including key investments in legal assistance

for victims, transitional housing, and sexual assault services. Resources are also provided for

new programs to support transgender survivors, build community-based organizational ca-

pacity, combat online harassment and abuse, support community-based restorative practices,

and address emerging issues in gender-based violence, including a new ﬁnancial assistance

program for survivors. The Budget strongly supports underserved and tribal communities

by providing $35 million for culturally-speciﬁc services, $10 million for underserved popula-

tions, $5.5 million to assist enforcement of tribal special domestic violence jurisdiction, and

$3 million to support tribal Special Assistant U.S. Attorneys. In addition, the Budget provides

$120 million, an increase of $72 million above the 2021 enacted level, to the Ofﬁce of Justice

Programs for the Sexual Assault Kit Initiative to address the rape kit backlog, and for a new

Regional Sexual Assault Investigative Training Academies Program.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 83

• Counters Cyber Threats. The Budget expands DOJ’s ability to pursue cyber threats through

investments that support a multiyear effort to build cyber investigative capabilities at FBI ﬁeld

divisions nationwide. These investments include an additional $52 million for more agents,

enhanced response capabilities, and strengthened intelligence collection and analysis capabili-

ties. These investments are in line with the Administration’s counter-ransomware strategy

that emphasizes disruptive activity and combatting the misuse of cryptocurrency.

• Improves Immigration Courts. The Budget invests $1.4 billion, an increase of $621mil-

lion above the 2021 enacted level, in the Executive Ofﬁce for Immigration Review (EOIR) to

continue addressing the backlog of over 1.5 million cases that are currently pending in the

immigration courts. This funding supports 100 new immigration judges, including the sup-

port personnel required to create maximum efﬁciencies in the court systems, as well as an

expansion of EOIR’s virtual court initiative. The Budget would also invest new resources in

legal access programming, including $150 million in discretionary resources to provide access

to representation for adults and families in the immigration proceedings. Complementing this

new program is a proposal for $4.5 billion in mandatory resources to expand these efforts over

a ten-year period. Providing resources to support legal representation in the immigration sys-

tem would create greater efﬁciencies in processing cases while making the system fairer and

more equitable.

• Bolsters Antitrust Enforcement. The Budget reﬂects the Administration’s commitment to

vigorous marketplace competition through robust enforcement of antitrust law by including a

historic increase of $88 million over the 2021 enacted level for the Antitrust Division.

• Supports Environmental Justice. The Budget expands DOJ’s work in environmental

justice, providing $1.4 million to launch an Ofﬁce for Environmental Justice. An additional

$6.5 million funds the Environment and Natural Resources Division’s work in securing envi-

ronmental justice and combatting the climate crisis. These resources would be central to the

Division and DOJ’s execution of a comprehensive environmental justice strategy in support

of the President’s Executive Order 14008, “Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad.”

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Empowers and Protects Workers. To ensure workers are treated with dignity and re-

spect in the workplace, the Budget invests $2.2 billion, an increase of $397 million above the

2021 enacted level, in the Department’s worker protection agencies. Between 2016 and 2020,

DOL worker protection agencies lost approximately 14 percent of their staff, limiting their

ability to perform inspections and conduct investigations. The Budget would enable DOL to

conduct the enforcement and regulatory work needed to ensure workers’ wages and beneﬁts

are protected, address the misclassiﬁcation of workers as independent contractors, and im-

prove workplace health and safety. The Budget also ensures fair treatment for millions of

workers by restoring resources to oversee and enforce the equal employment obligations of

Federal contractors, including protections against discrimination based on race, gender, dis-

ability, gender identity, and sexual orientation.

• Equips Workers with Skills They Need to Obtain High-Quality Jobs. The Budget

invests in effective, evidence-based training models to equip workers with the skills they

need to obtain high-quality jobs. Community colleges play a critical role in providing acces-

sible, low-cost, and high-quality training, and the Budget invests $100 million to build their

capacity to work with the public workforce development system and employers to design and

deliver high-quality workforce programs. The Budget also provides $100 million for a new

Sectoral Employment through Career Training for Occupational Readiness program, which

would support training programs focused on growing industries, enabling underserved and

underrepresented workers to access good jobs and creating the skilled workforce the economy

needs to thrive.

• Expands Access to Registered Apprenticeships (RA). RA is a proven earn-and-learn

model that raises participants’ wages and places them on a reliable path to the middle class.

The Department of Labor (DOL) is responsible for protecting the health, safety, wages, and

income security of workers and retirees. The President’s 2023 Budget for DOL invests in:

building the skills of America’s workers; protecting workers’ rights, health and safety, and wages;

strengthening the integrity and accessibility of the Unemployment Insurance (UI) program; and

creating good, middle-class jobs that are safe, equitable, pay fair wages and benets, empower

workers, and offer opportunities for advancement.

The Budget requests $14.6 billion in discretionary funding for DOL, a $2.2billion or 18-percent

increase from the 2021 enacted level.

86 DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

The Budget invests $303 million, a $118 million increase above the 2021 enacted level, to

expand RA opportunities in high-growth ﬁelds, such as technology, advanced manufactur-

ing, healthcare, and transportation, while increasing access for historically underrepresented

groups, including people of color and women, and diversifying the industry sectors involved.

To improve access to RAs for women, the Budget doubles DOL’s investment in its Women in

Apprenticeship and Nontraditional Occupations grants, which provide pre-apprenticeship op-

portunities to boost women’s participation in RA.

• Provides Training and Employment Pathways for Youth. The Budget invests in

programs that provide youth with equitable access to high-quality training and career op-

portunities. The Budget invests $75 million for a new National Youth Employment Program,

which would create high-quality summer and year-round job opportunities for underserved

youth. The Budget also provides $145 million for YouthBuild, $48 million above the 2021

enacted level, to enable more at-risk youth to gain both the education and occupational skills

they need to obtain good jobs. To further advance equity and inclusion, the Budget provides

$15 million to test new ways to enable low-income youth with disabilities, including youth who

are in foster care, involved in the justice system, or who are experiencing homelessness, to suc-

cessfully transition to employment.

• Supports Legacy Energy Communities. In order to address changes in the energy economy,

the Budget continues to invest in strategic planning, partnership development, and train-

ing and reemployment activities for displaced workers. The Budget provides $100million to

support DOL’s role in the multi-agency POWER+ Initiative, which aims to assist displaced

workers and transform local economies and communities transitioning away from fossil fuel

production to new, sustainable industries. The Budget also includes $35million, administered

in partnership with the Appalachian Regional Commission and the Delta Regional Authority,

to help Appalachian and Delta communities develop local and regional workforce development

strategies that promote long-term economic stability and opportunities for workers, especially

those connected to the energy industry. Further, the Budget provides $20 million for DOL to

partner with AmeriCorps and other agencies to establish a Civilian Climate Corps program to

help communities address the climate crisis by creating service opportunities and job training

programs in emerging industries.

• Modernizes, Protects, and Strengthens the UI Safety Net. The UI program has helped

millions of Americans through periods of unemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic. The

Budget invests $3.4 billion, an increase of $769 million above the 2021 enacted level, to mod-

ernize, protect, and strengthen this critical program. This includes several investments aimed

at tackling fraud in the UI program, including funding to support more robust identity veri-

ﬁcation for UI applicants, help States develop and test fraud-prevention tools and strategies,

and allow the DOL Ofﬁce of Inspector General to increase its investigations into fraud rings

targeting the UI program. To allow States to serve claimants more quickly and effectively

while strengthening program integrity, the Budget also updates the formula for determin-

ing the amount States receive to administer UI, the ﬁrst comprehensive update in decades.

The Budget also proposes principles to guide future efforts to reform the UI system, includ-

ing improving beneﬁt levels and access, scaling UI beneﬁts automatically during recessions,

expanding eligibility to reﬂect the modern labor force, improving State and Federal solvency

through more equitable and progressive ﬁnancing, expanding reemployment services, and

safeguarding the program from fraud.

• Strengthens Mental Health Parity Protections. The Budget requires all health plans

to cover mental health beneﬁts, ensures that plans have an adequate network of behavioral

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 87

health providers, and improves DOL’s ability to enforce the law.In addition, the Budget in-

cludes $275 million over 10 years to increase the Department’s capacity to ensure that large

group market health plans and issuers comply with mental health and substance use disorder

requirements, and expand the Agency’s capacity to take action against plans and issuers that

do not comply.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND OTHER

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Advances the President’s Historic Climate Finance Pledge. The Budget includes over

$11 billion in international climate ﬁnance, meeting the President’s pledge to quadruple

international climate ﬁnance, a year early. This includes $5.3 billion in appropriations, in-

cluding a $1.6billion contribution to the Green Climate Fund, a critical multilateral tool for

ﬁnancing climate adaptation and mitigation projects in developing countries. The Budget

also supports a $3.2 billion loan to the Clean Technology Fund to ﬁnance clean energy projects

in developing countries. U.S. international climate assistance and ﬁnancing would: accel-

erate the global energy transition to net zero emissions by 2050; help developing countries

build resilience to the growing impacts of climate change, including through the President’s

Emergency Plan for Adaptation and Resilience (PREPARE) and other programs; and sup-

port the implementation of the President’s Plan to Conserve Global Forests: Critical Carbon

Sinks–while increasing energy independence by decreasing reliance on producers of non-

renewable resources.

• Advances American Leadership in Global Health, Including Global Health Security

and Pandemic Preparedness. The Budget includes $10.6 billion to bolster U.S. leadership

The Department of State (State), U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and other

international programs advance the interests and security of the American people by using

diplomatic and development tools to address global challenges and advance a free, peaceful,

and prosperous world. The President’s 2023 Budget for State, USAID, and other international

programs strengthens American power and inuence by working with allies and partners to

solve global challenges including through the launch of the President’s Build Back Better World

Initiative. These investments would position the United States to compete with China, and any

other nation, from a position of strength.

The Budget requests $67.6 billion in discretionary funding for the Department of State and

other international programs, a $10.2 billion or 18-percent increase from the 2021 enacted

level, excluding emergency funding. Within this total, the Budget includes $60.4 billion for

the Department of State and USAID, an increase of $7.4 billion or 14 percent above the 2021

enacted levels. This Budget also includes $4.4 billion for the international programs at the

Department of the Treasury, an increase of $2.5 billion or 131 percent above the 2021 enacted

level.

90 DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

in addressing global health and health security challenges, a $1.4 billion increase above the

2021 enacted level. Within this total, the Budget demonstrates U.S. leadership by support-

ing a $2 billion contribution for the Global Fund’s seventh replenishment, for an intended

pledge of $6 billion over three years, to save lives and continue the ﬁght against HIV/AIDS,

tuberculosis, and malaria, and to support the Global Fund’s expanded response to COVID-19

and global health strengthening. This total also includes $1 billion to prevent, prepare for, and

respond to infectious disease outbreaks, including the continued expansion of Global Health

Security Agenda capacity-building programs and a multilateral ﬁnancial intermediary fund

for health security and pandemic preparedness. The Budget also invests in the global health

workforce and systems to enhance countries’ abilities to provide core health services, improve

health systems resiliency, and respond to crises while mitigating the impacts of crises on rou-

tine health services. In addition, the Budget includes $6.5 billion in mandatory funding for

State and USAID over ﬁve years to make transformative investments in pandemic and other

biological threat preparedness globally in support of U.S. biodefense and pandemic prepared-

ness strategies and plans. The pandemic preparedness funding would strengthen the global

health workforce, support pandemic preparedness research and development (R&D), advance

global R&D capacity, and support health security capacity and ﬁnancing to strengthen global

capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to future COVID-19 variants and other infectious

disease outbreaks.

• Revitalizes Alliances and Partnerships in the Indo-Paciﬁc and Europe. To strengthen

and modernize America’s alliances and partnerships in vital global regions and assert U.S.

leadership in strategic competition, the Budget includes nearly $1.8 billion to support a free

and open, connected, secure, and resilient Indo-Paciﬁc Region and the Indo-Paciﬁc Strategy,

and $400 million for the Countering the People’s Republic of China Malign Inﬂuence Fund.

In addition, the Budget provides $682 million for Ukraine, an increase of $219 million above

the 2021 enacted level, to continue to counter Russian malign inﬂuence and to meet emerging

needs related to security, energy, cyber security issues, disinformation, macroeconomic stabili-

zation, and civil society resilience.

• Champions an Open and Secure Digital and Technological Ecosystem. The Budget

invests more than $350 million to expand reliable and affordable internet access through the

development and deployment of secure digital and technological infrastructure. The Budget

would improve international cybersecurity practices and promote the adoption of policies that

support an open, interoperable, secure, and reliable internet. These resources would further

development programming across sectors in line with the State’s cyberspace and emerging

technology diplomacy and USAID’s digital development strategy. State and USAID will also

seek to close the digital gender gap in low- and middle-income countries by increasing women

and girls’ access to information communication technologies and addressing online harass-

ment and abuse globally.

• Renews America’s Leadership in International Institutions. The Budget continues the

Administration’s efforts to lead through international organizations by meeting the Nation’s

commitments to fully fund U.S. contributions and to pay United Nations peacekeeping dues on

time and in full. Strengthening the Nation’s international partnerships is critical to meeting

the Sustainable Development Goals, including global education, ending hunger and malnutri-

tion, building more sustainable, equitable, and resilient food systems and addressing other

global challenges.

• Supports Democracy Globally. In response to political fragility and increasing authori-

tarianism around the world, the Budget provides more than $3.2 billion to support global

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 91

democracy, human rights, anti-corruption, and good governance programming, consistent with

the commitments made during the President’s Summit for Democracy. The Budget advances

the Presidential Memorandum on Advancing the Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,

Transgender, Queer, and Intersex Persons Around the World, the U.S. Strategy on Countering

Corruption, and the Presidential Initiative on Democratic Renewal.

• Restores U.S. Leadership in International Development. The Budget provides $1.4bil-

lion for the World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA). This investment

restores the United States’ historical role as the largest World Bank donor to support the

development of low- and middle-income countries, which beneﬁts the American people by in-

creasing global stability, mitigating climate and health risks, and developing new markets for

U.S exports. The U.S. contribution would also support the United States’ $3.5billion pledge

to the next replenishment of the IDA, a critical component of the global response to the dev-

astating impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on developing countries. The Budget also funds

bilateral partner capacity building efforts in key areas such as judicial sector strengthening,

countering and preventing terrorism, and provision of basic services.

• Continues Collaborative U.S. Leadership in Central America and Haiti. As part of

a comprehensive strategy to advance systemic reform while addressing the root causes of

irregular migration from Central America to the United States, the Budget invests $987mil-

lion in the region to continue meeting the President’s four-year commitment of $4 billion.

Further, in response to deteriorating conditions and widespread violence in Haiti, the Budget

invests $275 million to strengthen Haiti’s recovery from political and economic shocks, such as

strengthening the capacity of the Haitian National Police, combating corruption, strengthen-

ing the capacity of civil society, and supporting services for marginalized populations. These

investments would ensure that the United States is able to revitalize partnerships that build

economic resilience, democratic stability, and citizen security in the region.

• Supports America’s Allies in the Middle East. The Budget fully supports the U.S.-Israel

Memorandum of Understanding, provides $1.4 billion in economic and security assistance for

Jordan, and includes $1.4 billion to support the U.S. diplomatic and security partnership with

Egypt. As part of the Administration’s commitment to advancing security, prosperity, and

freedom for both Israelis and Palestinians, the Budget also provides $219 million for critical

assistance to the Palestinian people in the West Bank and Gaza, as well as across the region,

in support of a two-state solution with Israel.

• Strengthens African Engagement. The Budget includes more than $7.7 billion for sub-

Saharan Africa, including more than $250 million to support the second United States-Africa

Leaders’ Summit to strengthen ties with African partners based on principles of mutual re-

spect and shared interests and values. These investments would strengthen collaboration,

trade and investment, electriﬁcation, ecosystems for mutual growth and prosperity, and the

promotion of digital transformation in Africa.

• Strengthens U.S. Leadership on Refugee and Humanitarian Issues. The Budget pro-

vides more than $10 billion to respond to the unprecedented need arising from conﬂict and

natural disasters around the world to serve over 70 countries and approximately 240million

people. The Budget continues rebuilding the Nation’s refugee admissions program and sup-

ports up to 125,000 admissions in 2023.

• Advances Equity and Equality Globally. The Budget provides $2.6 billion to advance

gender equity and equality across a broad range of sectors, more than doubling the gender

attributions of the policies of this Administration. This includes $200million for the Gender

92 DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

Equity and Equality Action Fund to advance the economic security of women and girls. This

total also includes funding to strengthen the participation of women in conﬂict prevention,

resolution, and recovery through the implementation of the Women, Peace, and Security Act

of 2017. To further implement the President’s Executive Order 13985, “Advancing Racial

Equity and Support for Underserved Communities,” the Budget would better integrate equity

through more inclusive policies, strategies, and practice including enhancing the ability of po-

tential non-traditional partners to pursue Federal opportunities and address the barriers they

face in the Federal award process, and new efforts to identify spaces to support and advance

underserved population appropriate to the country context.

• Addresses Food Insecurity and Fosters Inclusive and Sustainable Agriculture-led

Economic Growth. The Budget supports the President’s pledge to alleviate global food inse-

curity by providing over $1 billion in bilateral agriculture and food security programming, and

continuing robust support for the International Fund for Agricultural Development. These

investments are key to increasing communities’ access to nutritious food, strengthening their

resilience to shocks and stresses, and lifting them from entrenched poverty.

• Revitalizes and Expands the Diplomatic and Development Workforce. Strengthening

American diplomacy and development requires rebuilding and modernizing the State and

USAID workforce. The 2023 Budget provides $7.6 billion to recruit, retain, and develop the

diverse, highly capable workforce needed to support efforts around the world and manage

increasingly complex national security issues, particularly in the Indo-Paciﬁc region. The

Budget also increases investments to diversify the workforce of foreign affairs agencies to

reﬂect and draw on the richness and diversity of the United States, including through paid

internships and targeted fellowship programs, and strengthening partnerships with Minority

Serving Institutions, and expanded professional development opportunities.

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Modernizes and Upgrades Roads and Bridges. To modernize, repair, and improve

the safety and efﬁciency of the Nation’s network of roads and bridges, the Budget provides

$68.9billion for the Federal-aid Highway program, a $19.8 billion increase from the 2021

enacted level. This includes $9.4 billion provided by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for

2023 and which also supports: $8 billion for new competitive and formula grant programs to

rebuild the Nation’s bridges; $1.4 billion to deploy a nationwide, publicly-accessible network

of electric vehicle chargers and other alternative fueling infrastructure; $1.3 billion for a new

carbon reduction grant program; and $1.7 billion for a new resiliency grant program to en-

hance the resilience of surface transportation infrastructure to hazards and climate change.

