1
EUROPEAN
COURT
OF AUDITORS
Misused English words
and expressions in EU
publications
EN 2016
2
Preface to the May 2016 edition
It has been over two years since I last updated this guide. During this period, I have conducted a number of talks and workshops
and have been able to benet from a good deal of feedback. At the risk of being repetitive, I would once again like to emphasise
that I aim neither to criticise the work of EU authors nor to dictate how people should speak or write in their internal or private
correspondence. In addition to providing guidance to readers who are unfamiliar with the EU parlance, my comments are
mainly designed for those who, for reasons of character or personal taste, would like their English to be as correct as possible
1
,
and those who need, or want, their output to be understood by people outside the European institutions, particularly in our
two English-speaking member states. This takes up a principle that is clearly set out in the Court of Auditor’s performance audit
manual:
‘In order to meet the addressees’ requirements, reports should be drafted for the attention of an
interested but non-expert reader who is not necessarily familiar with the detailed EU [or audit] context’.
Roughly translated, this means that we need to be aware of what constitutes our in-house jargon and attempt to avoid
it, particularly in documents intended for publication. Of course, if a text is exclusively for internal consumption or it is not
necessary for the ‘European citizen’ to be able to understand it, there may be grounds for ignoring the advice below.
During the last couple of years, I have heard two main objections to this basic premise. The rst is an English-as-a-lingua-
franca
2
type of reasoning, i.e. that international English has taken on its own momentum and, to a certain extent, has its own
rules. Native speaker usage, therefore, is no longer necessarily a model that needs to be followed. I must admit that I never
found this particularly convincing to start with, but, more importantly, I do not hold it to be relevant here. Our most important
‘client’ is the European taxpayer (see ‘citizen’, below) and it does seem to be reasonable that English-speaking readers should
be able to read our documents in versions that are linguistically at least as good as the translated versions (something that is
currently often not the case). The second objection, which I also refute, is that some terms are now so ingrained in EU usage (the
‘acquis’) that we have to use them even if they are wrong and, more importantly, even if our readers do not understand them.
This view sees certain past texts, particularly ‘the treaties’, as being akin to some kind of holy book handed down on tablets of
stone, whose very word is sacred. In this connection, I have had endless discussions regarding a number of terms, including
‘third country’, which is not only unclear and misleading, but also remarkably easy to replace with something more sensible
and meaningful.
The following signicant changes have been made since the last edition:
Added: Animate, anti-, asinine, citizen, concerned, consider as, debrieng, decommit, enterprise, x, follow up, global, instance,
notify, orientations, request, responsible, suppress, transversal, travels, treatment, verications
Major changes to: case, contradictory procedure
Jeremy Gardner, 25 May 2016
jeremy[email protected]
jeremygardn@gmail.com
www.euenglish.webs.com
1 By ‘correct’ I mean in terms of UK and Irish native-speaker norms.
2 http://www.englishlinguafranca.com/what-is-elf/
3
Introduction
Over the years, the European institutions have developed a vocabulary that diers from that of any recognised form
of English. It includes words that do not exist or are relatively unknown to native English speakers outside the EU
institutions and often even to standard spellcheckers/grammar checkers (‘planication’, ‘ to precise’ or ‘telematics’ for
example) and words that are used with a meaning, often derived from other languages, that is not usually found in
English dictionaries (‘coherent’ being a case in point). Some words are used with more or less the correct meaning, but in
contexts where they would not be used by native speakers (‘homogenise’, for example). Finally, there is a group of words,
many relating to modern technology, where users (including many native speakers) ‘prefer’ a local term (often an English
word or acronym) to the one normally used in English-speaking countries, which they may not actually know, even
passively (‘GPS’ or ‘navigator’ for ‘satnav’, ‘ SMS’ for ‘text’, ‘ to send an SMS to’ for ‘to text’, ‘ GSM’ or even ‘Handy’ for ‘mobile’ or ‘cell
phone’, internet ‘key’, ‘ pen’ or ‘stick’ for ‘dongle’, ‘ recharge’ for ‘top-up/top up’, ‘ beamer’ for projector etc.). The words in this last
list have not been included because they belong mostly to the spoken language.
What do we mean by English?
English is the most widely-spoken language in the world
3
and is currently an ocial language in 88 sovereign states
and territories; it therefore follows that it has many dierent versions and standards (British, Irish, American, Australian,
Canadian, Indian, Jamaican, Singapore, etc.). However, our publications need to be comprehensible for their target
audience, which is largely British and Irish, and should therefore follow a standard that reects usage in the United
Kingdom and Ireland
4
. This is not a value judgment on the other varieties of English, merely recognition of the need to
communicate in the language that our readers understand best. Arguments that ‘agent’ or ‘externalise’, for example, are
used with dierent meanings in the United States, Singapore or Australia miss the point, as does the view that we should
accept the EU usage of, say, ‘prescription’ because it can be found with the same meaning in a handful of countries and
states that have a civil law tradition, like Scotland, or historical links with France, like Quebec, the State of Louisiana and
Vanuatu.
3 According to estimates, between 1.5 and 2 billion people speak English in one form or another. Although Chinese and Spanish claim to have more
native speakers, English is geographically more widely spread and, if we include those who speak it as a second or foreign language, spoken by far
more people (see: http://www.davidcrystal.com/DC_articles/English3.pdf).
4 See also: The English Style Guide, 13 August 2013, P.7. DG Translation, http://ec.europa.eu/translation/english/guidelines/documents/
styleguide_english_dgt_en.pdf
4
Does it matter?
A common reaction to this situation is that it does not matter as, internally, we all know what ‘informatics’ are (is?), what
happens if we ‘transpose’ a Directive or ‘go on mission’ and that, when our ‘agents’ are on a contract, they are not actually
going to kill anyone
5
. Indeed, internally, it may often be easier to communicate with these terms than with the correct
ones (it is reasonable to suppose that fewer EU ocials know ‘outsource’ than ‘externalise’, for example). However, the
European institutions also need to communicate with the outside world and our documents need to be translated – both
tasks that are not facilitated by the use of terminology that is unknown to native speakers and either does not appear in
dictionaries or is shown in them with a dierent meaning. Finally, it is worth remembering that, whereas EU sta should
be able to understand ‘real’ English, we cannot expect the general public to be au fait with the EU variety.
‘But the Commission uses the same
terminology!’
A further objection that is often put forward is that we must use the same terminology as other institutions (the
Commission in particular). That is to say, if the Commission uses the verb ‘transpose’, for example, we must all use the
same term, even if we know it to be incorrect. This is a dangerous path to take, especially as the Commission itself
recognises the need to improve the quality of its English and is often hampered in this by constraints that smaller
institutions may not face. Furthermore, many of our most important documents are designed to be read by the general
public and not just the Commission or the other institutions and should be drafted accordingly. Fortunately, there are a
number of simple ways of getting round any mismatches that we may nd between the terminology in the background
legislation, or in Commission documents, and the terminology that we know to be correct. If, for example, we nd
ourselves having to quote a passage that contains an incorrect or in-house term, we must explain it if we want to be sure
that our readers will understand. In the example of ‘transpose’, we might add a note saying something like ‘term used at
the Commission/in EU legislation to indicate …’ (in this case, the incorporation of a Directive into national law)
6
.
5 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/contract, meaning 4.
6 An example of good practice in this eld comes from a Court draft report on ‘Axis 3’, which copes with the need to use the in-house term ‘axis’ by
introducing it at the outset as follows: ‘EU rural development policy for 2007 to 2013 is focused on three themes (known as “thematic axes”)’.
5
How was this list prepared?