• Improves Highway Safety. The Budget provides more than $2.5 billion for the Federal

Motor Carrier Safety Administration and the National Highway Trafﬁc Safety Administration

(NHTSA), an $857 million increase above the 2021 enacted level. The Budget also provides

critical resources to support NHTSA’s rulemaking efforts including those to address climate

change and emerging technologies. This builds on the Agency’s National Roadway Safety

Strategy, which uses a safe system approach to address the crisis of roadway fatalities.

• Provides High-Quality Transit Options to More Americans. To strengthen the Nation’s

transit systems, reduce emissions, and improve transportation access for people with disabil-

ities and historically disadvantaged communities, the Budget provides the Federal Transit

Administration with $21.1 billion, an $8.2 billion increase over the 2021 enacted level. This

The Department of Transportation (DOT) is responsible for ensuring that the United States

has the safest, most equitable, reliable, and modern transportation system in the world. The

President’s 2023 Budget for DOT supports the historic investments in surface transportation,

aviation, and maritime made by the Infrastructure and Investment Jobs Act (Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law), which will strengthen the Nation’s transportation system while tackling

climate change and protecting environmental resources, addressing inequities and advancing

environmental justice, and promoting good-paying jobs and economic vitality.

The Budget requests $26.8 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2023, a $1.5 billion or

six-percent increase from the 2021 enacted level. Consistent with the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law, the Budget also includes $78.4 billion in mandatory funds, including contract authority and

obligation limitations, and $36.8 billion in emergency-designated advance budget authority, for

transportation infrastructure investments in 2023.

94 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

includes $3.2 billion in additional funding on top of the $4.3 billion already provided by the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for 2023. The Budget includes $4.5 billion for the Capital

Investment Grant program, which would advance the construction of new, high-quality transit

corridors to reduce travel time and increase economic development.

• Invests in Reliable Passenger and Freight Rail. To ensure the safety and performance of

the rail industry today and deliver the passenger rail network of the future, the Budget pro-

vides the Federal Railroad Administration a historic investment of $17.9 billion, a $15billion

increase over the 2021 enacted level. This includes $4.7 billion in additional funding on top of

$13.2 billion already provided by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for 2023. These resources

would provide $7.4 billion to signiﬁcantly improve Amtrak’s rolling stock and facilities and

$10.1 billion for existing and new competitive grant programs to support passenger rail mod-

ernization and expansion, address critical safety needs, and support the vitality of the freight

rail network.

• Reduces Bottlenecks and Commute Times through Investments in Competitive

Programs. The Budget provides robust support for transportation projects that reduce com-

mute times, improve safety, reduce freight bottlenecks, better connect communities, and reduce

transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions. Investments include $4 billion, $3billion

above the 2021 enacted level, for National Infrastructure Investments grant programs to sup-

port transportation projects with signiﬁcant beneﬁts across multiple modes, and $1.64billion,

a $640 million increase above the 2021 enacted level for the Infrastructure for Rebuilding

America grants program which focuses on reducing freight and highway bottlenecks.

• Advances Racial Equity and Supports Underserved Communities. The Budget re-

quests an additional $20 million above the 2021 enacted level for the Ofﬁce of the Secretary to

lead DOT’s efforts to promote equity and inclusion. With these resources, DOT would better

ensure that historic investments under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law deliver resources

and beneﬁts equitably, including communities that have been historically underserved and

adversely affected by persistent poverty or income inequality. DOT actions include work-

force development, disadvantaged business enterprise procurement, data collection, reporting,

public participation, and assistance measures mitigating or negating the effects of structural

obstacles to building wealth.

• Prioritizes Aviation Safety and Infrastructure. The Budget provides $15.2 billion in

discretionary budget authority for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to improve avia-

tion safety, transform the Nation’s aviation infrastructure, and improve cybersecurity. These

investments also promote environmental justice and climate change mitigation by prioritizing

sustainable design and construction, and enhancing equity through more inclusive contract-

ing and workforce development. The resources provided through the Budget complement the

$5 billion already provided by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for 2023 to upgrade the

FAA’s air trafﬁc control facilities and to improve the safety, capacity, accessibility, and efﬁ-

ciency of the Nation’s airports.

• Accelerates Efforts to Move More Goods Faster through the Nation’s Ports and

Waterways. The Budget continues support for the historic levels of Federal investment

to modernize America’s port and waterway infrastructure initiated under the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law. The Budget includes $230 million for the Port Infrastructure Development

Program to strengthen maritime freight capacity. In addition to keeping the Nation’s supply

chain moving by improving efﬁciency, DOT would prioritize projects that also lower emis-

sions—reducing environmental impact in and around the Nation’s ports.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 95

• Supports Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety. The Budget improves pipeline and

hazardous material transportation safety through new investments to hire additional safe-

ty inspectors and engineers, and for robust data collection to inform safety standards. The

Budget would help reduce methane emissions and preserve the climate, with investments in

new safety standards for pipelines and continued safety checks on underground natural gas

storage facilities. The Budget also increases hazardous materials stafﬁng for accident investi-

gations and additional outreach and training to improve compliance with safety requirements.

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Improves Taxpayer Experience and Supports a Fair and Equitable Tax System.

Last year, the IRS delivered more than $600 billion in direct economic relief to American

households and businesses through Economic Impact Payments, monthly advance child tax

credit payments, and more. Yet the agency’s funding and stafﬁng levels have not kept pace

with its expanding scope. To ensure that taxpayers receive the highest quality customer ser-

vice and that all Americans are treated fairly by the U.S. tax system, the Budget provides a

total of $14.1billion for the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), $2.2 billion, or 18 percent, above

the 2021 enacted level. This includes an increase of $798 million to improve the taxpayer

experience and expand customer service outreach to underserved communities and the tax-

paying public at large. The Budget also provides $310 million for IRS Business Systems

Modernization, which is 39 percent above the 2021 enacted level, to accelerate the develop-

ment of new digital tools to enable better communication between taxpayers and the IRS.

Increased funding for the IRS would also facilitate more effective oversight of high-income

and corporate tax returns. In addition to these resources, the Administration continues

to support multiyear investments in IRS tax enforcement to increase tax compliance and

revenues that the President has previously proposed. This investment reﬂects decades of

analysis demonstrating that program integrity investments to enforce existing tax laws in-

crease revenues in a progressive way by closing the tax gap—the difference between taxes

owed and taxes paid.

• Expands Lending in Disadvantaged Communities and Increases Affordable

Housing Supply. The Budget provides $331 million for the Community Development

Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund, an increase of $61 million, or 23 percent, above the

The Department of the Treasury (Treasury) is responsible for maintaining a strong economy,

promoting conditions that enable economic growth and stability, protecting the integrity of the

nancial system, combating global nancial crime and corruption, and managing the U.S.

Government’s nances and resources effectively. The President’s 2023 Budget for Treasury

invests in: a fair and robust tax system; enforcing the tax code and ensuring compliance

by the wealthy and corporations; improving the taxpayer experience and customer service;

providing resources to expand job-creating investments and access to credit in disadvantaged

communities; and enhancing cybersecurity.

The Budget requests $16.2 billion in discretionary funding for Treasury, a $2.7 billion or

20-percent increase from the 2021 enacted level.

98 DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

2021 enacted level. To address the critical shortage of affordable housing in communities, the

Budget also proposes $5 billion in long-term mandatory funding for CDFI ﬁnancing of new

construction and substantial rehabilitation that creates net new units of affordable rental and

for sale housing. CDFIs provide historically underserved and often low-income communities

access to credit, capital, and ﬁnancial support to grow businesses, increase affordable housing,

and reinforce healthy neighborhood development.

• Increases Corporate Transparency and Safeguards the Financial System. Treasury

plays a leading role in monitoring and disrupting corruption, money laundering, terrorist ﬁ-

nancing, and the use of the ﬁnancial system by malicious actors domestically and abroad.

Investment in Treasury staff and technical capabilities is critical to these efforts, including clos-

ing ﬁnancial reporting loopholes that allow illicit actors to evade scrutiny, mask their dealings,

and undermine corporate accountability. The Budget provides $210 million for the Financial

Crimes Enforcement Network, $83 million above the 2021 enacted level, to increase oversight

of the ﬁnancial sector, strengthen corporate accountability, and provide adequate support to

law enforcement and investigative entities. In addition, the Budget provides $212 million to

the Ofﬁce of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, $37million above the 2021 enacted level, to

modernize and update the sanctions process consistent with the ﬁndings of the Treasury 2021

Sanctions Review.

• Strengthens Enterprise Cybersecurity. The Budget provides $215 million, an increase of

$197million above the 2021 enacted level, to protect and defend sensitive agency systems and

information, including those designated as high-value assets. The Budget increases central-

ized funding to strengthen Treasury’s overall cybersecurity efforts and establish a Zero Trust

Architecture. These investments would protect Treasury systems from future attacks and ac-

celerate Treasury’s response to the SolarWinds incident and Log4j vulnerabilities.

• Restores Critical Agency Capacity. The Budget provides $293 million for Treasury’s

Departmental Ofﬁces, a 26-percent increase over the 2021 enacted level, to rebuild institution-

al capacity and strengthen the role of Treasury policy ofﬁces. Additional funding for Treasury’s

Climate Hub would support a sustainable economic recovery and advance climate goals both

domestically and internationally, including domestic coal transition and engagement with

international ﬁnancial institutions. Increased stafﬁng would also support assessments of

climate-related ﬁnancial risk arising from private insurance coverage gaps in regions of the

Nation particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The Budget also builds institution-

al capacity to expand engagement with historically underrepresented and underserved groups

and develop actionable goals to advance equity across all Treasury programs.

DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Prioritizes VA Medical Care. The Budget provides $119 billion—a historic 32-percent in-

crease above the 2021 enacted level for VA. In addition to fully funding inpatient, outpatient,

mental health, and long-term care services, the Budget supports programs that improve VA

healthcare quality and delivery, including investments in training programs for clinicians,

health professionals, and medical students. The Budget also further supports VA’s prepared-

ness for regional and national public health emergencies.

• Prioritizes Veteran Suicide Prevention. The Budget provides $497 million to support

the Administration’s veteran suicide prevention initiatives, including implementation of: the

Veterans Crisis Line’s 988 expansion initiative; the suicide prevention 2.0 program to grow

public health efforts in communities; a lethal means safety campaign in partnership with

other agencies; and the Staff Sergeant Parker Gordon Fox Suicide Prevention Grant Program

to enhance community-based prevention strategies.

• Improves Veterans’ Mental Healthcare Services. The Budget provides $13.9 billion for

VA mental healthcare, which offers a system of comprehensive treatments and services to

meet the needs of each veteran and the family members involved in the veteran’s care. The

Budget focuses on increasing access to quality mental healthcare and lowering the cost of

mental health services for veterans, with the goal of helping veterans take charge of their

treatment and live full and meaningful lives.

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is responsible for providing military veterans and VA

survivors with the benets, care, and support they have earned through sacrice and service to

the Nation. The President’s 2023 Budget for VA honors the Nation’s sacred obligation to veterans

by investing in: world-class healthcare, including mental health, and enhancing veterans’ general

well-being; benets delivery, including disability claims processing; education; employment

training; and insurance, burial, and other benets to enhance veterans’ prosperity. The Budget

ensures that all veterans, including women veterans, veterans of color, and Lesbian, Gay,

Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Intersex veterans receive the care they have earned, and

prioritizes addressing veteran homelessness, suicide prevention, and caregiver support.

The Budget requests $135 billion in discretionary funding for VA, a $31 billion or 29-percent

increase, from the 2021 enacted level. The Budget also includes $128 billion in advance

appropriations for VA medical care programs in 2024.

100 DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS

• Supports Women Veterans’ Healthcare. The Budget invests $9.8 billion for all of women

veterans’ healthcare, including $767 million toward women’s gender speciﬁc care. More wom-

en are choosing VA healthcare than ever before, with women accounting for over 30 percent of

the increase in veterans enrolled over the past ﬁve years. Investments support comprehensive

specialty medical and surgical services for women veterans at a VA facility or through refer-

rals to the community. The Budget proposes to increase access to infertility counseling and

assisted reproductive technology and to eliminate copayments for contraceptive coverage. The

Budget also improves the safety of women veterans seeking healthcare at VA facilities by sup-

porting implementation of the zero-tolerance policy for sexual harassment and assault.

• Bolsters Efforts to End Veteran Homelessness. The Budget increases resources for vet-

erans’ homelessness programs to $2.7 billion, with the goal of ensuring every veteran has

permanent, sustainable housing with access to healthcare and other supportive services to

prevent and end veteran homelessness.

• Invests in Caregivers Support Program. The Budget recognizes the important role of fam-

ily caregivers in supporting the health and wellness of veterans. The Budget provides funding

for the Program of General Caregivers Support Services. The Budget also provides $1.8 billion

for the Program of Comprehensive Assistance for Family Caregivers, which includes stipend

payments and support services to help empower family caregivers of eligible veterans.

• Invests in Overdose Prevention and Treatment Programs. The Budget provides

$663 million toward opioid use disorder prevention and treatment programs, including pro-

grams authorized in the Jason Simcakoski Memorial and Promise Act.

• Supports Research Critical to Veterans’ Health Needs. VA conducts thousands of stud-

ies at VA medical centers, outpatient clinics, and nursing homes each year. This research has

signiﬁcantly contributed to advancements in healthcare for veterans and other Americans

from every walk of life. The Budget provides $916 million to continue the development of

VA’s research enterprise, including research in support of American Pandemic Preparedness:

Transforming Our Capabilities plan goals.

• Addresses Environmental Exposures. The Budget increases resources for new presump-

tive disability compensation claims related to environmental exposures from military service.

The Budget also invests $51 million within VA research programs and $63 million within

the VA medical care program for Health Outcomes Military Exposures to increase scientiﬁc

understanding of and clinical support for veterans and healthcare providers regarding the

potential adverse impacts from environmental exposures during military service.

• Supports Cancer Moonshot and Precision Oncology. The Budget invests $81 million

within VA research programs, together with $167 million within the VA medical care program,

for precision oncology to provide access to the best possible cancer care for veterans. Funds

support research and programs that address cancer care, rare cancers, and cancers in women,

as well as genetic counseling and consultation that advance tele-oncology and precision oncol-

ogy care.

• Provides Claims Processing Automation. The Budget provides $120 million for VA to

support automating the disability compensation claims process from submission to autho-

rization. Investments in automation would increase VA’s ability to deliver faster and more

accurate claim decisions for veterans.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 101

• Supports VA Home Loan Programs. The Budget provides $284 million for VA housing

program administration to ensure that all eligible veterans receive maximum beneﬁts and

protections as new or existing homeowners, and enable VA to manage record growth in its

home loan guaranty volume, which exceeded $860 billion in outstanding principal in 2021.

In addition, in accordance with the President’s Executive Order 14030, “Climate-Related

Financial Risk,” the VA housing program is working with the Departments of Agriculture and

Housing and Urban Development to consider approaches to better integrate climate-related

ﬁnancial risk into Federal credit programs. Efforts to date include contracting for additional

expert analytical support, identifying and sharing initial risk assessments in working groups

comprised of credit representatives of these agencies, and exploring the ﬁnancial sensitivity of

proposed 2023 activity to adverse movements in default and recovery performance that could

be related to climate-change risks.

• Modernizes VA Information Technology. The Budget includes $5.8 billion for VA’s Ofﬁce

of Information Technology to prioritize cybersecurity, ﬁnancial management business trans-

formation, claims automation, and the Infrastructure Readiness program, with the mission to

ensure a seamless customer experience for veterans. The Budget also provides $1.8 billion to

continue modernizing VA’s Electronic Health Record to ensure veterans receive world-class

healthcare well into the future.

• Invests in New and Replacement Medical and Cemetery Facilities. The Budget in-

cludes $3 billion for construction and expansion of critical infrastructure and facilities. This

funding supports seven major investments in new and replacement medical facilities and new

or expanded cemeteries in three locations. In addition, VA would make improvements and al-

terations to existing medical facilities, further expanding healthcare capacities. These capital

investments enable the delivery of high-quality healthcare, beneﬁts, and services for veterans.

• Honors the Memory of All Veterans. The Budget includes $430 million to ensure veter-

ans and their families have access to exceptional memorial beneﬁts including two new and

replacement national cemeteries. These funds maintain national shrine standards at the 158

VA managed cemeteries and provide the initial operational investment required to open new

cemeteries.

103

CORPS OF ENGINEERS—CIVIL WORKS

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Restores Aquatic Ecosystems. The Budget invests in the restoration of some of the

Nation’s most unique aquatic ecosystems, such as the Chesapeake Bay, Great Lakes, Upper

Mississippi, and Columbia River. For Florida’s Everglades restoration project, the Budget

invests $407 million—building on the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law’s single largest in-

vestment in history for Everglades restorations. This iconic American landscape provides

drinking water supply for more than 8 million Floridians, supports the State’s $90 billion

tourism economy, and is home to dozens of endangered or threatened species.

• Increases Resilience to Climate Change. The Budget invests in programs and projects

that would reduce the risk of damages from ﬂoods and storms and restore the Nation’s aquat-

ic ecosystems. The Budget also invests in helping local communities identify and address

their risks associated with climate change and improve resilience of Corps’ infrastructure to

climate change, including taking climate resilience into account in developing options and

selecting projects.

• Facilitates Safe, Reliable, and Sustainable Commercial Navigation. The Budget in-

cludes $1.7 billion for the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund to facilitate safe, reliable, and

environmentally sustainable navigation at the Nation’s coastal ports.

• Advances Equity and Environmental Justice. The Budget invests in technical as-

sistance, studies, and the construction of projects to address water resources challenges in

disadvantaged and tribal communities in line with the President’s Justice40 Initiative. For

example, the Budget includes funding for remedial clean-up of the Bradford Island site on

The Army Corps of Engineers—Civil Works program (Corps) is responsible for: developing,

managing, restoring, and protecting water resources primarily through the construction, operation

and maintenance, and study of water-related infrastructure projects; regulating development

in waters of the United States; and working with other Federal agencies to help communities

respond to and recover from oods and other natural disasters. The President’s 2023 Budget for

the Corps invests in modernizing the Nation’s water infrastructure, including U.S. coastal ports,

increasing climate resilience, and advancing environmental justice.

The Budget requests $6.6 billion in discretionary funding for the Corps. Resources provided

through the 2023 Budget complement historic investments in modernizing the Nation’s ports and

waterways and improving resilience of water resources infrastructure to climate change through

the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Bipartisan Infrastructure Law).

104 CORPS OF ENGINEERS—CIVIL WORKS

the Columbia River to address decades of contamination, including in important tribal ﬁshing

areas.