The original list was drawn from ‘statements of preliminary ndings’ and draft reports by the Court of Auditors. Other
words were supplied by English-speaking colleagues. The terms were then checked against dictionaries, native speakers
in the UK, and the British National Corpus
7
, which is a 100 million word collection of samples of written and spoken
English from a wide range of sources, intended to represent a broad cross-section of current British English. Where
possible, examples are quoted from ocial EU publications so as to give them more weight.
How should this list be used?
The problem with these words is that when people use them with the wrong meaning or in the wrong context, they are
usually unaware that they are doing so. When we write ‘the penalties “foreseen” in the Regulation’, for example, it just
sounds right, so most authors will not think twice about putting it down on paper. You might therefore nd it useful to
keep the summary list below to hand as a reminder for the next time one of these words comes up. This list may also help
new sta to understand the terminology in existing texts and legislation. Please note that the opening list of words is
hyperlinked to the main text.
Is the list complete?
No. It is a living document and is subject to constant change. Also, English is, of course, a living language, and it too
changes all the time. In some cases, EU expressions may lter back into normal UK and Irish usage (although American
English does have a much stronger inuence). I feel that ‘working group’, as opposed to ‘working party’ may be one of
these; another is almost certainly the unusual use of the term ‘enterprise’ instead of ‘business’ in the acronym ‘SME’. On
the other hand, the increasing, though as yet not widely recognised, use of ‘actor’ just to mean ‘someone who does
something’ may be the result of the combined eect of both EU and US usage.
7 http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/x.asp?r1=&w=1192&h=670
6
Vocabulary and grammar –
Countable/uncountable nouns
A number of the errors mentioned in this paper can be ascribed less to a question of meaning than to an aspect of
English grammar that seems to have gone relatively unnoticed in the English teaching in European schools – the
distinction between countable and uncountable (or mass) nouns. Countable nouns are words like ‘biscuit’, which
can be counted, whereas ‘uncountable’, or ‘mass’ nouns are words like ‘sugar’ or ‘milk’, which do not normally take the
indenite article and do not usually have a plural. This distinction has grammatical consequences (compare ‘some milk’
with ‘some biscuits’, ‘milk’ with ‘a biscuit’ and ‘less milk’ with ‘fewer biscuits’). Unfortunately, nouns that are uncountable
in one language may be countable in another and vice versa (like, for example, ‘information’ and ‘damage’, which are
uncountable in English but countable in French), or countable in one meaning and uncountable in another. This concept
is fundamental for an understanding of the errors found with words like ‘action’, ‘aid’, ‘competence’, ‘conditionality’,
‘training’, ‘screening’, ‘precision’ and ‘prenancing’).
7
Action(s)
Actor
Actorness
Actual
Adequate
Agenda
Agent
Aids
Aim
Allow (to)
Anglo-Saxon
Animate
Anti-
Articultate/articulation
Assist at
Attestation
Atribute to
Axis
Badge
Bovine
Budget line
Cabinet
Caprine
Case
Citizen
Coherent/coherence
College
Comitology
Competence(s)
Complete (to complete)
Concern
Concerned
Conditionality
Conference
Consider as
Contractual (agent)
Contradictory procedure
Control
Dean
Debriefing
Decommit
Deepen
Define/definition
Delay
Detached/detachment
Dispose (of)
Do
Dossier
Elaborate
Enable (to)
Ensure (to)
Enterprise
Establish
Eventual/eventually
Evolution
Exercise
Expertise
Externalise/externalisation
Fiche
Financial envelope
Fix
Follow up
Foresee
Formulate
Frame
Global
Heavy
Hierarchical superior
Homogenise
Important
Incite
Inform (to)
Informatics
Inside
Instance
Intervention
Introduce
8
Jury
Justify/justification
Legislator
Mission
Modality
Modify/modification
Modulation
Name
Normally
Note
Notify to
Of
Operator
Opportunity
Orientations
Ovine
Permit (to)
Perspective
Planification
Porcine
Precise (to)/precision
Prescription
Project
Provide to
Punctual
Reasonability
Reflection (group)
Reinforce
Request
Respect
Responsible
Retain
Semester
Service
Shall
Sickness insurance
So-called
Suppress/suppression
Telematics
Third country
Training (a)
Transmit
Transpose
Transversal/transverse
Travel
Treatment
Trimester
Valorise
Verifications
Visa
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Action(s)
Explanatio n
In EU texts, the word ‘action’ is used countably (see introduction) with a meaning akin to ‘scheme’, ‘measure’ or ‘project’
(actually, a number of terms, some incorrect, are used in this connection, although the exact relationship between
them
8
is unclear). Although native speakers are usually convinced that this use is wrong, it is actually quite dicult to
identify exactly why it sounds so peculiar. One reason is certainly the fact that, in this meaning (‘the fact or process of
doing something, typically to achieve an aim’
9
), ‘action’ is uncountable in English and therefore does not take a plural.