• Invests in High Return Projects. The Budget invests in projects that would provide a high

economic or environmental return or address a signiﬁcant risk to public safety. For example,

the Budget prioritizes funding to address the highest dam safety risks the Corps has identiﬁed

at its dams, and to facilitate safe and efﬁcient navigation on the highest use inland waterways.

105

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Tackles the Climate Crisis with Urgency. To help address greenhouse gas emissions and

make the Nation’s infrastructure more resilient, the Budget invests $100 million in grants

to States and Tribes that would support the implementation of on-the-ground efforts in com-

munities across the Nation, such as reducing methane emissions. The Budget proposes an

additional $35 million over the 2021 enacted level to implement the recently enacted American

Innovation and Manufacturing Act to continue phasing out potent greenhouse gases known

as hydroﬂuorocarbons (HFCs). The Budget also invests an additional $13 million over the

2021 enacted level in wildﬁre prevention and readiness to bolster EPA’s abilities to forecast

where smoke will harm people and better communicate where smoke events are occurring.

• Restores Critical Capacity to Carry Out EPA’s Core Mission. Stafﬁng reductions

under the previous administration continue to impact the Agency’s ability to carry out its

mission to protect human health and the environment. The Budget adds more than 1,900

Full Time Equivalents (FTEs) relative to 2021 levels, for a total of more than 16,200 FTEs,

to help rebuild the Agency’s capacity. Restoring stafﬁng capacity across the Agency would

allow EPA to help cut air, water, and climate pollution, and advance environmental justice.

Stafﬁng resources would also fund a signiﬁcant expansion of EPA’s paid student internship

program to develop a pipeline of qualiﬁed staff.

• Advances Environmental Justice. The Administration continues to prioritize efforts to

deliver environmental justice in communities across the United States, including meeting

the President’s Justice40 commitment to ensure at least 40 percent of the beneﬁts of Federal

investments in climate and clean energy reach disadvantaged communities. The Budget bol-

sters these efforts by investing nearly $1.5 billion across numerous programs that would help

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for protecting human health and the

environment. The President’s 2023 Budget for EPA: restores the Agency’s capacity to carry out

its mission; implements the President’s historic Justice40 commitment; and funds a broad suite of

recently authorized programs to improve the Nation’s water infrastructure.

The Budget requests $11.9 billion in discretionary funding for EPA, a $2.6 billion or 29-percent

increase from the 2021 enacted level. Resources provided through the 2023 Budget complement

investments in water infrastructure, including lead pipe replacements, and in the remediation of

contaminated and idle land provided in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law).

106 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

create good-paying jobs, clean up pollution, implement Justice40, advance racial equity, and

secure environmental justice for communities that too often have been left behind, including

rural and tribal communities. This funding includes $100 million for support of a new commu-

nity air quality monitoring and notiﬁcation program and additional investments in protection

for fenceline communities, civil rights compliance, and environmental permitting.

• Upgrades Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Nationwide. The Budget

provides roughly $4 billion for water infrastructure, an increase of $1 billion over the 2021 en-

acted level. These resources would advance efforts to upgrade drinking water and wastewater

infrastructure nationwide, with a focus on underserved communities that have historically

been overlooked. The Budget funds all of the authorizations in the original Drinking Water

and Wastewater Infrastructure Act of 2021, including the creation of 20 new targeted water

grant programs and an increase of over $160 million above 2021 enacted levels for the Reducing

Lead in Drinking Water grant program. The Budget also maintains funding for EPA’s State

Revolving Funds (SRF) at 2021 enacted levels, which would complement the $23.4 billion pro-

vided for the traditional SRF programs in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.

• Protects Communities from Hazardous Waste and Environmental Damage. Preventing

and cleaning up environmental damage that harms communities and poses a risk to public

health and safety continues to be a top priority for the Administration. The Budget provides

nearly $1.2 billion for the Superfund program for EPA to continue cleaning up some of the

Nation’s most contaminated land and respond to environmental emergencies and natural di-

sasters, and begins to adjust for revenue from the Superfund tax. The Budget also provides

$215 million for EPA’s Brownﬁelds program to enable EPA to provide technical assistance and

grants to communities, including disadvantaged communities, so they can safely clean up and

reuse contaminated properties. These funds complement Brownﬁelds funding provided in the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. These programs also support presidential priorities such as

the Cancer Moonshot initiative, by addressing contaminants that lead to greater cancer risk.

• Strengthens the Administration’s Commitment to Successfully Implement the

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and Transform the Science of New Chemical

Reviews. The Budget provides $124 million and 449 FTE for TSCA efforts to deliver on the

promises made to the American people by the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the

21st Century Act. These resources would provide resources to complete EPA-initiated chemi-

cal risk evaluations, issue protective regulations in accordance with statutory timelines and

establish a pipeline of prioritized chemicals for risk evaluation.

• Tackles Per- and Polyﬂuoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Pollution. PFAS are a set

of man-made chemicals that threaten the health and safety of communities across the

Nation, disproportionately impacting historically disadvantaged communities. As part of

the President’s commitment to tackling PFAS pollution, the Budget provides approximately

$126 million, $57 million over the 2021 enacted level, for EPA to: increase the understanding

of PFAS impacts to human health, as well as its ecological effects; restrict use to prevent PFAS

from entering the air, land, and water; and remediate PFAS that have been released into the

environment.

• Enforces and Assures Compliance with the Nation’s Environmental Laws. The

Budget provides $213 million for civil enforcement efforts, which includes funding to increase

enforcement efforts in communities with high pollution exposure and to prevent the illegal

importations and use of HFCs in the United States. The Budget also includes: $7 million to op-

erate a coal combustion residuals compliance program; $148 million for compliance monitoring

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 107

efforts, including funds to conduct inspections in underserved and overburdened communities;

and $69 million for criminal enforcement efforts, which includes funding to increase outreach

to victims of environmental crimes and to develop a specialized criminal enforcement task

force to address environmental justice issues in partnership with the Department of Justice.

109

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND

SPACE ADMINISTRATION

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Enhances U.S. Human Spaceﬂight Leadership. The Budget provides $7.5 billion,

$1.1 billion above the 2021 enacted level, for Artemis lunar exploration. Artemis would re-

turn American astronauts to the Moon as early as 2025, land the ﬁrst woman and person of

color on the Moon, deepen the Nation’s scientiﬁc understanding of the Moon, and test tech-

nologies that would allow humans to safely and sustainably explore Mars. Lunar landing

missions would also include astronauts from international partners.

• Addresses the Climate Crisis. The Budget invests $2.4 billion in Earth-observing satel-

lites and related research to improve the Nation’s understanding of climate change. The

new satellite missions would form an Earth System Observatory that would provide a three-

dimensional, holistic view of Earth that is needed to better understand natural hazards and

climate change. In addition, NASA would collaborate with other agencies to enhance green-

house gas monitoring and make greenhouse gas data more accessible to a broad range of

users. The Budget also provides more than $500 million to reduce the climate impacts of the

aviation industry as part of a $972 million request for NASA’s Aeronautics program. This

includes the Sustainable Flight National Partnership, through which NASA and U.S. compa-

nies would develop and ﬂy a highly-efﬁcient, next-generation airliner prototype as early as

2026.

• Supports the Development of Commercial Space Stations. The Budget supports oper-

ations of the International Space Station, paving the way for its continued operation through

2030, and allocates $224 million to support the development of commercial space stations

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) inspires the Nation by sending

astronauts and robotic missions to explore the solar system, advances the Nation’s

understanding of the Earth and space, and develops new technologies and approaches to

improve aviation and space activities. The President’s 2023 Budget for NASA invests in: human

and robotic exploration of the Moon; new technologies to improve the Nation’s space capabilities;

and addressing the climate crisis through cutting-edge research satellites and green aviation

research.

The Budget requests $26 billion in discretionary funding for NASA, a $2.7 billion or 11.6-percent

increase from the 2021 enacted level.

110 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

that NASA, other Government agencies, the Nation’s international partners, and the private

sector can use after the International Space Station is retired.

• Advances Robotic Exploration of the Moon and Mars. The Budget invests over $480 mil-

lion in lunar robotic missions, including a rover to investigate ice deposits that could provide

future astronauts with fuel and oxygen and the Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative

that supports low-cost deliveries to the Moon. The Budget also provides $822 million for the

Mars Sample Return mission, which would return Martian rock and soil samples to Earth.

• Spurs Research and Development. The Budget increases funding for NASA’s Space

Technology research and development portfolio to more than $1.4 billion, a $338 million in-

crease above the 2021 enacted level. This investment would support new technologies to help

the commercial space industry grow, enhance mission capabilities, and reduce costs. NASA

has a key role in better understanding the worsening orbital debris environment and sup-

porting the development of innovative approaches to help protect the Nation’s satellites and

reduce the risk posed by space debris. The Budget provides over $30 million for orbital debris

research, early-stage technology, and measurement technologies.

• Broadens Participation in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

(STEM). The Budget provides $150 million, $23 million above the 2021 enacted level, for

NASA’s Ofﬁce of STEM Engagement in order to attract diverse groups of students to STEM

through learning opportunities that spark interest and provide connections to NASA’s mission

and work. This effort includes targeted engagement of underserved populations, including

underserved students and people of color.

111

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Spurs Climate Research and Development. The Budget provides $1.6 billion for re-

search and development, an increase of more than $500 million above the 2021 enacted level,

to better understand and prepare for the adverse impacts of climate change. This robust

investment would support research in atmospheric composition, water and carbon cycles,

modeling climate systems, renewable energy technologies, materials sciences, plant genom-

ics, climate resilience technologies for communities heavily affected by climate change, and

social, behavioral, and economic research on human responses to climate change.

• Strengthens U.S. Leadership in Emerging Technologies. The Budget provides

$880million for the Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships within NSF to

help translate research into practical applications. The Directorate will work with programs

across the Agency and with other Federal and non-Federal entities to expedite technology

development in emerging areas that are crucial for U.S. technological leadership, includ-

ing trustworthy artiﬁcial intelligence, high performance computing, disaster response and

resilience, quantum information systems, robotics, advanced communications technologies,

biotechnology, cybersecurity, advanced energy technologies, and materials science. The

Budget provides an additional $10 million to build and strengthen the national cybersecurity

workforce pipeline through education, K-12 programs, and funding to universities and col-

leges. These investments would help improve U.S. competitiveness in emerging technologies.

• Advances Racial Equity in Science and Engineering. The Budget provides $393 million,

an increase of $172 million or 78 percent above the 2021 enacted level, for programs to increase

the participation of historically underrepresented communities in science and engineering

ﬁelds. Funding would support: curriculum design; research on successful recruitment and

retention methods; development of outreach or mentorship programs; fellowships; and build-

ing science and engineering research and education capacity at Historically Black Colleges

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is responsible for promoting the progress of science

and for science education. The President’s 2023 Budget for NSF invests in combatting the

climate crisis, strengthening U.S. leadership in emerging technologies, boosting research and

development, and advancing equity.

The Budget requests $10.5 billion in discretionary funding for NSF, a $2 billion or 24-percent

increase from the 2021 enacted level.

112 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

and Universities and other Minority-Serving Institutions. These investments would help en-

sure the U.S. science and technology workforce reﬂects the Nation as a whole.

• Fosters Scientiﬁc and Technological Advances. The Budget provides $2 billion for re-

search infrastructure at NSF, an increase of $65 million above the 2021 enacted level. Funding

would support the construction and procurement of research facilities and instrumentation

across the Nation to enable scientiﬁc and technological advances. The Budget also supports

major NSF research facilities, including long-term upgrades of NSF’s major Antarctic infra-

structure, construction of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory to support astronomy research, and

upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider, the world’s largest particle accelerator.

113

SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Supports Underserved Entrepreneurs. The Budget provides a $31 million increase over

the 2021 enacted level to support women, people of color, veterans, and other underserved en-

trepreneurs through SBA’s Entrepreneurial Development programs. This bold commitment

ensures entrepreneurs have access to counseling, training, and mentoring services. Access

to these services is essential to addressing inequities, expanding economic opportunity, and

ensuring small businesses have the tools to succeed.

• Expands Access to Capital for Small Businesses. The Budget addresses the need for

greater access to affordable capital, particularly in underserved communities. The Budget

increases the authorized lending levels in SBA’s ﬂagship 7(a) loan guarantee program, the

504 loan program for ﬁxed assets, Small Business Investment Companies, and the Secondary

Market Guarantee program by a total of $9.5 billion. Increasing these lending levels would

drive economic growth by signiﬁcantly expanding the availability of working capital, ﬁxed

capital, and venture capital funding for small businesses.

• Strengthens Domestic Manufacturing. Investing in Growth Accelerators, Regional

Innovation Clusters, as well as the Federal and State Technology Partnership Program is key

to ensuring entrepreneurs have access to the tools, networks, and services they need to bring

cutting-edge innovation to the market. The Budget provides $30 million, an $18 million

increase over the 2021 enacted level, to build and strengthen these innovation ecosystems.

The Budget also provides $4 million for the creation of a Manufacturing Hub to expand SBA’s

capacity to support domestic manufacturing by helping small businesses connect with ser-

vice providers to commercialize innovation, automate processes, enter new markets, expand

capacity, and strengthen their resiliency.

The Small Business Administration (SBA) helps to ensure that small businesses and

entrepreneurs have access to the information and resources they need to start, grow, or recover

their business. The President’s 2023 Budget for SBA makes historic investments in counseling

and training programs, expanding access to capital, supporting domestic manufacturing and

innovation, and promoting access to Government contracting opportunities.

The Budget requests $914 million in discretionary funding for SBA, a $159 million or 21-percent

increase from the 2021 enacted level.

114 SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

• Implements a Government-Wide Certiﬁcation Program for Veterans. The Budget

provides $20 million for a uniform certiﬁcation process to enable veteran and service-dis-

abled veteran-owned small businesses to access business opportunities across the Federal

Government.

• Engages Small Businesses in Combatting Climate Change. The Budget provides

$10 million to facilitate access to capital for investments to help small businesses become more

resilient to climate change or support the clean energy economy.

115

SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION

The President’s 2023 Budget:

• Improves Service Delivery. Each year, SSA processes more than six million retirement,

survivors, and Medicare claims, as well as more than two million disability and Supplemental

Security Income claims. The Budget provides an increase of $1.6 billion, or 14 percent over

the 2021 enacted level, to improve services at SSA’s ﬁeld ofﬁces, State disability determi-

nation services, and teleservice centers for retirees, individuals with disabilities, and their

families who rely on the Agency. The Budget also improves access to SSA’s services by adding

staff to speed disability claims processing and reduce wait times.

• Advances Equity and Accessibility. SSA remains committed to breaking down barriers

to access experienced by people who rely on its services, including individuals experiencing

homelessness, children with disabilities, and people with mental and intellectual disabili-

ties. The Budget makes investments to decrease customer wait times, simplify application

processes, and increase outreach to people who are difﬁcult to reach. SSA will also continue

to modernize its information technology systems to make more services available online and

improve 800 Number access.

• Promotes Program Integrity. The Budget includes $1.8 billion, $224 million above the

2021 enacted level, for dedicated program integrity activities to promote responsible spending

of Social Security funds and ensure that the Agency is providing the correct beneﬁt amounts

only to those who qualify. These funds also support actions to investigate and help prosecute

fraud.

The Social Security Administration (SSA) provides essential benets to retirees, survivors,

individuals with disabilities, and older Americans with limited income and resources. The

President’s 2023 Budget for SSA invests in improving service delivery, advancing equity, and

promoting program integrity.

The Budget requests $14.8 billion in discretionary funding for SSA, a $1.8 billion or 14-percent

increase from the 2021 enacted level, including funding for program integrity activities.

117

Summary Tables

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 119

Table S–1. Budget Totals

(In billions of dollars and as a percent of GDP)

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–

2027

2023–

2032

Budget totals in billions of dollars:

Receipts ....................................................... 4,047 4,437 4,638 4,874 5,076 5,406 5,696 5,969 6,227 6,500 6,795 7,083 25,690 58,264

Outlays ........................................................ 6,822 5,852 5,792 6,075 6,406 6,734 7,048 7,502 7,670 8,114 8,477 8,867 32,055 72,685

Deﬁcit

..................................................... 2,775 1,415 1,154 1,201 1,330 1,328 1,352 1,533 1,443 1,614 1,682 1,784 6,364 14,421

Debt held by the public ............................... 22,284 24,836 26,033 27,271 28,644 29,988 31,368 32,923 34,388 36,022 37,727 39,542

Debt held by the public net of ﬁnancial

assets ....................................................... 20,673 22,085 23,238 24,439 25,769 27,097 28,449 29,982 31,425 33,045 34,732 36,516

Gross domestic product (GDP) ....................... 22,358 24,256 25,567 26,694 27,787 28,912 30,080 31,307 32,615 34,018 35,498 37,041

Budget totals as a percent of GDP:

Receipts ....................................................... 18.1% 18.3% 18.1% 18.3% 18.3% 18.7% 18.9% 19.1% 19.1% 19.1% 19.1% 19.1% 18.5% 18.8%

Outlays ........................................................ 30.5% 24.1% 22.7% 22.8% 23.1% 23.3% 23.4% 24.0% 23.5% 23.9% 23.9% 23.9% 23.0% 23.4%

Deﬁcit ....................................................... 12.4% 5.8% 4.5% 4.5% 4.8% 4.6% 4.5% 4.9% 4.4% 4.7% 4.7% 4.8% 4.6% 4.7%

Debt held by the public ............................... 99.7% 102.4% 101.8% 102.2% 103.1% 103.7% 104.3% 105.2% 105.4% 105.9% 106.3% 106.7%

Debt held by the public net of ﬁnancial

assets ....................................................... 92.5% 91.0% 90.9% 91.6% 92.7% 93.7% 94.6% 95.8% 96.4% 97.1% 97.8% 98.6%

Memorandum, real net interest:

Real net interest in billions of dollars ........ –291 –514 –146 –48 20 73 129 181 221 254 298 337 29 1,319

Real net interest as a percent of GDP ........ –1.3% –2.1% –0.6% –0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.4% 0.6% 0.7% 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 0.0% 0.4%

The Budget includes a reserve for legislation that reduces costs, expands productive capacity, and reforms the tax system. While the President is committed to reducing the deﬁcit

with this legislation, this allowance is shown as deﬁcit neutral to be conservative for purposes of the budget totals. Because discussions with Congress continue, the Budget does

not break down the reserve among speciﬁc policies or between revenues and outlays.

The estimated deﬁcit for 2022 is based on partial year actual data and generally incorporates actuals through February. At the time the 2023 Budget was prepared, 2022

appropriations remained incomplete. The baseline reﬂects annualized continuing appropriations for 2022.