In addition to this, apart from a number of very specic cases (a lawsuit, an armed conict, a mechanism etc.), it just
means a ‘deed’ or ‘a thing done’. The awkward nature of the EU use is shown, among other things, by the fact that authors
seem uncertain as to which verb to use with it, so in EU English, ‘actions’ (meaning projects) are ‘taken’, ‘implemented’,
‘executed’, ‘performed’ and even ‘pursued’, none of which manages to sound quite right. Generally speaking, there is a
certain amount of confusion as to whether actions are sub-measures, measures are sub-actions or the two terms are
synonymous.
Examples
Compare: ‘Measures may include specic actions for the development of e-Government’
10
with ‘Action 1 Measure 1.1 - Town
twinning citizens’ meetings - EUR 5896000’
11
. In the former, actions are sub-measures, whereas, in the latter, measures are
sub-actions.
Alternatives
Alternatives: Where ‘action’ is used countably as a synonym for ‘scheme’, ‘project’ or ‘measure’, the latter are preferable.
Generally speaking, there is a certain amount of confusion as to the terminology in this eld and it would be useful if the
EU institutions were more consistent.
Actor
Explanatio n
The Collins English dictionary denes an actor as ‘a person who acts in a play, lm, broadcast, etc.’ or ‘a person who puts
on a false manner in order to deceive others (often in the phrase bad actor)’. However, in EU usage, ‘actors’ are often
simply people who perform actions, or ‘the people and/or organisations involved in doing something’. As this meaning
is also found in US English, it also occurs in some sectors of international relations (mostly in the phrase ‘state actors’).
However, ‘actor’ is not normally used in this way in either the United Kingdom or Ireland, and is best avoided. My research
in the UK shows that, in this meaning, it is either not understood by the general public or, where understood, is perceived
as ‘a poor translation’. In the second example below, respondents understood the ‘actors’ in question to be internationally
known lm stars.
8 EU funded activities (‘interventions’) in the member states and elsewhere are broken down into a number of sub-categories, called ‘regimes’,
‘interventions’, ‘axes’, ‘projects’, ‘measures’, ‘actions’ and even ‘sub-programmes’ and ‘sub-measures’. Unfortunately, it is not very clear what the exact
hierarchy among these various categories is and, in particular, whether ‘actions’ and ‘measures’ (and, for that matter, ‘projects’) are synonymous
or whether one is a sub-category of the other(s). Occasionally (the rst example), it is fairly clear that ‘actions’ are indeed a subset of ‘measures’.
Elsewhere, however, measures are clearly sub-actions; in other cases, the two words appear to be synonyms and are often used together (‘actions and
measures’ or ‘measures and actions’) in a redundant repetitive rhetorical reiteration that does little to help the reader. Finally, there are cases where
the reader is left with the feeling that some obscure but presumably important distinction is being made between the two.
9 http://oxforddictionaries.com/denition/english/action
10 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011SA0009:EN:NOT
11 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:C2012/377/06:EN:NOT
10
Examples
Compare: ‘Municipalities represent a major actor of the required change, thus their initiatives like the Covenant of Mayors
should be further strengthened’
12
. ‘[The European Parliament] ... acknowledges and welcomes the success of state-building
eorts by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and Prime Minister Salam Fayyad, which have been supported by the EU and
endorsed by various international actors’
13
.