120 SUMMARY TABLES

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–

2027

2023–

2032

Projected deﬁcits in the baseline

.................... 2,775 1,421 1,176 1,279 1,422 1,399 1,419 1,630 1,562 1,748 1,818 2,014 6,694 15,466

Percent of GDP ..................................................... 12.4% 5.9% 4.6% 4.8% 5.1% 4.8% 4.7% 5.2% 4.8% 5.1% 5.1% 5.4%

Proposals in the 2023 Budget:

Reserve for legislation that reduces costs,

expands productive capacity, and reforms the

tax system

....................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Invest in K–12 education and college

affordability ...................................................... ......... ......... 3 22 28 33 38 44 50 54 55 56 125 383

Improve public health by investing in

preparedness, mental health, tribal health,

and other areas ................................................ ......... ......... 22 44 38 36 37 37 35 37 39 41 177 365

Increase affordable housing supply .................... ......... ......... 1 3 6 7 8 8 6 4 3 2 25 48

Combat and prevent crime .................................. ......... ......... 1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 2 2 15 28

Minimum tax on billionaires ............................... ......... ......... ......... –36 –40 –43 –43 –43 –43 –38 –36 –38 –163 –361

Additional investments and reforms ................... ......... –6 –50 –112 –124 –103 –104 –137 –158 –176 –180 –269 –493 –1,413

Debt service and other interest effects ............... ......... –* –* –1 –3 –5 –7 –9 –12 –15 –19 –24 –16 –95

Total proposals in the 2023 Budget

................ ......... –6 –22 –78 –93 –70 –67 –97 –119 –133 –136 –229 –330 –1,045

Resulting deﬁcits in the 2023 Budget .............. 2,775 1,415 1,154 1,201 1,330 1,328 1,352 1,533 1,443 1,614 1,682 1,784 6,364 14,421

Percent of GDP ..................................................... 12.4% 5.8% 4.5% 4.5% 4.8% 4.6% 4.5% 4.9% 4.4% 4.7% 4.7% 4.8%

*$500 million or less

At the time the 2023 Budget was prepared, 2022 appropriations remained incomplete. The baseline reﬂects annualized continuing appropriations for 2022.

The Budget includes a reserve for legislation that reduces costs, expands productive capacity, and reforms the tax system. While the President is committed to reducing the deﬁcit

with this legislation, this allowance is shown as deﬁcit neutral to be conservative for purposes of the budget totals. Because discussions with Congress continue, the Budget does

not break down the reserve among speciﬁc policies or between revenues and outlays.

Reﬂects budget deﬁcit reduction compared to a baseline that does not include the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (Public Law 117–103), which was enacted after the baseline

was ﬁnalized. Deﬁcit reduction relative to a baseline that incorporated that legislation would be signiﬁcantly greater.

Table S–2. Effect of Budget Proposals on Projected Deﬁcits

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in billions of dollars)

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 121

Table S–3. Baseline by Category

(In billions of dollars)

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–

2027

2023–

2032

Outlays:

Discretionary programs:

Defense .................................................... 742 766 766 784 802 815 828 847 866 886 906 927 3,995 8,426

Non-defense ............................................. 895 928 873 949 931 935 952 974 994 1,013 1,033 1,055 4,641 9,710

Subtotal, discretionary programs ....... 1,636 1,694 1,639 1,733 1,733 1,750 1,781 1,822 1,860 1,899 1,939 1,981 8,636 18,137

Mandatory programs:

Social Security ......................................... 1,129 1,214 1,313 1,398 1,482 1,571 1,663 1,760 1,858 1,958 2,061 2,167 7,427 17,231

Medicare .................................................. 689 753 847 853 972 1,071 1,158 1,311 1,261 1,420 1,492 1,645 4,901 12,031

Medicaid .................................................. 521 562 536 566 595 627 661 703 749 796 844 896 2,984 6,972

Other mandatory programs .................... 2,495 1,272 954 852 854 870 862 929 915 962 989 1,035 4,393 9,222

Subtotal, mandatory programs .......... 4,834 3,800 3,650 3,670 3,904 4,138 4,344 4,703 4,783 5,136 5,386 5,743 19,705 45,456

Net interest ................................................. 352 357 396 477 567 653 736 818 891 963 1,038 1,116 2,829 7,655

Total outlays ............................................ 6,822 5,852 5,685 5,880 6,204 6,540 6,861 7,342 7,534 7,998 8,363 8,840 31,171 71,248

Receipts:

Individual income taxes .............................. 2,044 2,257 2,305 2,319 2,431 2,727 2,926 3,074 3,241 3,420 3,610 3,789 12,708 29,843

Corporation income taxes ........................... 372 383 412 447 454 437 445 468 465 457 454 455 2,196 4,495

Social insurance and retirement receipts:

Social Security payroll taxes .................. 952 1,047 1,101 1,158 1,208 1,264 1,315 1,381 1,439 1,505 1,575 1,644 6,046 13,590

Medicare payroll taxes ............................ 295 329 343 361 376 393 409 430 448 469 491 514 1,883 4,233

Unemployment insurance ....................... 57 58 55 55 55 55 56 56 60 62 62 64 275 580

Other retirement ..................................... 10 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 67 149

Excise taxes ................................................. 75 84 90 95 95 96 96 96 98 100 101 103 473 971

Estate and gift taxes ................................... 27 26 25 25 26 27 41 42 44 47 50 53 144 380

Customs duties ............................................ 80 93 54 46 47 49 51 53 55 58 60 53 247 526

Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve

System ..................................................... 100 108 76 43 34 35 39 45 50 57 65 73 227 516

Other miscellaneous receipts ..................... 34 35 36 39 42 45 49 52 56 58 60 62 211 499

Total receipts ........................................... 4,047 4,431 4,509 4,601 4,782 5,142 5,442 5,712 5,972 6,250 6,545 6,826 24,476 55,781

Deﬁcit ............................................................. 2,775 1,421 1,176 1,279 1,422 1,399 1,419 1,630 1,562 1,748 1,818 2,014 6,694 15,466

Net interest ................................................. 352 357 396 477 567 653 736 818 891 963 1,038 1,116 2,829 7,655

Primary deﬁcit ............................................ 2,423 1,064 780 801 855 746 683 813 672 784 780 898 3,865 7,812

On-budget deﬁcit ......................................... 2,724 1,381 1,090 1,164 1,277 1,224 1,220 1,406 1,300 1,456 1,495 1,656 5,976 13,289

Off-budget deﬁcit/surplus (–) ...................... 52 41 86 115 145 174 198 225 262 292 323 357 718 2,178

Baseline estimates are on the basis of the economic assumptions shown in Table S–9, which incorporate the effects of the Administration’s ﬁscal policies and incorporate certain

adjustments described in the “Current Services” chapter of the Analytical Perspectives volume. At the time the 2023 Budget was prepared, 2022 appropriations remained

incomplete. The baseline reﬂects annualized continuing appropriations for 2022. See Tables S–7 and S–8 for more information about discretionary funding levels.

122 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–4. Proposed Budget by Category

(In billions of dollars)

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–

2027

2023–

2032

Outlays:

Discretionary programs:

Defense .................................................... 742 766 795 822 837 843 853 864 872 879 885 891 4,150 8,541

Non-defense ............................................. 895 928 915 1,022 1,012 1,019 1,026 1,030 1,039 1,051 1,065 1,083 4,993 10,261

Subtotal, discretionary programs ....... 1,636 1,694 1,709 1,844 1,848 1,862 1,879 1,894 1,911 1,930 1,950 1,974 9,142 18,802

Mandatory programs:

Social Security ......................................... 1,129 1,214 1,313 1,398 1,482 1,570 1,662 1,759 1,857 1,957 2,059 2,165 7,425 17,222

Medicare .................................................. 689 753 846 853 971 1,070 1,157 1,310 1,260 1,420 1,513 1,612 4,898 12,013

Medicaid .................................................. 521 562 536 567 599 631 666 706 752 799 847 898 2,999 7,001

Other mandatory programs .................... 2,495 1,272 993 937 942 953 954 1,024 1,012 1,060 1,088 1,126 4,778 10,089

Subtotal, mandatory programs .......... 4,834 3,800 3,687 3,755 3,994 4,224 4,439 4,800 4,880 5,236 5,508 5,801 20,099 46,324

Net interest ................................................. 352 357 396 476 564 648 729 808 879 948 1,019 1,092 2,813 7,559

Total outlays ............................................ 6,822 5,852 5,792 6,075 6,406 6,734 7,048 7,502 7,670 8,114 8,477 8,867 32,055 72,685

Receipts:

Individual income taxes .............................. 2,044 2,263 2,345 2,427 2,549 2,819 3,007 3,156 3,324 3,502 3,692 3,876 13,147 30,698

Corporation income taxes ........................... 372 383 501 616 633 612 620 644 638 627 623 625 2,982 6,139

Social insurance and retirement receipts:

Social Security payroll taxes .................. 952 1,047 1,101 1,158 1,208 1,264 1,315 1,381 1,439 1,505 1,575 1,644 6,046 13,590

Medicare payroll taxes ............................ 295 329 342 360 375 392 408 428 446 467 489 512 1,876 4,218

Unemployment insurance ....................... 57 58 55 55 55 55 56 56 60 62 62 64 275 579

Other retirement ..................................... 10 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 67 149

Excise taxes ................................................. 75 84 91 96 95 96 97 96 99 101 101 103 474 974

Estate and gift taxes ................................... 27 26 25 23 25 25 40 42 45 47 51 54 138 376

Customs duties ............................................ 80 93 54 46 47 49 51 53 55 58 60 53 247 526

Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve

System ..................................................... 100 108 76 43 34 35 39 45 50 57 65 73 227 516

Other miscellaneous receipts ..................... 34 35 36 39 42 45 49 52 56 58 60 62 211 499

Total receipts ........................................... 4,047 4,437 4,638 4,874 5,076 5,406 5,696 5,969 6,227 6,500 6,795 7,083 25,690 58,264

Deﬁcit ............................................................. 2,775 1,415 1,154 1,201 1,330 1,328 1,352 1,533 1,443 1,614 1,682 1,784 6,364 14,421

Net interest ................................................. 352 357 396 476 564 648 729 808 879 948 1,019 1,092 2,813 7,559

Primary deﬁcit ............................................ 2,423 1,058 758 724 766 680 622 725 565 667 663 692 3,551 6,862

On-budget deﬁcit ......................................... 2,724 1,374 1,068 1,085 1,184 1,153 1,153 1,308 1,181 1,323 1,360 1,428 5,643 12,243

Off-budget deﬁcit/surplus (–) ...................... 52 41 86 116 146 175 199 225 262 292 322 356 721 2,178

The Budget includes a reserve for legislation that reduces costs, expands productive capacity, and reforms the tax system. While the President is committed to reducing the deﬁcit

with this legislation, this allowance is shown as deﬁcit neutral to be conservative for purposes of the budget totals. Because discussions with Congress continue, the Budget does

not break down the reserve among speciﬁc policies or between revenues and outlays.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 123

Table S–5. Proposed Budget by Category as a Percent of GDP

(As a percent of GDP)

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Averages

2023–

2027

2023–

2032

Outlays:

Discretionary programs:

Defense .................................................... 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 3.0 2.8

Non-defense ............................................. 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.6 3.3

Subtotal, discretionary programs ....... 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.7 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.3 6.6 6.1

Mandatory programs:

Social Security ......................................... 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.5

Medicare .................................................. 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.2 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.4 3.5 3.8

Medicaid .................................................. 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.2

Other mandatory programs .................... 11.2 5.2 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.5 3.3

Subtotal, mandatory programs .......... 21.6 15.7 14.4 14.1 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.3 15.0 15.4 15.5 15.7 14.4 14.9

Net interest ................................................. 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.0 2.4

Total outlays ............................................ 30.5 24.1 22.7 22.8 23.1 23.3 23.4 24.0 23.5 23.9 23.9 23.9 23.0 23.4

Receipts:

Individual income taxes .............................. 9.1 9.3 9.2 9.1 9.2 9.8 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 9.4 9.9

Corporation income taxes ........................... 1.7 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 2.1 2.0

Social insurance and retirement receipts:

Social Security payroll taxes .................. 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4

Medicare payroll taxes ............................ 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4

Unemployment insurance ....................... 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other retirement ..................................... * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Excise taxes ................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Estate and gift taxes ................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Customs duties ............................................ 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve

System ..................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other miscellaneous receipts ..................... 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Total receipts ........................................... 18.1 18.3 18.1 18.3 18.3 18.7 18.9 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 18.5 18.8

Deﬁcit ............................................................. 12.4 5.8 4.5 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.9 4.4 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.7

Net interest ................................................. 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.0 2.4

Primary deﬁcit ............................................ 10.8 4.4 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.1 2.3 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.6 2.3

On-budget deﬁcit ......................................... 12.2 5.7 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.0 3.8 4.2 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.0

Off-budget deﬁcit/surplus (–) ...................... 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.7

*0.05 percent of GDP or less

The Budget includes a reserve for legislation that reduces costs, expands productive capacity, and reforms the tax system. While the President is committed to reducing the deﬁcit

with this legislation, this allowance is shown as deﬁcit neutral to be conservative for purposes of the budget totals. Because discussions with Congress continue, the Budget does

not break down the reserve among speciﬁc policies or between revenues and outlays.

124 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–2027 2023–2032

Mandatory initiatives and savings:

Multi-agency proposals:

Reserve for legislation that reduces costs, expands

productive capacity, and reforms the tax system ..... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Transform mental health & substance use disorder

coverage and infrastructure:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Invest in behavioral health workforce and

delivery .............................................................. ......... 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 3,750 7,500

Expand and convert Medicaid demonstration

programs to improve community behavioral

health services into a permanent program ...... ......... 45 1,430 1,960 2,430 2,560 2,750 2,930 3,120 3,320 3,520 8,425 24,065

Establish Medicaid provider capacity grants

for mental health & substance use disorder

treatment ........................................................... ......... 40 170 1,640 2,340 2,600 710 ......... ......... ......... ......... 6,790 7,500

Utilize clinically appropriate criteria for

Medicaid behavioral health services ................ ......... 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 270 280 290 1,050 2,380

Establish performance bonus fund to improve

behavioral health in Medicaid .......................... ......... 500 500 500 500 500 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2,500 2,500

Apply the Mental Health Parity and Addiction

Equity Act (MHPAEA) to Medicare ................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Eliminate the 190-day lifetime limit on

psychiatric hospital services ............................. ......... 30 90 110 110 120 120 130 140 140 150 460 1,140

Revise criteria for psychiatric hospital

terminations from Medicare ............................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Modernize Medicare mental health beneﬁts

...... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Require Medicare to cover three behavioral

health visits without cost-sharing .................... ......... ......... 100 130 140 150 160 150 170 170 180 520 1,350

Increase access to consumer protections in self-

insured non-federal governmental plans ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Provide mandatory funding for state

enforcement of mental health parity

requirements ..................................................... ......... 10 40 25 25 25 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 125 125

Permanently extend funding for Community

Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) .................... ......... 124 289 372 413 413 413 413 413 413 413 1,611 3,676

Department of Labor:

Authorize the Department of Labor (DOL) to

pursue parity violations by entities that

provide administrative services to Employee

Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)

group health plans ............................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Amend ERISA to allow participants and

beneﬁciaries to recover losses due to parity

violations ........................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Authorize DOL to impose civil monetary

penalties for MHPAEA noncompliance ............ ......... ......... –3 –4 –4 –4 –4 –4 –4 –4 –4 –15 –35

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 125

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–2027 2023–2032

Provide mandatory funding for DOL to perform

additional Non-Quantitative Treatment

Limitations (NQTL) audits ............................... ......... 2 5 25 25 34 35 36 37 38 38 91 275

Cross-Cutting proposals:

Improve access to behavioral healthcare in the

private insurance market

............................... ......... 1,881 2,664 2,842 2,933 3,052 3,184 3,354 3,503 3,661 3,847 13,371 30,920

Require coverage of three behavioral health

visits and three primary care visits without

cost-sharing

...................................................... ......... 1,202 1,740 1,823 1,937 2,025 2,117 2,229 2,316 2,388 2,506 8,728 20,284

Subtotal, transform mental health & substance

use disorder coverage and infrastructure ........ ......... 4,774 7,975 10,383 11,819 12,455 10,475 10,238 10,715 11,156 11,690 47,406 101,680

Increase affordable housing supply:

Department of Housing and Urban Development:

Fund affordable housing production grants ........ ......... 500 2,000 3,500 4,500 5,000 4,500 3,000 1,500 500 ......... 15,500 25,000

Reduce affordable housing barriers ..................... ......... 200 800 1,400 1,800 2,000 1,800 1,200 600 200 ......... 6,200 10,000

Department of the Treasury:

Establish Community Development Financial

Institutions Affordable Housing Supply Fund .... ......... 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 2,500 5,000

Allow selective basis boosts for bond-ﬁnanced

Low-Income Housing Credit projects

............. ......... 2 29 140 354 617 895 1,148 1,359 1,561 1,769 1,142 7,874

Subtotal, increase affordable housing supply ..... ......... 1,202 3,329 5,540 7,154 8,117 7,695 5,848 3,959 2,761 2,269 25,342 47,874

Protect our elections and the right to vote:

Election Assistance Commission:

Fund election grants to increase access and

security .............................................................. ......... 2,040 810 830 840 860 880 900 920 950 970 5,380 10,000

Postal Service:

Expand affordability and reliability of election-

related mail service ........................................... ......... 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 2,500 5,000

Subtotal, protect our elections and the right to

vote ..................................................................... ......... 2,540 1,310 1,330 1,340 1,360 1,380 1,400 1,420 1,450 1,470 7,880 15,000

Expand legal representation for asylum seekers:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Provide unaccompanied children with legal

representation ................................................... ......... 120 302 470 644 892 1,063 1,121 1,161 1,194 1,223 2,428 8,190

Department of Justice:

Provide representation in the immigration court

system ................................................................ ......... 68 248 428 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 1,644 3,894

Subtotal, expand legal representation for asylum

seekers ............................................................... ......... 188 550 898 1,094 1,342 1,513 1,571 1,611 1,644 1,673 4,072 12,084

Advance child welfare:

Department of Health and Human Services:

126 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–2027 2023–2032

Create new ﬂexibilities and support in the

Chafee program for youth who experienced

foster care .......................................................... ......... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 500 1,000

Prevent and combat religious, sexual orientation,

gender identity, gender expression, or sex

discrimination in the child welfare system ..... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand and encourage participation in the

title IV-E Prevention Services and Kinship

Navigator programs .......................................... 161 280 318 376 445 389 457 539 628 701 767 1,808 4,900

Reauthorize, increase funding for, and amend the

Promoting Safe and Stable Families program .... ......... 78 250 292 295 300 300 300 300 300 300 1,215 2,715