Alternatives
It is very often preferable to rework the sentence, thus avoiding the problem altogether (‘town councils play an
important role in the process of change’). Often, as in the case of ‘operators’ below, you can resolve the problem by trying
to identify exactly who you are talking about (‘international aid organisations’, for example) and using the appropriate
term. In some circumstances, you may be able to use ‘player’, which can mean ‘actor’ in both senses (‘town councils are
major players in the process of change’), but this should be done with care.
Actorness
Explanatio n
This word is an extraordinary creation that manages to combine a noun of dubious pedigree (see ‘actor’ above) with a
sux (-ness) which, elsewhere in the English language, is only applied to adjectives and participles, producing a result
that is both quite impenetrable and slightly childish. Even more unusually, although it is perhaps not actually an EU word
as such, because it is not found so much in EU publications, it is used almost exclusively in publications about the EU
in an attempt to express the concept of ‘the quality of being an actor’ (in the EU meaning of the word). The association
between this word and the EU is so strong that, at the time of writing, if we google, say, ‘US actorness’, we still get a list of
entries concerning the EU. Curiously, if we look up ‘Russian actorness’ or ‘French actorness’, Google thinks that we might
have just misspelt ‘actress’.
Example
Compare: ‘EU Actorness in International Aairs: The Case of
EULEX Mission in Kosovo, Perspectives on European Politics and Society’
14
.
Alternative(s)
participation, involvement, active participation, active involvement.
Actual
Explanatio n
‘Actual’ is sometimes used to refer to something that is happening now. However, in English it means ‘real’ or ‘existing’.
Examples
‘This appropriation is intended to cover basic salaries of the sta, as listed in the attached table, based on the actual
regulations and on the probable adjustments’
15
.
Alternatives
Current, present.
12 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010DC0639:EN:NOT
13 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011IP0429:EN:NOT
14 www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/afet/dv/201/201205/20120530_article_eulex_1_en.pdf
15 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002B0486:EN:NOT
11
Adequate
Explanation
‘Adequate’ is frequently used with the meaning of ‘appropriate’. However, its actual meaning is closer to ‘satisfactory’
or sometimes even ‘barely satisfactory’. An ‘adequate solution’ to a problem may not be the best one, but it will do. An
‘appropriate solution’ is one that is tting. Finally, in English, we say that something is ‘adequate for’ something else, not
‘adequate to’
Example
‘The collection of the data during the reporting process should be adequate and proportionate to the objectives pursued’
16
.
Alternative
Appropriate, suitable, tting.
Agenda
Explanation
An agenda is ‘a list or programme of things to be done or considered’. It is not a book in which you write down your
appointments.
Alternative
Diary.
Agent
Explanation
In British and Irish English, an ‘agent’ is normally either someone who works for a government intelligence agency (CIA,
MOSSAD, MI5, G2) or a person who runs or represents a service agency (travel agent, estate agent). He/she can also be
someone who represents the interests of an artist (actor, musician etc.) or, increasingly, someone (not necessarily a direct
employee) who represents a company in its dealings with the public (ticket agent, baggage agent, call-centre agent). Its
use to mean ‘someone who is employed by the EU in any capacity’ is incorrect and, incidentally, is not even sanctioned by
the Sta Regulations or the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants.
Example
‘The issue of vacancies mainly concerns contract agents; it is not the high turnover as such but rather a matter of nding sta
with the appropriate expertise’
17
.
Alternatives
Sta, employee (‘the problem of vacancies mainly concerns contract sta’).