Increase support for foster care placements with

kin caregivers .................................................... ......... 91 100 108 116 126 136 145 155 162 169 541 1,308

Reduce reimbursement rates for foster care

congregate care placements .............................. ......... –27 –24 –21 –18 –17 –16 –15 –14 –14 –14 –107 –180

Department of the Treasury:

Make the adoption tax credit refundable and

allow certain guardianship arrangements to

qualify

.............................................................. ......... 11 2,037 1,244 1,015 1,038 1,009 1,016 1,031 1,043 1,050 5,345 10,494

Subtotal, advance child welfare ........................... 161 533 2,781 2,099 1,953 1,936 1,986 2,085 2,200 2,292 2,372 9,302 20,237

Ensure future pandemic and public health

preparedness:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Invest in development of medical

countermeasures, surge capacity, and public

health systems .................................................. ......... 13,509 28,734 17,183 10,354 6,627 4,449 723 120 ......... ......... 76,407 81,699

Establish the Vaccines for Adults program .......... ......... 1,712 2,155 2,238 2,326 2,416 2,511 2,608 2,711 2,816 2,926 10,847 24,419

Expand Vaccines for Children (VFC) program

to all Children’s Health Insurance Program

(CHIP) children and make program

improvements .................................................... ......... 20 30 30 30 20 40 30 30 20 30 130 280

Authorize coverage for drugs and devices

authorized for emergency use

......................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Encourage development of innovative

antimicrobial drugs

......................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Consolidate all vaccine coverage under Medicare

Part B ................................................................. ......... ......... 400 460 450 440 420 400 370 350 290 1,750 3,580

Ensure consistency and clarity of data reporting

requirements for Medicare providers,

suppliers, and contractors during public

health emergencies ........................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Enable the Secretary to temporarily modify or

waive the application of speciﬁc requirements

of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement

Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) Act

.................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Department of State and United States Agency for

International Development (USAID)

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 127

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–2027 2023–2032

Strengthen the global health workforce, advance

research and development capacity, and

increase health security ﬁnancing ................... ......... 2,275 1,950 1,625 325 325 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 6,500 6,500

Subtotal, ensure future pandemic and public

health preparedness ......................................... ......... 17,516 33,269 21,536 13,485 9,828 7,420 3,761 3,231 3,186 3,246 95,634 116,478

Reclassiﬁcations:

Shift the Indian Health Service from discretionary

to mandatory funding

Technical Reclassiﬁcation:

Reduction in discretionary spending (non-add) ... ......... –7,398 –8,977 –9,498 –9,716 –9,939 –10,170 –10,402 –10,641 –10,886 –11,136 –45,528 –98,763

Shift to mandatory spending ........................... ......... 7,398 8,977 9,498 9,716 9,939 10,170 10,402 10,641 10,886 11,136 45,528 98,763

Provide adequate funding and close service gaps ......... ......... 2,721 6,272 10,022 13,986 18,178 20,207 21,762 23,421 25,191 33,001 141,760

Total IHS Request (Budget authority) (non-add) .. ......... 9,121 12,731 16,535 20,545 24,777 29,246 30,956 32,771 34,697 36,741 83,709 248,120

End Deﬁcit Reduction Contributions from

Passenger Security Fee ......................................... ......... 1,520 1,560 1,600 1,640 1,680 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 8,000 8,000

Discretionary effects (non-add) ............................. ......... –1,520 –1,560 –1,600 –1,640 –1,680 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –8,000 –8,000

Provide mandatory funding for previously enacted

Tribal Water Settlements Operations and

Maintenance .......................................................... ......... 20 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 156 326

Discretionary effects (non-add) ............................. ......... –20 –34 –34 –34 –34 –34 –34 –34 –34 –34 –156 –326

Reclassify Tribal Lease Payments ............................ ......... 55 56 57 58 60 61 62 63 64 66 286 602

Discretionary effects (non-add) ............................. ......... –55 –56 –57 –58 –60 –61 –62 –63 –64 –66 –286 –602

Reclassify Contract Support Costs ........................... ......... 237 397 410 422 434 447 456 466 474 484 1,900 4,227

Discretionary effects (non-add) ............................. ......... –237 –397 –410 –422 –434 –447 –456 –466 –474 –484 –1,900 –4,227

Subtotal, reclassiﬁcations ..................................... ......... 9,230 13,745 17,871 21,892 26,133 28,890 31,161 32,966 34,879 36,911 88,871 253,678

Program integrity proposals:

Capture savings to Medicare and Medicaid from

Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control (HCFAC)

allocation adjustment ........................................... ......... –1,119 –1,181 –1,246 –1,315 –1,354 –1,393 –1,435 –1,479 –1,523 –1,569 –6,215 –13,614

Implement HCFAC allocation adjustment,

discretionary outlays (non-add) ........................ ......... 576 593 611 629 648 667 687 708 729 751 3,057 6,599

Net effect of HCFAC allocation adjustment (non-

add) .................................................................... ......... –543 –588 –635 –686 –706 –726 –748 –771 –794 –818 –3,158 –7,015

Capture savings to Unemployment Insurance (UI)

from Reemployment Services and Eligibility

Assessments (RESEA) allocation adjustment

... –290 –474 –684 –701 –630 –618 –597 –583 –574 –851 –911 –3,107 –6,623

Implement RESEA allocation adjustment,

discretionary outlays (non-add) ........................ 79 249 424 528 605 631 648 661 677 692 709 2,437 5,824

Net effect of RESEA allocation adjustment (non-

add) .................................................................... –211 –225 –260 –173 –25 13 51 78 103 –159 –202 –670 –799

Capture savings from the Social Security

Administration (SSA) allocation adjustments

... ......... –112 –1,776 –3,142 –3,992 –4,885 –6,021 –6,289 –7,440 –8,242 –8,981 –13,907 –50,880

Implement SSA allocation adjustments,

discretionary outlays (non-add) ........................ ......... 1,516 1,579 1,405 1,502 1,577 1,626 1,683 1,765 1,801 1,834 7,579 16,288

128 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–2027 2023–2032

Net effect of SSA allocation adjustments (non-

add) .................................................................... ......... 1,404 –197 –1,737 –2,490 –3,308 –4,395 –4,606 –5,675 –6,441 –7,147 –6,328 –34,592

Subtotal, program integrity proposals ................. –290 –1,705 –3,641 –5,089 –5,937 –6,857 –8,011 –8,307 –9,493 –10,616 –11,461 –23,229 –71,117

Increase Afghan Special Immigrant Visas ................... ......... 52 81 80 72 66 64 58 52 53 54 351 632

Smooth and extend BBEDCA Section 251A

sequestration .............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 1,730 22,450 –36,537 ......... –12,357

Proposals by Agency:

Department of Defense--Military Programs:

Extend authority to provide increased voluntary

separation incentive pay for civilian employees of

the Department of Defense ................................... ......... 1 1 1 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 3 3

Authorize mandatory collection of Survivor

Beneﬁt Plan premiums from Veterans Disability

Compensation ........................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand the current Medicare Eligible Retiree

Health Care Fund to include all uniformed

services retiree health care costs ......................... ......... ......... 464 462 406 351 209 52 –99 –235 –355 1,683 1,255

Establish reserve component duty status reform ..... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Department of Education

Double the maximum Pell Grant by 2029 ............... ......... 2,847 8,442 12,710 16,988 21,428 26,563 32,148 35,348 36,010 36,671 62,415 229,155

Increase the Pell Grant discretionary award (effect

on mandatory costs) .............................................. ......... ......... 54 125 125 126 135 148 148 149 150 430 1,160

Shift mandatory funds to support Pell award

increase .................................................................. ......... ......... –54 –125 –125 –126 –135 –148 –148 –149 –150 –430 –1,160

Increase Title I funding ............................................ ......... 640 13,455 15,205 16,354 17,050 17,442 17,844 18,252 18,674 19,102 62,704 154,018

Title I Mandatory Request (Budget authority)

(non-add) ........................................................... ......... 16,000 16,368 16,745 17,130 17,523 17,927 18,338 18,761 19,192 19,634 83,766 177,618

Department of Energy:

Strengthen clean energy manufacturing ................. ......... 40 100 160 180 190 160 100 40 20 10 670 1,000

Department of Health and Human Services:

Fund the Administration’s HIV/AIDS strategy:

Eliminate barriers to pre-exposure prophylaxis

(PrEP) under Medicaid ..................................... ......... –290 –310 –340 –370 –390 –430 –460 –500 –530 –580 –1,700 –4,200

Establish PrEP Delivery Program to end the

HIV epidemic ..................................................... ......... 213 371 526 687 853 1,027 1,206 1,394 1,587 1,789 2,650 9,653

Extend and expand the Maternal Infant Early

Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) program ... ......... 19 142 415 532 611 646 502 116 22 ......... 1,719 3,005

Provide CMS Program Management

Implementation Funding ...................................... ......... 50 150 100 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 300 300

Standardize data collection to improve quality and

promote equitable care ......................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Add Medicare coverage of services furnished by

community health workers

................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Establish a Contingency Fund for the

Unaccompanied Children Program ...................... ......... 696 1,315 1,439 789 201 108 62 31 ......... ......... 4,440 4,641

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 129

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–2027 2023–2032

Treat certain populations as refugees for public

beneﬁt purposes .................................................... ......... 111 122 127 132 138 133 11 4 4 4 630 786

Prohibit unsolicited Medicare beneﬁciary contacts

... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand tools to identify and investigate fraud in

the Medicare Advantage program

...................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Hold long-term care facility owners accountable for

noncompliant closures and substandard care ..... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Increase transparency by disclosing accreditation

surveys ................................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Remove restrictions on the certiﬁcation of new

entities as Organ Procurement Organizations

and increase enforcement ﬂexibility .................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Enhance the physician fee schedule conversion

factor update in CY 2025 ...................................... ......... ......... ......... 250 380 410 430 460 480 500 540 1,040 3,450

Modify the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program in the

Territories .............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Enhance Medicaid managed care enforcement ....... ......... –100 –200 –200 –200 –200 –200 –200 –200 –300 –300 –900 –2,100

Medicaid interactions ............................................... ......... ......... ......... 60 100 100 30 ......... ......... ......... ......... 260 290

Department of Homeland Security:

Establish Electronic Visa Update System user fee

......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Extend expiring Customs and Border Protection

(CBP) user fees ...................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –5,939 ......... –5,939

Establish an affordability program for the National

Flood Insurance Program ..................................... ......... 43 328 375 427 480 534 580 630 676 720 1,653 4,793

Department of Justice:

Combat and prevent crime ....................................... ......... 1,064 2,055 3,289 4,157 4,535 3,551 2,875 2,249 1,992 1,892 15,100 27,662

Department of Labor:

Shift timing of Pension Beneﬁt Guarantee

Corporation’s Single Employer premiums ........... ......... ......... ......... 3,314 –3,314 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand Foreign Labor Certiﬁcation Fees ................ ......... 4 5 –40 –2 4 4 5 6 6 7 –29 –1

Department of the Treasury:

Reduce paperwork burden by permanently

authorizing current home to work transportation

for the IRS Commissioner .................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Amend the Bank Merger Act to allow for the

transition of Treasury-sponsored debit cards

accounts ................................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Fund the Federal Payment Levy Program via

collections

............................................................. ......... 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 110 220

Department of Veterans Affairs:

Modernize records management program ............... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Extend authority for the Specially Adapted

Housing Assistive Technology Grant Program .... ......... 1 1 1 1 1 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 5 5

Extend authority for Specially Adapted Housing

Temporary Residence Adaptation grant .............. ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 10

130 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–2027 2023–2032

Environmental Protection Agency:

Expand use of pesticide licensing user fees ............. ......... 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 ......... ......... ......... 9 11

General Services Administration:

Establish and capitalize the Federal Capital

Revolving Fund

.................................................... ......... 966 2,264 1,132 133 –133 83 –183 33 –47 –123 4,362 4,125

Expand the Disposal Fund authorities .................... ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 10

International Assistance Programs:

Fund renegotiated Compacts of Free Association

... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

National Aeronautics and Space Administration:

Distribute the Science, Space, and Technology

Education Trust Fund ........................................... ......... 16 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 16 16

Ofﬁce of Personnel Management:

Amend Administration of Tribal Federal Employees

Health Beneﬁts Program (FEHBP) Enrollment

System ................................................................... ......... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 20

Expand Family Member Eligibility under the

Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance

Program (FEDVIP) ............................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand FEDVIP to Tribal Employers ..................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand FEHBP to Tribal Colleges and Universities ... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Small Business Administration:

Support SBA COVID programs’ oversight and

servicing ................................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Consumer Product Safety Commission:

Strengthen mandatory recall authorities ................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Total, mandatory initiatives and savings ............... –129 40,679 88,132 93,662 90,280 100,036 101,729 102,844 106,201 127,660 65,151 412,789 916,374

Tax proposals:

Reform business and international taxation:

Raise the corporate income tax rate to 28 percent ....... ......... –83,500 –138,893 –136,355 –134,942 –137,761 –139,987 –137,573 –135,244 –134,857 –135,448 –631,451 –1,314,560

Adopt the Undertaxed Proﬁts Rule ............................... ......... ......... –20,427 –33,464 –29,329 –26,655 –26,170 –25,638 –25,109 –25,665 –27,006 –109,875 –239,463

Provide tax incentives for locating jobs and business

activity in the United States and remove tax

deductions for shipping jobs overseas:

Provide tax credit for inshoring jobs to the United

States ..................................................................... ......... 8 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 64 149

Remove tax deductions for shipping jobs overseas . ......... –8 –13 –14 –14 –15 –16 –16 –17 –18 –18 –64 –149

Subtotal, provide tax incentives for locating jobs

and business activity in the United States

and remove tax deductions for shipping jobs

overseas ............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Prevent basis shifting by related parties through

partnerships ............................................................... ......... –3,320 –5,676 –5,912 –6,153 –6,401 –6,621 –6,785 –6,887 –6,959 –7,025 –27,462 –61,739

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 131

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–2027 2023–2032

Conform deﬁnition of “control” with corporate

afﬁliation test ............................................................. ......... –761 –1,104 –1,125 –1,143 –1,158 –1,170 –1,179 –1,182 –1,182 –1,176 –5,291 –11,180

Expand access to retroactive qualiﬁed electing fund

elections ...................................................................... ......... ......... –1 –2 –2 –3 –4 –5 –6 –7 –9 –8 –39

Expand the deﬁnition of foreign business entity to

include taxable units .................................................. ......... –300 –324 –290 –193 –89 –96 –103 –112 –120 –130 –1,196 –1,757

Subtotal, reform business and international

taxation .............................................................. ......... –87,881 –166,425 –177,148 –171,762 –172,067 –174,048 –171,283 –168,540 –168,790 –170,794 –775,283 –1,628,738

Support housing and urban development:

Make permanent the New Markets Tax Credit ........... ......... ......... ......... ......... 97 278 483 716 990 1,290 1,602 375 5,456

Subtotal, support housing and urban development .... ......... ......... ......... ......... 97 278 483 716 990 1,290 1,602 375 5,456

Modify fossil fuel taxation:

Eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences:

Repeal the enhanced oil recovery credit .................. ......... ......... ......... –31 –80 –130 –186 –237 –271 –301 –330 –241 –1,566

Repeal the deduction for costs paid or incurred for

any tertiary injectant used as part of tertiary

recovery method

.................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Repeal credit for oil and gas produced from

marginal wells ....................................................... ......... ......... –3 –52 –144 –219 –265 –288 –301 –317 –333 –418 –1,922

Repeal expensing of intangible drilling costs .......... ......... –1,508 –2,231 –1,806 –1,401 –847 –600 –597 –601 –590 –561 –7,793 –10,742

Repeal exception to passive loss limitation provided

to working interests in oil and natural gas

properties ............................................................... ......... –10 –9 –9 –9 –8 –8 –8 –8 –7 –7 –45 –83

Repeal the use of percentage depletion with respect

to oil and natural gas wells .................................. ......... –925 –1,037 –1,085 –1,178 –1,267 –1,351 –1,433 –1,510 –1,579 –1,649 –5,492 –13,014

Increase geological and geophysical amortization

period for independent producers ........................ ......... –631 –831 –930 –1,008 –1,045 –1,086 –1,128 –1,158 –1,193 –1,218 –4,445 –10,228

Repeal expensing of mine exploration and

development costs ................................................ ......... –131 –194 –156 –122 –74 –52 –52 –52 –50 –49 –677 –932

Repeal percentage depletion for hard mineral fossil

fuels ........................................................................ ......... –163 –183 –191 –208 –224 –239 –253 –267 –279 –291 –969 –2,298

Repeal capital gains treatment for royalties ........... ......... –27 –52 –54 –57 –62 –64 –66 –69 –71 –73 –252 –595

Repeal the exemption from the corporate income

tax for fossil fuel publicly traded partnerships ... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –90 –176 –216 –253 –288 ......... –1,023

Eliminate the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund

(OSLTF) excise tax exemption for crude oil

derived from bitumen and kerogen-rich rock ...... ......... –29 –38 –39 –40 –41 –41 –42 –43 –45 –46 –187 –404

Repeal accelerated amortization of air pollution

control equipment ................................................. ......... –14 –34 –54 –71 –88 –103 –117 –115 –103 –92 –261 –791

Subtotal, eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences .... ......... –3,438 –4,612 –4,407 –4,318 –4,005 –4,085 –4,397 –4,611 –4,788 –4,937 –20,780 –43,598

Modify OSLTF ﬁnancing and Superfund excise taxes:

Eliminate the tax exemption for crude oil from

bitumen and kerogen-rich rock for the Superfund ... ......... –64 –85 –87 –88 –88 –89 –90 –92 –95 –95 –412 –873

Eliminate drawback for the OSLTF ......................... ......... –53 –70 –71 –72 –72 –72 –72 –72 –72 –72 –338 –698

Subtotal, modify OSLTF ﬁnancing and

Superfund excise taxes ..................................... ......... –117 –155 –158 –160 –160 –161 –162 –164 –167 –167 –750 –1,571

Subtotal, modify fossil fuel taxation ....................... ......... –3,555 –4,767 –4,565 –4,478 –4,165 –4,246 –4,559 –4,775 –4,955 –5,104 –21,530 –45,169

132 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–2027 2023–2032

Strengthen taxation of high-income taxpayers:

Increase the top marginal income tax rate for high

earners ........................................................................ –5,861 –23,895 –39,877 –46,351 –19,648 –7,909 –8,573 –9,153 –9,796 –10,451 –11,156 –137,680 –186,809

Reform the taxation of capital income .......................... –263 –5,464 –15,229 –17,487 –17,979 –17,969 –18,452 –19,224 –20,025 –20,885 –21,774 –74,128 –174,488

Impose a minimum income tax on the wealthiest

taxpayers .................................................................... ......... ......... –36,115 –40,478 –42,662 –43,395 –43,053 –42,591 –38,087 –36,047 –38,415 –162,650 –360,843

Subtotal, strengthen taxation of high-income

taxpayers ............................................................... –6,124 –29,359 –91,221 –104,316 –80,289 –69,273 –70,078 –70,968 –67,908 –67,383 –71,345 –374,458 –722,140

Support families and students:

Provide income exclusion for student debt relief

....... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 17 41 266 292 320 351 19 1,289

Subtotal, support families and students .................. ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 17 41 266 292 320 351 19 1,289

Modify estate and gift taxation:

Modify income, estate, and gift tax rules for certain

grantor trusts ............................................................. ......... –452 –1,699 –2,405 –2,349 –3,950 –4,949 –5,504 –6,049 –6,912 –7,261 –10,855 –41,530

Require consistent valuation of promissory notes ....... ......... –342 –716 –747 –697 –695 –658 –649 –637 –619 –601 –3,197 –6,361

Improve tax administration for trusts and decedents’

estates ......................................................................... ......... 15 23 24 25 30 34 38 43 45 49 117 326

Limit duration of generation-skipping transfer tax

exemption ................................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, modify estate and gift taxation ................ ......... –779 –2,392 –3,128 –3,021 –4,615 –5,573 –6,115 –6,643 –7,486 –7,813 –13,935 –47,565

Close loopholes:

Tax carried (proﬁts) interests as ordinary income ....... ......... –406 –677 –675 –674 –672 –679 –692 –706 –720 –735 –3,104 –6,636

Repeal deferral of gain from like-kind exchanges ........ ......... –676 –1,857 –1,914 –1,971 –2,030 –2,091 –2,154 –2,218 –2,285 –2,354 –8,448 –19,550

Require 100 percent recapture of depreciation

deductions as ordinary income for certain

depreciable real property ........................................... ......... –35 –113 –233 –364 –505 –657 –821 –1,000 –1,192 –1,400 –1,250 –6,320

Limit a partner’s deduction in certain syndicated

conservation easement transactions ......................... ......... –925 –4,689 –2,739 –2,114 –1,488 –1,261 –1,299 –1,337 –1,377 –1,419 –11,955 –18,648

Limit use of donor advised funds to avoid private

foundation payout requirement ................................ ......... –16 –15 –10 –6 –3 –2 –3 –3 –3 –3 –50 –64

Extend the period for assessment of tax for certain

Qualiﬁed Opportunity Fund investors ...................... ......... –4 –13 –15 –15 –13 –10 –9 –8 –6 –2 –60 –95

Establish an untaxed income account regime for

certain small insurance companies ........................... ......... –908 –2,241 –1,017 –865 –795 –764 –757 –748 –739 –730 –5,826 –9,564

Expand pro rata interest expense disallowance for

business-owned life insurance ................................... ......... –530 –540 –582 –619 –665 –704 –739 –774 –812 –850 –2,936 –6,815

Correct drafting errors in the taxation of insurance

companies under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 .... ......... –86 –112 –116 –100 –75 –70 –63 –59 –55 –51 –489 –787

Deﬁne the term “ultimate purchaser” for purposes of

diesel fuel exportation ............................................... ......... –4 –6 –9 –10 –13 –14 –17 –20 –22 –24 –42 –139

Subtotal, close loopholes ........................................... ......... –3,590 –10,263 –7,310 –6,738 –6,259 –6,252 –6,554 –6,873 –7,211 –7,568 –34,160 –68,618

Improve tax administration and compliance:

Enhance accuracy of tax information:

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 133

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–2027 2023–2032

Expand the Secretary’s authority to require

electroning ﬁling for forms and returns ............... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Improve information reporting for reportable

payments subject to backup withholding ............ ......... –38 –87 –148 –202 –211 –221 –231 –241 –252 –276 –686 –1,907

Subtotal, enhance accuracy of tax information ... ......... –38 –87 –148 –202 –211 –221 –231 –241 –252 –276 –686 –1,907

Address taxpayer noncompliance with listed

transactions:

Extend statute of limitations for listed transactions ......... –23 –51 –64 –78 –76 –74 –73 –72 –70 –69 –292 –650

Impose liability on shareholders to collect unpaid

income taxes of applicable corporations .......... ......... –430 –448 –466 –485 –505 –525 –548 –571 –596 –622 –2,334 –5,196

Subtotal, address taxpayer noncompliance ..... ......... –453 –499 –530 –563 –581 –599 –621 –643 –666 –691 –2,626 –5,846

Amend the centralized partnership audit regime to

permit the carryover of a reduction in tax that

exceeds a partner’s tax liability ................................. ......... 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 26 60

Incorporate Chapters 2/2A in centralized partnership

audit regime proceedings ........................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Authorize limited sharing of business tax return

information to measure the economy more

accurately ................................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Require employers to withhold tax on failed

nonqualiﬁed deferred compensation plans ............... ......... –555 –580 –605 –631 –658 –687 –718 –752 –787 –824 –3,029 –6,797

Impose an afﬁrmative requirement to disclose a

position contrary to a regulation ............................... ......... –5 –7 –11 –11 –12 –12 –14 –14 –15 –15 –46 –116

Extend to six years the statute of limitations for

certain tax assessments ............................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand and increase penalties for noncompliant

return preparation and e-ﬁling and authorize IRS

oversight of paid preparers:

Expand and increase penalties for noncompliant

return preparation and e-ﬁling

.......................... ......... –14 –31 –38 –45 –51 –53 –55 –58 –60 –63 –179 –468

Grant authority to IRS for oversight of all paid

preparers

............................................................. ......... –25 –34 –45 –51 –50 –54 –58 –64 –70 –76 –205 –527

Subtotal, expand and increase penalties for

noncompliant return preparation and e-ﬁling

and authorize IRS oversight of paid preparers ......... –39 –65 –83 –96 –101 –107 –113 –122 –130 –139 –384 –995

Address compliance in connection with tax

responsibilities of expatriates .............................. ......... ......... –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –2 –2 –2 –2 –4 –13

Simplify foreign exchange gain or loss rules and

exchange rate rules for individuals ...................... ......... 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 10 25

Increase threshold for simpliﬁed foreign tax credit

rules and reporting ............................................... ......... 14 25 27 29 31 31 32 32 32 34 126 287

Subtotal, improve tax administration and

compliance ......................................................... ......... –1,070 –1,207 –1,344 –1,468 –1,524 –1,587 –1,657 –1,732 –1,810 –1,903 –6,613 –15,302

134 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–2027 2023–2032

Modernize rules, including those for digital assets:

Modernize rules treating loans of securities as tax-

free to include other asset classes and address

income inclusion ......................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Provide for information reporting by certain ﬁnancial

institutions and digital asset brokers for purposes

of exchange of information ........................................ ......... –48 –95 –179 –209 –222 –237 –251 –267 –287 –303 –753 –2,098

Require reporting by certain taxpayers of foreign

digital asset accounts ................................................. ......... –50 –100 –188 –220 –234 –250 –264 –282 –302 –319 –792 –2,209

Amend the mark-to-market rules to include digital

assets .......................................................................... ......... –4,846 –133 –146 –161 –177 –194 –214 –235 –259 –284 –5,463 –6,649

Subtotal, modernize rules, including those for

digital assets .......................................................... ......... –4,944 –328 –513 –590 –633 –681 –729 –784 –848 –906 –7,008 –10,956

Improve beneﬁts tax administration:

Clarify tax treatment of ﬁxed indemnity health

policies ........................................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Clarify tax treatment of on-demand pay

arrangements ............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Rationalize funding for post-retirement medical and

life insurance beneﬁts ................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, improve beneﬁts tax administration ....... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Total, receipt proposals ..................................................... –6,124 –131,178 –276,603 –298,324 –268,247 –258,241 –261,941 –260,883 –255,973 –256,873 –263,480 –1,232,593 –2,531,743

Grand total, mandatory and receipt proposals ........... –6,253 –90,499 –188,471 –204,662 –177,967 –158,205 –160,212 –158,039 –149,772 –129,213 –198,329 –819,804 –1,615,369

Estimates were not available at the time of Budget publication.

The estimates for this proposal include effects on receipts. The receipt effects included in the totals above are as follows:

Improve access to behavioral healthcare in the

private insurance market .......................................... ......... 1,435 1,991 2,089 2,305 2,449 2,564 2,683 2,812 2,948 3,093 10,269 24,369

Require coverage of three primary care visits and three

behavioral health visits without cost-sharing ............. ......... 916 1,271 1,335 1,490 1,585 1,657 1,738 1,822 1,909 2,005 6,597 15,728

Allow selective basis boosts for bond-ﬁnanced Low-

Income Housing Credit projects ................................ ......... 2 29 140 354 617 895 1,148 1,359 1,561 1,769 1,142 7,874

Make adoption tax credit refundable and allow

certain guardianship arrangements to qualify ........ ......... 11 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 179 389

Capture savings to UI from RESEA allocation

adjustment .................................................................. ......... ......... 24 62 115 158 195 225 250 –12 –54 359 963

Establish user fee for Electronic Visa Update System ......... –47 –52 –58 –64 –72 –79 –88 –108 –118 –130 –293 –816

Fund the Federal Payment Levy Program via collections ......... 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 110 220

Total, receipt effects of mandatory proposals .......... ......... 2,339 3,327 3,632 4,264 4,801 5,296 5,770 6,199 6,352 6,747 18,363 48,727

Represents the savings associated with continuing to provide dedicated funding, through a discretionary allocation adjustment, for program integrity activities to conﬁrm program

participants remain eligible to receive beneﬁts.

This proposal includes an intragovernmental transfer between the Federal Capital Revolving Fund (FCRF) and the Federal Building Fund (FBF). The collections and spending in

the FBF, the receiving account, are not counted for PAYGO purposes because the proposal expects the PAYGO cost to be recorded in the FCRF. The intragovernmental transfers net

to zero and are as follows:

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 135

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars)

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Totals

2023–2027 2023–2032

Establish and capitalize the Federal Capital

Revolving Fund ......................................................... ......... –1,004 104 217 321 259 103 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Effects are included in the estimate of “Repeal the enhanced oil recovery credit.”

The estimates for this proposal includes effects on outlays. The outlay effects included in the totals above are as follows:

Provide income exclusion for student debt relief ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 1 1 21 24 27 29 1 103

Expand and increase penalties for noncompliant

return preparation and e-ﬁling ................................. ......... ......... –6 –6 –6 –7 –7 –7 –8 –8 –8 –25 –63

Grant authority to IRS for oversight of all paid

preparers .................................................................... ......... –12 –14 –21 –23 –19 –20 –21 –23 –25 –27 –89 –205

Total, outlay effects of receipt proposals .................. ......... –12 –20 –27 –29 –25 –26 –7 –7 –6 –6 –113 –165

136 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–7. Funding Levels for Appropriated (“Discretionary”) Programs by Category

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

Actual

CAA

Request Outyears Totals

2021 2022 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

2023-

2027

2023-

2032

Base Discretionary Funding Allocation ....... 1,374 1,393 1,473 1,582 1,643 1,670 1,703 1,728 1,754 1,780 1,807 1,834 1,862 8,326 17,362

Non-Defense Shifts to Mandatory

................ ......... ......... ......... –10 –10 –10 –10 –10 –11 –11 –11 –11 –12 –50 –106

Bureau of Indian Affairs ................................... ......... ......... ......... –* –* –* –* –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –2 –5

Indian Health Service ....................................... ......... ......... ......... –9 –9 –10 –10 –10 –10 –10 –11 –11 –11 –48 –101

Non-Base Discretionary Funding (not included above):

Emergency and COVID–19 Supplemental

Funding ......................................................... 198 45 58 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Program Integrity ............................................. 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 29

Disaster Relief ................................................... 17 17 19 20 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 64 119

Wildﬁre Suppression ......................................... 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 26

21st Century Cures Appropriations ................. * * 1 1 * * * ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 2

Total, Non-Base Funding ................................. 220 67 82 26 17 16 17 16 17 17 17 17 17 92 175

Grand Total, Discretionary Budget

Authority ......................................................... 1,594 1,461 1,555 1,598 1,650 1,676 1,709 1,734 1,759 1,786 1,812 1,839 1,867 8,367 17,431

Memorandum: Presentation of base discretionary by defense and non-defense

Defense Allocation

............................................ 741 746 782 813 843 851 865 871 877 883 889 895 902 4,242 8,688

Non-Defense Allocation ..................................... 544 551 594 650 665 680 696 712 728 745 762 780 797 3,402 7,215

Veterans Affairs Medical Care Program ......... 90 96 97 119 136 139 142 145 149 152 156 159 163 681 1,459

Memorandum: Presentation of base discretionary by security and nonsecurity

Security Allocation ............................................ 850 855 894 936 968 979 996 1,005 1,016 1,026 1,035 1,045 1,055 4,884 10,062

Nonsecurity Allocation ...................................... 434 442 482 527 540 552 565 578 589 602 616 630 644 2,761 5,841

Veterans Affairs Medical Care Program ......... 90 96 97 119 136 139 142 145 149 152 156 159 163 681 1,459

Memorandum: Discretionary appropriations provided in the

Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act

....... ......... 174 N/A 69 69 68 66 2 2 2 2 2 2 273 283

* Less than $500 million.

The 2021 actual level includes changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the rebasing as mandatory

any changes in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted in appropriations bills. The 2021 levels are adjusted to add back OMB’s scoring of CHIMPs enacted in 2021 appropriations

Acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2023 request.

At the time the 2023 Budget was prepared, 2022 appropriations remained incomplete and the 2022 column reﬂects at the account level annualized continuing appropriations

provided under the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2022 (division A of Public Law 117-43, as amended by division A of Public Law 117-70, division A of Public Law 117-86, and

Public Law 117-95; CR). The 2022 column also reﬂects enacted full-year emergency appropriations enacted in the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022, the

Afghanistan Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022, and the Additional Afghanistan Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (divisions B and C of Public Law 117-43 and division

B of Public Law 117-70, respectively).

The 2023 Budget was ﬁnalized before 2022 appropriations were completed. To allow a high-level comparison of the 2023 Budget with enacted appropriations, this column provides

a preliminary summary of 2022 enacted appropriations in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (Public Law 117-103; CAA), using the Congressional Budget Ofﬁce (CBO)

estimate of the legislation (see CBO estimate for H.R. 2471, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 on CBO’s website). CBO estimates of IIJA appropriations are not included

since OMB includes its own estimate for 2022.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 137

The 2023 Budget proposes to shift the Indian Health Service (IHS) in HHS as well as contract support costs and 105(l) leases within the Bureau of Indian Programs (BIA) in the

Department of the Interior to the mandatory side of the Budget starting in 2023. See the “Budget Process” chapter of the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget for more

information on these proposals.

The 2023 Budget presents funding for anomalous or above-base activities such as emergency requirements, program integrity, disaster relief, wildﬁre suppression, and 21st Century

Cures appropriations outside of base allocations, which is largely consistent with allocation adjustments in the FY 2022 Congressional Budget Resolution (H.Con.Res. 14).

The section presents base discretionary funding by both defense and non-defense and by security and nonsecurity allocations. The deﬁnition of security and nonsecurity is the

same as the deﬁnition speciﬁed in the Budget Control Act of 2011 with security including the Departments of Defense, Homeland Security, Veterans Affairs, the National Nuclear

Security Administration, the International Budget Function (150), and the Intelligence Community Management Account and with all other discretionary programs in the

nonsecurity category. This presentation of discretionary excludes the proposed shifts to mandatory.

The amounts in the 2023 Budget are based on the forthcoming National Security and National Defense strategies and the Department of Defense Future Years Defense Program,

which includes a ﬁve-year appropriations plan and estimated expenditures necessary to support the programs, projects, and activities of the Department of Defense. After 2027, the

Budget mechanically extrapolates the growth rate from the ﬁnal year of the ﬁve-year appropriations plan.

Section 905(c) of division J of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Public Law 117-58; IIJA) speciﬁed that amounts provided in division J and certain rescissions in section

90007 of IIJA should be considered as emergency discretionary appropriations. The amounts provided as discretionary appropriations in IIJA are summarized here, however, these

amounts are kept separate from other discretionary amounts included above that are considered during the regular appropriations process.

Table S–7. Funding Levels for Appropriated (“Discretionary”) Programs by Category—Continued

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

138 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–8. 2023 Discretionary Request by Major Agency

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

2021 2022 2023

2023 Request Less

2021 Enacted

Actual

Request Dollar Percent

Base Discretionary Funding:

Cabinet Departments:

Agriculture

............................................................................................................................................. 24.4 23.7 28.5 +4.2 +17.1%

Commerce ................................................................................................................................................ 8.9 8.9 11.7 +2.8 +31.2%

Defense .................................................................................................................................................... 703.7 709.2 773.0 +69.3 +9.8%

Education ................................................................................................................................................. 73.0 73.0 88.3 +15.3 +20.9%

Energy (DOE)

........................................................................................................................................ 41.9 41.8 48.2 +6.3 +15.1%

Health and Human Services (HHS)

..................................................................................................... 108.6 110.4 138.0 +29.4 +27.1%

Proposed IHS Shift to Mandatory (non-add)

................................................................................... (6.5) (6.6) (9.1) (+2.6) N/A

HHS, BA excluding IHS (non-add) .................................................................................................... (102.0) (103.9) (128.9) (+26.9) (+26.3%)

Homeland Security (DHS) ...................................................................................................................... 53.8 52.7 56.7 +2.9 +5.4%

Housing and Urban Development (HUD):

HUD program level ............................................................................................................................. 59.6 60.3 71.9 +12.3 +20.5%

HUD receipts ....................................................................................................................................... –16.1 –13.1 –11.1 +5.0 N/A

Interior (DOI) .......................................................................................................................................... 14.9 15.1 17.9 +3.0 +20.5%

Proposed BIA Shift to Mandatory (non-add)

................................................................................... (0.2) (0.4) (0.5) (+0.2) N/A

DOI, BA excluding BIA (non-add) ...................................................................................................... (14.6) (14.7) (17.5) (+2.8) (+19.3%)

Justice ...................................................................................................................................................... 33.5 33.6 37.7 +4.2 +12.5%

Labor ........................................................................................................................................................ 12.5 12.5 14.6 +2.2 +17.6%

State and International Programs

3, 7

..................................................................................................... 57.5 57.9 67.6 +10.2 +17.7%

Transportation (DOT) ............................................................................................................................. 25.3 25.5 26.8 +1.5 +6.0%

Treasury

................................................................................................................................................. 13.5 13.5 16.2 +2.7 +19.9%

Veterans Affairs ....................................................................................................................................... 104.5 111.1 135.2 +30.7 +29.4%

Major Agencies:

Corps of Engineers (Corps) ..................................................................................................................... 7.8 7.8 6.6 –1.2 –15.3%

Environmental Protection Agency ......................................................................................................... 9.2 9.2 11.9 +2.6 +28.6%

General Services Administration ........................................................................................................... –0.9 –1.3 1.3 +2.2 N/A

National Aeronautics and Space Administration .................................................................................. 23.3 23.3 26.0 +2.7 +11.6%

National Science Foundation .................................................................................................................. 8.5 8.5 10.5 +2.0 +23.6%

Small Business Administration .............................................................................................................. 0.8 0.8 0.9 +0.2 +21.0%

Social Security Administration

............................................................................................................. 9.0 8.9 10.1 +1.1 +12.8%

Other Agencies ........................................................................................................................................ 23.3 23.3 28.1 +4.8 +20.7%

Changes in mandatory program offsets

............................................................................................... –26.0 –23.3 –34.7 –8.7 +33.5%

Subtotal, Base Discretionary Budget Authority (BA) ..................................................................... 1,374.2 1,393.5 1,582.0 +207.8 +15.1%

Subtotal, BA excluding programs shifted to mandatory ........................................................................... 1,367.5 1,386.5 1,572.4 +205.0 +15.0%

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 139

Table S–8. 2023 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

2021 2022 2023

2023 Request Less

2021 Enacted

Actual

Request Dollar Percent

Non-Base Discretionary Funding:

Emergency Requirements and COVID–19 Supplemental Funding:

Agriculture .......................................................................................................................................... 1.0 11.6 ......... –1.0 N/A

Commerce ............................................................................................................................................ 0.3 0.4 ......... –0.3 N/A

Defense ................................................................................................................................................ 1.0 7.4 ......... –1.0 N/A

Education ............................................................................................................................................. 81.6 ......... ......... –81.6 N/A

Energy ................................................................................................................................................. –2.3 0.0 ......... +2.3 N/A

Health and Human Services .............................................................................................................. 73.8 5.5 ......... –73.8 N/A

Homeland Security ............................................................................................................................. 2.8 1.0 ......... –2.8 N/A

Housing and Urban Development ...................................................................................................... 0.7 5.0 ......... –0.7 N/A

Interior ................................................................................................................................................. 0.4 0.6 ......... –0.4 N/A

Justice .................................................................................................................................................. 0.6 0.1 ......... –0.6 N/A

Labor .................................................................................................................................................... 1.5 ......... ......... –1.5 N/A

State and International Programs ..................................................................................................... 5.9 3.4 ......... –5.9 N/A

Transportation .................................................................................................................................... 27.0 2.7 ......... –27.0 N/A

Treasury .............................................................................................................................................. 0.5 ......... ......... –0.5 N/A

Corps of Engineers (Corps) ................................................................................................................. ......... 5.7 ......... ......... N/A

Small Business Administration .......................................................................................................... 2.0 1.2 ......... –2.0 N/A

Other Agencies .................................................................................................................................... 0.9 0.4 ......... –0.9 N/A

Subtotal, Emergency Requirements ...................................................................................................... 197.8 45.1 ......... –197.8 N/A

Program Integrity:

Health and Human Services .............................................................................................................. 0.5 0.5 0.6 +0.1 +16.1%

Labor .................................................................................................................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.3 +0.2 +210.8%

Social Security Administration ......................................................................................................... 1.3 1.3 1.5 +0.2 +16.1%

Subtotal, Program Integrity ................................................................................................................... 1.9 1.9 2.3 +0.5 +24.7%

Disaster Relief:

Homeland Security ............................................................................................................................. 17.1 17.1 19.7 +2.6 +15.2%

Small Business Administration .......................................................................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 ......... .........

Subtotal, Disaster Relief ......................................................................................................................... 17.3 17.3 19.9 +2.6 +15.0%

Wildﬁre Suppression:

Agriculture .......................................................................................................................................... 2.0 2.0 2.2 +0.2 +8.3%

Interior ................................................................................................................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.3 +* +9.7%

Subtotal, Wildﬁre Suppression ............................................................................................................... 2.4 2.4 2.6 +0.2 +8.5%

21st Century Cures appropriations:

Health and Human Services .............................................................................................................. 0.5 0.5 1.1 +0.7 +139.5%

Subtotal, Non-Base Discretionary Funding ...................................................................................... 219.8 67.1 25.9 –193.9 –88.2%

140 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–8. 2023 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

2021 2022 2023

2023 Request Less

2021 Enacted

Actual

Request Dollar Percent

Total, Discretionary BA .......................................................................................................................... 1,594.0 1,460.5 1,607.9 +13.9 +0.9%

Total, BA excluding programs shifted to mandatory ................................................................................. 1,587.2 1,453.6 1,598.3 +11.1 +0.7%

Memorandum - Comparison of 2022 Omnibus to 2023 Request:

2022

CAA

2023

Request 2023 Request Less 2022 CAA

Total, Base Discretionary Funding ......................................................................................................... 1,472.9 1,582.0 +109.0 +7.4%

Base Discretionary by Defense and Non-Defense:

Defense ................................................................................................................................................. 782.2 813.3 +31.2 +4.0%

Non-Defense ......................................................................................................................................... 593.6 649.9 +56.3 +9.5%

Veterans Affairs Medical Care Program ........................................................................................... 97.2 118.7 +21.5 +22.2%

Base Discretionary by Security and Nonsecurity:

Security ................................................................................................................................................ 894.2 935.9 +41.7 +4.7%

Nonsecurity .......................................................................................................................................... 481.6 527.3 +45.8 +9.5%

Veterans Affairs Medical Care Program ........................................................................................... 97.2 118.7 +21.5 +22.2%

* Less than $50 million.

The 2021 actual level includes changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the rebasing as mandatory

any changes in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted in appropriations bills. The 2021 levels are adjusted to add back OMB’s scoring of CHIMPs enacted in 2021 appropriations

Acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2023 request.

At the time the 2023 Budget was prepared, 2022 appropriations remained incomplete and the 2022 column reﬂects at the account level annualized continuing appropriations

provided under the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2022 (division A of Public Law 117–43, as amended by division A of Public Law 117–70, division A of Public Law 117–86,

and Public Law 117–95; CR). The 2022 column also reﬂects enacted full-year emergency appropriations enacted in the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022,

the Afghanistan Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022, and the Additional Afghanistan Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (divisions B and C of Public Law 117–43 and

division B of Public Law 117–70, respectively).

Funding for Food for Peace Title II Grants is included in the State and International Programs total. Although the funds are appropriated to the Department of Agriculture, the

funds are administered by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

The Department of Energy base total in 2021 includes an appropriation of $2.3 billion that had been designated as emergency in Public Law 116–260 since the activities were for

regular operations and not emergency purposes.

Funding from the Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical Insurance trust funds for administrative expenses incurred by the Social Security Administration that support

the Medicare program are included in the Health and Human Services total and not in the Social Security Administration total.

The 2023 Budget proposes to shift the Indian Health Service (IHS) in HHS as well as contract support costs and 105(l) leases within the Bureau of Indian Programs (BIA) in DOI to

the mandatory side of the Budget starting in 2023. See the “Budget Process” chapter of the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget for more information on these proposals.

The State and International Programs total includes funding for the Department of State, USAID, Treasury International, and 11 international agencies while the Treasury total

excludes Treasury’s International Programs.

The limitation enacted and proposed in the Justice Department’s Crime Victims Fund program and cancellations in the Children’s Health Insurance Program in HHS make up the

bulk of these offsets.

The 2023 Budget was ﬁnalized before 2022 appropriations were completed. To allow a high-level comparison of the 2023 Budget with enacted appropriations, this memorandum

section provides a preliminary summary of 2022 enacted base appropriations in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (Public Law 117–103; CAA), using the Congressional

Budget Ofﬁce (CBO) estimate of the legislation (see CBO estimate for H.R. 2471, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 on CBO’s website). This presentation of discretionary

excludes the proposed shifts to mandatory.

The deﬁnition of security and nonsecurity is the same as the deﬁnition speciﬁed in the Budget Control Act of 2011 with security including the Departments of Defense, Homeland

Security, Veterans Affairs, the National Nuclear Security Administration, the International Budget Function (150), and the Intelligence Community Management Account and

with all other discretionary programs in the nonsecurity category.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 141

Table S–9. Economic Assumptions

(Calendar years)

Actual

2020

Projections

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

Nominal level, billions of dollars ............................................................. 20,894 22,899 24,631 25,853 26,966 28,064 29,200 30,380 31,626 32,957 34,382 35,877 37,437

Percent change, nominal GDP, year/year ................................................ –2.2 9.6 7.6 5.0 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3

Real GDP, percent change, year/year ...................................................... –3.4 5.5 4.2 2.8 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3

Real GDP, percent change, Q4/Q4 ........................................................... –2.3 5.1 3.8 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3

GDP chained price index, percent change, year/year ............................. 1.3 3.9 3.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Consumer Price Index,

percent change, year/year ......................... 1.2 4.6 4.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Interest rates, percent:

91-day Treasury bills

.............................................................................. 0.4 * 0.2 0.9 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

10-year Treasury notes ............................................................................ 0.9 1.5 2.1 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3

Unemployment rate, civilian, percent

............................................... 8.1 5.4 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8

* 0.05 percent or less

Note: A more detailed table of economic assumptions appears in Chapter 2, “Economic Assumptions and Overview,” in the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget.

The Administration’s forecast was ﬁnalized on November 10, 2021.

Seasonally adjusted CPI for all urban consumers.

Annual average.

Average rate, secondary market (bank discount basis).

142 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–10. Federal Government Financing and Debt

(Dollar amounts in billions)

Actual

2021

Estimate

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Financing:

Uniﬁed budget deﬁcit:

Primary deﬁcit .......................................................................... 2,423 1,058 758 724 766 680 622 725 565 667 663 692

Net interest ............................................................................... 352 357 396 476 564 648 729 808 879 948 1,019 1,092

Uniﬁed budget deﬁcit ............................................................ 2,775 1,415 1,154 1,201 1,330 1,328 1,352 1,533 1,443 1,614 1,682 1,784

As a percent of GDP .......................................................... 12.4% 5.8% 4.5% 4.5% 4.8% 4.6% 4.5% 4.9% 4.4% 4.7% 4.7% 4.8%

Other transactions affecting borrowing from the public:

Changes in ﬁnancial assets and liabilities:

Change in Treasury operating cash balance ....................... –1,567 535 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Net disbursements of credit ﬁnancing accounts:

Direct loan and Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)

equity purchase accounts .............................................. –18 147 42 32 38 11 24 19 19 17 20 27

Guaranteed loan accounts ................................................ 310 219 3 7 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 5

Net purchases of non-Federal securities by the National

Railroad Retirement Investment Trust (NRRIT) ............ 4 –1 –2 –2 –2 –2 –1 –1 –2 –2 –1 –1

Net change in other ﬁnancial assets and liabilities

.......... –237 238 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, changes in ﬁnancial assets and liabilities ....... –1,508 1,138 44 37 44 17 28 23 22 20 23 31

Seigniorage on coins .................................................................. –* –* –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1

Total, other transactions affecting borrowing from the

public ................................................................................. –1,508 1,137 43 37 43 16 28 23 22 20 23 30

Total, requirement to borrow from the public (equals

change in debt held by the public) ........................... 1,267 2,552 1,197 1,237 1,373 1,344 1,380 1,555 1,465 1,634 1,705 1,815

Changes in Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation:

Change in debt held by the public ................................................. 1,267 2,552 1,197 1,237 1,373 1,344 1,380 1,555 1,465 1,634 1,705 1,815

Change in debt held by Government accounts ............................. 216 354 104 136 29 13 –146 –252 –148 –282 –281 –374

Change in other factors ................................................................. –2 1 1 1 –* * 1 1 * –1 –1 –1

Total, change in debt subject to statutory limitation .............. 1,481 2,907 1,302 1,374 1,402 1,358 1,235 1,304 1,317 1,352 1,423 1,440

Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation, End of Year:

Debt issued by Treasury ................................................................ 28,365 31,271 32,572 33,945 35,347 36,704 37,938 39,241 40,558 41,909 43,332 44,772

Adjustment for discount, premium, and coverage

...................... 36 38 39 40 40 40 41 42 43 43 43 43

Total, debt subject to statutory limitation

............................. 28,401 31,309 32,611 33,984 35,386 36,744 37,979 39,283 40,600 41,952 43,374 44,814

Debt Outstanding, End of Year:

Gross Federal debt:

Debt issued by Treasury ........................................................... 28,365 31,271 32,572 33,945 35,347 36,704 37,938 39,241 40,558 41,909 43,332 44,772

Debt issued by other agencies .................................................. 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 23 24 25

Total, gross Federal debt ....................................................... 28,386 31,292 32,593 33,966 35,368 36,726 37,960 39,263 40,580 41,933 43,356 44,797

As a percent of GDP .......................................................... 127.0% 129.0% 127.5% 127.2% 127.3% 127.0% 126.2% 125.4% 124.4% 123.3% 122.1% 120.9%

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 143

Table S–10. Federal Government Financing and Debt—Continued

(Dollar amounts in billions)

Actual

2021

Estimate

2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Held by:

Debt held by Government accounts ......................................... 6,102 6,456 6,560 6,695 6,725 6,738 6,592 6,340 6,192 5,911 5,629 5,256

Debt held by the public

........................................................... 22,284 24,836 26,033 27,271 28,644 29,988 31,368 32,923 34,388 36,022 37,727 39,542

As a percent of GDP .............................................................. 99.7% 102.4% 101.8% 102.2% 103.1% 103.7% 104.3% 105.2% 105.4% 105.9% 106.3% 106.7%

Debt Held by the Public Net of Financial Assets:

Debt held by the public .................................................................. 22,284 24,836 26,033 27,271 28,644 29,988 31,368 32,923 34,388 36,022 37,727 39,542

Less ﬁnancial assets net of liabilities:

Treasury operating cash balance ............................................. 215 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750

Credit ﬁnancing account balances:

Direct loan and TARP equity purchase accounts ................ 1,595 1,742 1,784 1,816 1,854 1,865 1,889 1,908 1,926 1,943 1,963 1,990

Guaranteed loan accounts .................................................... –156 63 66 72 80 87 93 99 105 110 115 120

Government-sponsored enterprise stock

................................ 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221

Air carrier worker support warrants and notes

.................... 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 12 12 6 ......... .........

Emergency capital investment fund securities ....................... ......... 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2

Non-Federal securities held by NRRIT .................................... 28 26 25 23 22 20 19 17 16 14 13 11

Other assets net of liabilities .................................................... –307 –69 –69 –69 –69 –69 –69 –69 –69 –69 –69 –69

Total, ﬁnancial assets net of liabilities ................................ 1,611 2,751 2,795 2,832 2,875 2,891 2,919 2,941 2,963 2,977 2,994 3,025

Debt held by the public net of ﬁnancial assets ................ 20,673 22,085 23,238 24,439 25,769 27,097 28,449 29,982 31,425 33,045 34,732 36,516

As a percent of GDP ...................................................... 92.5% 91.0% 90.9% 91.6% 92.7% 93.7% 94.6% 95.8% 96.4% 97.1% 97.8% 98.6%

* $500 million or less.

A decrease in the Treasury operating cash balance (which is an asset) is a means of ﬁnancing a deﬁcit and therefore has a negative sign. An increase in checks outstanding (which

is a liability) is also a means of ﬁnancing a deﬁcit and therefore also has a negative sign. More information on the levels and changes to the operating cash balance is available in

Chapter 4, “Federal Borrowing and Debt” in the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget.

Includes checks outstanding, accrued interest payable on Treasury debt, uninvested deposit fund balances, allocations of special drawing rights, and other liability accounts; and, as

an offset, cash and monetary assets (other than the Treasury operating cash balance), other asset accounts, and proﬁt on sale of gold.

Consists mainly of debt issued by the Federal Financing Bank (which is not subject to limit), the unamortized discount (less premium) on public issues of Treasury notes and bonds

(other than zero-coupon bonds), and the unrealized discount on Government account series securities.

The statutory debt limit is $31,381 billion, as enacted on December 16, 2021.

Treasury securities held by the public and zero-coupon bonds held by Government accounts are almost all measured at sales price plus amortized discount or less amortized

premium. Agency debt securities are almost all measured at face value. Treasury securities in the Government account series are otherwise measured at face value less

unrealized discount (if any).

At the end of 2021, the Federal Reserve Banks held $5,433.2 billion of Federal securities and the rest of the public held $16,850.9 billion. Debt held by the Federal Reserve Banks is

not estimated for future years.

Treasury’s warrants to purchase 79.9 percent of the common stock of the enterprises expire after September 7, 2028. The warrants were valued at $5 billion at the end of 2021.

Portions of the notes and warrants issued under the Air carrier worker support program (Payroll support program) are scheduled to expire in 2025, 2026, 2030, and 2031.

145

Lindsay Abate

Bryan Abbe

Allison Abbott

Andrew Abrams

Amal Abukar

Chandana L. Achanta

Laurie Adams

Jeffrey Adarkwa

Nana Abena Serwah

Addo

Drew Aherne

Saran Ahluwalia

Shagufta Ahmed

Benjamin Aidoo

Lina Al Sudani

Joseph Albanese

Isabel Aldunate

Erin Cheese Alejandre

Jason Alleman

Victoria Allred

Aaron Alton

Marc Alvidrez

Samantha Ammons

Michaela Amos

Starlisha Anderson

Kimberly Anoweck

Lisa Anuszewski

Kristine Arboleda

Nickole M. Arbuckle

Rachel Arguello

Alison Arnold

Aviva Aron-Dine

Anna R. Arroyo

Elham Ashoori

Emily Schultz Askew

Lisa L. August

Jeffrey Auser

Eileen Baca

Samuel Bagenstos

Drew Bailey

Jessie W. Bailey

Ally P. Bain

Paul W. Baker

Carol A. Bales

Pratik S. Banjade

Avital Bar-Shalom

Zachary Barger

Carl Barrick

Jody Barringer

Amy Batchelor

Paula M. Becker

Alicia Beckett

Sarah Belford

Jennifer Wagner Bell

Sara Bencic

Joseph J. Berger

Danielle Berman

Elizabeth A. Bernhard

Katherine Berrey

Timothy Best

William Bestani

James Bickford

Samuel J. Black

Sharon Block

Kate Bloniarz

Mathew C. Blum

Tia Boatman

Patterson

Brandon Bodnar

Amira C. Boland

Cassie L. Boles

Melissa B. Bomberger

Matthew Bowen

Derick A. Boyd Jr.

William J. Boyd

Michael D. Branson

Alex M. Brant

Victoria Bredow

Joseph F. Breighner

Nicholas Brethauer

Andrea M. Brian

Candice M. Bronack

Ashley A. Brooks

Katherine W. Broomell

Dustin S. Brown

Sheila Bruce

Michael T. Brunetto

Pearl Buenvenida

Tom D. Bullers

Coulton Bunney

Scott H. Burgess

Ben Burnett

Jordan C. Burris

Angela S. Burton

John C. Burton

Mark Bussow

Sean Butler

Dylan W. Byrd

Steven Cahill

Greg Callanan

Lekesha Fay Campbell

Amy Canﬁeld

Eric D. Cardoza

Laura Carollo

Kevin Carpenter

Christina S. Carrere

William S. S. Carroll

Scott D. Carson

Corryne C. Carter

Mary I. Cassell

David Cassidy

Terry J. T. Cathopoulis

David Cerrato

Christina Cervantes

Dan Chandler

David Chang

Suzanne Chapman

Anthony Chase

James Chase

Nida Chaudhary

Anita Chellaraj

Fonda Chen

Amy Chenault

Dana Chisnell

Sophia Choudhry

Alex Ciepley

Damon J. Clark

Michael Clark

Sean Coari

Porchetta Cody

Alyssa Cogen

Jordan Cohen

Pamela Coleman

Victoria W. Collin

Debra M. Collins

Kelly T. Colyar

Jose A. Conde

David C. Connolly

Kyle Connors

Mary Rose Conroy

Shila R. Cooch

LaTiesha B. Cooper

Nicole Cordan

Benjamin E. Coyle

Brian Coyle

Drew W. Cramer

Ayana Crawford

William Creedon

Jill L. Crissman

Rose Crow

Jefferson Crowder

Albert Crowley

Juliana Crump

Lily Cuk

Pennee Cumberlander

C. Tyler Curtis

William Curtis

Patricia Cusack

Amanda Dahl

Nadir Dalal

Shaibya Love Dalal

J. Alex Dalessio

D. Michael Daly

Rody Damis

Neil B. Danberg

Elisabeth C. Daniel

OMB CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 2023 BUDGET

The following personnel contributed to the preparation of this publication. Hundreds, perhaps

thousands, of others throughout the Government also deserve credit for their valuable contribu-

tions.

146 OMB CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 2023 BUDGET

Kristy L. Daphnis

Joanne C. Davenport

Kelly Jo Davis

Kenneth L. Davis

Margaret B. Davis-

Christian

Karen De Los Santos

Kara DeFrias

Thomas Delrue

Tasha M. Demps

Paul J. Denaro

Catherine A. Derbes

Christopher DeRusha

Suzy Deuster

Kelly A. Deutermann

Joseph A. Di Rocco

Selene Diaz

John H. Dick

Jamie Dickinson

Amie M. Didlo

Rachel M. Diedrick

Cle Diggins

Jean Diomi Kazadi

Daniel Dister

Angela M. Donatelli

Paul S. Donohue

Cristin Dorgelo

Vladik Dorjets

Michelle Dorsey

Tobias A. Dorsey

Prashant A. Doshi

Celeste Drake

Megan Dreher

Carlton Drew

Lisa Cash Driskill

Mark A. Dronﬁeld

Vanessa Duguay

Nathaniel Durden

Ryan Durga

Reena Duseja

Matthew C. Eanes

Jeanette Edwards

Melissa Eggleston

Christopher Eldredge

Matthew Eliseo

Michelle Enger

Diana F. Epstein

Troy M. Epstein

Bianca Escalante

Jorge Escobar

Celeste Espinoza

Robert Etter

Beatrix Evans

Erica Evans

Gillian Evans

Patrick Evans

Farnoosh Faezi-Marian

Edna Falk Curtin

Hunter Fang

Louis E. Feagans

Iris R. Feldman

Lesley A. Field

Sean C. Finnegan

Mary S. Fischietto

John J. Fitzpatrick

Cleones Fleurima

Daniel G. Fowlkes

Nicholas A. Fraser

Rob Friedlander

Christopher Froehlich

Laurel Fuller

Steven Furnagiev

Ethan Joshua Gabbour

Scott Gaines

Christopher D.

Gamache

Joseph R. Ganahl

Kyle Gardiner

Mathias A. Gardner

Arpit Garg

Marc Garuﬁ

Anthony R. Garza

Alex Gaynor

Johannes J. Geist

Anna M. Gendron

Mariam Ghavalyan

Daniel Giamo

Carolyn Gibson

Brian Gillis

Jacob Glass

Porter O. Glock

Christopher Glodosky

Andrea L. Goel

Jeffrey D. Goldstein

Christopher Gomba

Anthony A. Gonzalez

Oscar Gonzalez

Alex Goodenough

Jonathan Sidney

Gould

Michael D. Graham

Anthony M. Grasso

David M. Gratz

Vivian Graubard

Colleen M. Gravens

Aron Greenberg

Brandon H. Greene

Robin J. Grifﬁn

Justin Grimes

Hester C. Grippando

Stephanie F. Grosser

Benjamin Guhin

Kamari Guthrie

Michael B. Hagan

Tia Hall

Victor Hall

Dean Halstead

William F. Hamele

Christine E. Hammer

Rachel Han

Anna Hansen

Brian J. Hanson

Jennifer L. Hanson

Dionne Hardy

Deidre A. Harrison

Christopher Hart

Edward Hartwig

Paul Harvey

Abdullah Hasan

Sara A. Hastings

Joseph

Hatzipanagiotis

Laurel Havas

Nichole M. Hayden

Mark Hazelgren

Kelly A. Healton

Paul Heayn

Noreen Hecmanczuk

Andrew Heimowitz

Gary Hellman

Natalie D.

Hengstebeck

John David Henson

Matthew A. Herb

Mitchel Herckis

Jacobo Hernandez

Rachel Hernández

Alex Hettinger

Michael J. Hickey

Michael Hildner

Amanda M. Hill

Jonathan Hill

W. Frankie Hill

Nathaniel Hillard

Michelle Hilton

Leni Hirsch

Elke Hodson-Marten

Jennifer E. Hoef

Stuart Hoffman

Troy Holland

Shane Holloway

Brian Holm-Hansen

Javay C. Holmes

Michele Holt

Nicholas Holtz

Jennifer Ann Hommel

Alexander Hoover

Jack Hoskins

Clinton T. Hourigan

Devany Howard

Andrew P. Howe

Peter Hoy

Mina Hsiang

Grace Hu

Christine Huanasca

Rhea A. Hubbard

Kathy M. Hudgins

Thomas Huelskoetter

Shristi Humagai

Ashley Hungerford

Sally J. Hunnicutt

Alexander T. Hunt

Ginny Hunt

Lorraine D. Hunt

Timothy H. Hunt

James C. Hurban

Veta Hurst

Tae H. Im

Shelley Irving

Maya Israni

Maia Ruth

Jachimowicz

Charmaine Jackson

Scott W. Jackson

Aryeh Jacobsohn

Manish Jain

Harrison M. Jarrett

Ames R. Jenkins

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 147

Carol Jenkins

Connor Jennings

Julie D. Jent

Jeremy Etra Jick

Carol Johnson

Michael D. Johnson

Danielle Y. Jones

Denise Bray Jones

Lauren H. Jones

Lisa M. Jones

Devansh R.

Jotsinghani

Shannon Maire Joyce

Hursandbek

Jumanyazov

Hee Jun

Mark Junda

Jason Kahn

Riyad Kalla

Kosta Kalpos

Daniel S. Kaneshiro

Jacob H. Kaplan

Jenifer Liechty

Karwoski

Florence Kasule

Natalie Kates

Jason Kattman

Regina L. Kearney

Andrew Keeney

Christopher Keller

Mary W. Keller

Nancy B. Kenly

Moses I. Kennedy

Kameron Kerger

Blair W. Kessler

Jung H. Kim

Maria Kim

Michael B. Kim

Rachael Y. Kim

Kelly C. King

Kelly A. Kinneen

Marina Kirakosian

Jessica Elizabeth

Kirby

Robert T. Klein

Hank Knaack

Carmen Knight

Ellen Knight

Bobby Kogan

Lara Kohl

Nick Koo

Andrea G. Korovesis

Katelyn V. Koschewa

Steven Kovacs

Anneli Faride Kraft

Charles Kraiger

Lori A. Krauss

Harold Krent

Alyssa Kropp

Megan K. Kruse

Steven B. Kuennen

Jennifer J. Kuk

Anshul Kumar

Tara Kumar

Christine J. Kymn

Vincent La

Christopher D. LaBaw

Sherry E. Lachman

Leonard L. Lainhart

Chad A. Lallemand

Kristine Lam

Lawrence L. Lambert

Michael Landry

Daniel LaPlaca

Tracie B. Lattimore

Eric P. Lauer

Jessie L. LaVine

Daniel Lawver

Loc N. Le

Jessica K. Lee

Theodore Taewoo Lee

Susan E. Leetmaa

Carmine Leggett

Stephen Leibman

Bryan P. León

Daniel Leonardini

Kerrie Leslie

Ariel Leuthard

John C. Levock-

Spindle

Sheila Lewis

Andrew Lewndowski

Thomas M. Libert

Andrew Lieberman

Jennifer Liebschutz

Jane C. Lien

Ming Ligh

Kristina E. Lilac

Erika Liliedahl

Michael Linden

John E. Lindner

Jennifer M. Lipiew

Adam Lipton

Kim Lopez

Sara R. Lopez

Zuzana Love

Adrienne Lucas

Alisa Luu

Kelvin Luu

Steven Parsons

Mackey

Ryan MacMaster

Christian MacMillan

Brett Maden

Claire A. Mahoney

Bianca Majumder

Dominic J. Mancini

Caroline Manela

Noah S. Mann

Iulia Z. Manolache

Roman Manziyenko

Italy Martin

Rochelle Martinez

Nicole Martinez Moore

Clare Martorana

Gina Mason

Stephen Massoni

Kimie Matsuo

Beth Mattern

Joshua May

Steven M. McAndrews

Jessica Rae McBean

Alexander J.

McClelland

John L. McClung

Malcolm P. McConnell

Daniela McCool

Jeremy P. McCrary

Charquinta Regina

McCray

Anthony W. McDonald

Christine A. McDonald

Katrina A. McDonald

Renford McDonald

Trevor R. McKie

Michael McManus

Frank McNally

William McNavage

Christopher McNeal

Maya Mechenbier

Andrea Medina-Smith

Edward Meier

Julie Meloni

Barbara A. Menard

Flavio Menasce

Ryan Mercer

Margaret Mergen

P. Thaddeus

Messenger

Lauren Michaels

Daniel J. Michelson-

Horowitz

Eric Mill

Jason Miller

Kimberly Miller

Scott William Miller

Soﬁe Miller

Susan M. Minson

Katherine Mlika

Abdullahi Mohamed

Emily A. Mok

Kirsten J. Moncada

Allyce Moncton

Claire E. Monteiro

Joseph Montoni

Andrea J. Montoya

Julia C. Moore

Natalie Moore

Betty T. Morrison

Savannah M. Moss

Austin B. Mudd

Robin McLaughry

Mullins

Ian Munoz

Daenuka

Muraleetharan

Jonathan J. Murphy

Molly Murray

Christian G. Music

Hayley W. Myers

Heather Myers

Kimberley L Myers

David D. Myklegard

Andrew Nacin

Jeptha E. Nafziger

Larry J. Nagl

Katherine Nammacher

Barry Napear

Robert Nassif

Emma Nechamkin

Beverly Nelson

Kimberly P. Nelson

Michael D. Nelson

Anthony Nerino

148 OMB CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 2023 BUDGET

Melissa K. Neuman

Travis Newby

Joanie F. Newhart

Kimberly Armstrong

Newman

Annie Nguyen

Hieu Nguyen

Stephanie Nguyen

Thomas Nielsen

Greg Novick

Tim H. Nusraty

Joseph B. Nye

Erin O’Brien

Kerry Clinton O’Dell

Melanie Oﬁesh

Michael Ogren

Matthew J. O’Kane

Cassandra Olson

Kathryn Olson

Brendan J. O’Meara

Matthew Oreska

Timothy F. O’Shea

Jared Ostermiller

Heather C. Pajak

Farrah N. Pappa

Jacob A. Parcell

Amy Paris

John C. Pasquantino

Michael Pauls

Brian Paxton

Casey Pearce

Michael D. Pearlstein

Liuyi Pei

Zachary T. Pendolino

Sean Pennino

Falisa L. Peoples-Tittle

Emma C. Perron

Michael A. Perz

Erik Brandon Peters

Whitney L. Peters

William C. Petersen

Andrea M. Petro

Laura M. Pettus

Amy E. Petz

Kathy Pham (Evans)

Stacey Que-Chi Pham

Carolyn R. Phelps

Karen A. Pica

Brian Pickeral

Alexandria Elise

Pinckney

Brian Pipa

Joseph Pipan

Amy Pitelka

Megan Policicchio

Nicholas Polk

Mark J. Pomponio

Ruxandra Pond

Imani Pope-Johns

Meril A. Pothen

Larrimer S. Prestosa

Jamie M. Price

Alanna B. Pugliese

Robert B. Purdy

Hannah Pyper

Syeda Quadry

Lucas R. Radzinschi

Kazi Sabeel Rahman

Zahid Rashid

Houman Rasouli

Johnnie Ray

Alex Reed

Maurice Reeves

Heather Regen

Thomas M. Reilly

Cody Reinold

Bryant D. Renaud

Keri A. Rice

Natalie Rico

Kyle S. Riggs

Glorimar Ripoll Balet

Jamal Rittenberry

Maria Roat

Becci Roberts

Beth Higa Roberts

Brian Roberts

Donovan Robinson

Marshall J. Rodgers

Drew J. Rodriguez

Jung Mary Roh

Samantha Romero

Meredith B. Romley

Andrea L. Ross

Jeffrey R. Ross

Alicia Rouault

Alexander Joseph

Rougeau

David J. Rowe

Amanda Roy

Danielle Royal

Brian Rozental

Tamia Russell

Erika H. Ryan

Julianna R. St. Onge

Adam N. Salazar

John Asa Saldivar

Sarah Saltiel

Zohaib Sameer

Mark S. Sandy

Nathan T. Sanﬁlippo

Ruth Saunders

Joel Savary

Jason K. Sawyer

Sarah Scheinman

Zachary Scherer

Kirsten Scheyer

Christina Schildroth

Tricia Schmitt

Andrea Schneider

Rio Schondelmeyer

Daniel K. Schory

Ian Schurr

Margo Schwab

Mariarosaria

Sciannameo

Kristi Scott

Jasmeet K. Seehra

Owen Seely

Kimberly Segura

Robert B. Seidner

Andrew Self

Megan Shade

Vimal Shah

Shabnam

Sharbatoghlie

Amy K. Sharp

Dianne Shaughnessy

Pooja Shaw

Paul Shawcross

Rachel Lee Shepherd

Gary F. Shortencarrier

Matthew Sidler

Becca Siegel

Jared Siegel

Leticia Sierra

Sara R. Sills

Celeste Simon

Daniel Liam Singer

Sarah Sisaye

Robert Sivinski

Benjamin J. Skidmore

Evan C. Skloot

Curtina O. Smith

Jennifer Smith

Matthew Smith

Sarah B. Smith

Stannis M. Smith

Silvana Solano

Roderic A. Solomon

Timothy Soltis

Suzanne Soroczak

Amanda R.K. Sousane

Megan Sowder-Staley

Candice G. Spalding

Rebecca L. Spavins

Valeria Spinner

Christopher Spiro

John H. Spittell

Sarah Whittle Spooner

Madhu Sreekumar

Langer Stacey

Travis C. Stalcup

Scott R. Stambaugh

Nora Stein

Christopher Paul

Steiner

Erica Stephens

Meredith Stewart

Ryan Stoffers

Gary R. Stofko

Andrew Stoll

Kelly M. Strachan

Benjamin Strahs

Terry W. Stratton

Thomas J. Suarez

Kevin J. Sullivan

Patrick Sullivan

Abe Sussan

Ariana Sutton-Grier

Shelby Switzer

Katherine M. Sydor

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023 149

Jamie R. Taber

Naomi S. Taransky

Masrifa Tasnim

Andrea Taverna

Kelly Taylor

Myra Taylor

Whitney Teal

Jay F. Teitelbaum

Fatima Terry

Emma K. Tessier

Lan Thai

Amanda L. Thomas

Barbara E. Thomas

Jennifer Thomas

Judith F. Thomas

Payton A. Thomas

Will Thomas

Serita K. Thornton

Parth Tikiwala

Thomas Tobasko

Erika Tom

Gia Tonic

Gil M. Tran

Susanna Troxler

Patrick Trulock

Austin Turner

Shraddha A.

Upadhyaya

Darrell J. Upshaw

Matthew J. Vaeth

Candace Vahlsing

Areletha L. Venson

Alexandra Ventura

Shaun Verch

Carl Vernetti

Jesus Vidaurri

Eileen Vidrine

Merici Vinton

Kalpana Vissa

Andrea Viza

Megha Vyas

James A. Wade

Lucinda Wade

Brett Waite

Nicole Waldeck

Joseph Waldow

Rachel Wallace

Heather V. Walsh

Tim Wang

Ben A. Ward

Michelle Ward

Clarence Wardell

Benjamin Warﬁeld

Peter H. Waterman

Gary Waxman

Bess M. Weaver

Jacqueline K. Webb

Daniel Week

William J. Weinig

David M. Weisshaar

Michael Weissman

Lillian Welch

Philip R. Wenger

Max West

Arnette C. White

Ashley M. White

Curtis C. White

Kim S. White

Sherron R. White

Alison Whitty

Amy Widman

Brian A. Widuch

Sabrina Williams

Alex O. Wilson

Kimberly Claire

Wilson

Catherine Winters

Christopher Winters

Minzy Won

Alegra E. Woodard

Gwyneth Woolwine

Nicholas John

Woroszylo

Christopher Wren

Sophia M. Wright

Bertram J. Wyman

Danny Yagan

Melany N. Yeung

David Y. Yi

Samantha Paige Yi

Christian T. Yonkeu

Xia You

Frank (Tom) Young

Rita Young

Shalanda D. Young

Susse Yuan

Janice Yun

Elizabeth Zahorian

Eliana M. Zavala

Erica H. Zielewski

Timothy Ziese

Jeremy Zitomer

eciff OP tnemn revoG . S .U , s tnemu coD fo tnednetnirepuS eh t yb elas roF

0081 - 215 ) 202 ( aera CD ; 0081 - 215 ) 668 ( eerf llot :enohP vog . opg . erot s koob :ten retnI

no t gn ihsaW , CCDI po t S :liaM 4012 - 215 ) 202 ( :xaF 1000 - 20402 CD ,

ublishing

ISBN 978-0-16-095232-6

9 780160 952326

90000

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20503