16 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010R1033:EN:NOT
17 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:C2010/303/02:EN:NOT
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Aids
Explanation
The word ‘aid’ is usually uncountable (see introduction) in the meaning covered here (=assistance, which is also
uncountable) and should only be used in the singular. With an ‘-s’, it is commonly used to refer to a disease (AIDS) or to
devices that help you do something (e.g. ‘hearing aids’ or ‘teaching aids’). Signicantly, of the 3,232
18
examples of the
word ‘aids’ included in the British National Corpus, nearly all those used to mean ‘assistance’ come from EU sources.
Example
‘State aids — Decisions to propose appropriate measures pursuant to Article 108(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the
European Union where the Member State concerned has accepted those measures’
19
.
Alternatives
Aid, subsidies.
Aim (with the aim to)
Explanation
There are 634 instances of ‘with the aim to (do something) in EUR-Lex. ‘With the aim’ actually takes of + the gerund.
Example
‘List of specic recommendations from the Commission with the aim to reduce the administrative burden of REACH by SMEs
while maintaining their ability to full (sic) all REACH obligations’
20
.
Alternatives
With the aim of (doing something), with a view to (doing something, not do something).
Allow (to), Permit (to), Enable (to)
Explanation
When used to mean ‘make it possible to’, ‘allow’ cannot be used without a grammatical object, so we cannot say: ‘at
present, the statistics available do not allow to take account of all these situations’; ‘allow’ needs to be followed by a noun
or pronoun such as ‘us’ (the statistics do not allow us to take account of all these situations). EUR-Lex contains around 600
cases where this construction is used wrongly. The same applies to ‘permit to’ and ‘enable to’.
Example
‘When the interoperability constituent is integrated into a Control-Command and Signalling On-board or Track-side
Subsystem, if the missing functions, interfaces, or performances do not allow to assess whether the subsystem fully complies
with the requirements of this TSI, only an Intermediate Statement of Verication may be issued’
21
.
Alternatives
‘Make it possible to’, ‘allow us to’, ‘enable us to’, ‘allow (an assessment) of’.
18 Except in direct quotes, I have preferred to follow UK/Irish numbering conventions throughout as they are more widely understood than those
currently provided in the EU’s interinstitutional style guide, which can be found here: http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-360500.htm .
19 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011XC0312(01):EN:NOT
20 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52013DC0049:EN:NOT
21 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32012D0088:EN:NOT
13
Anglo-Saxon
Explanatio n
In English, the term ‘Anglo-Saxon’ is generally used to describe a member of any of the West Germanic tribes (Angles,
Saxons and Jutes) that settled in Britain from the 5th century AD. Also, particularly in America, it is used to denominate
white people, usually of the Protestant faith (‘WASPS’), thus excluding large swathes of the population of that country.
It follows that there is no such thing as an Anglo-Saxon country, or, as in the example below, an Anglo-Saxon agency or
Anglo-Saxon capitalism. Furthermore, the Anglo-Saxon language ceased to exist in the 12
th
century (I am ill-informed
about Brussels, but the last known speaker in Luxembourg was St Willibrord, 658-739
22
). This term is particularly
inapplicable (and, I gather, irritating for those concerned) when used to describe the Irish, Scots and Welsh, who partly
base their national identities on not being descended from the Anglo-Saxons
23
(everybody seems to have forgotten
about the poor Jutes), and verges on the ridiculous when used to include West Indians or people like the incumbent US
president, who, in EU terminology, would be the leader of the Anglo-Saxon world.
Example
The Anglo-Saxon group of agencies reect (sic) the previous dominance of Anglo-Saxon capitalism which was not disrupted
by two world wars and the specic operational issues relating to Asian economies’
24
.
Alternatives
‘English-speaking’ when referring to the countries or the people, ‘British’ and ‘American’ (‘Australian’ or whatever) when
referring to agencies, capitalism etc. The term may, however, be used if you are talking about something like the
(presumed) ‘Anglo-Saxon conspiracy’ and you will often nd it used ironically in this way in the British press (usually in
inverted commas). However, it has negative connotations and should be avoided in any serious writing.
Animate
Explanatio n
Every now and then a job advertisement appears, saying, for example, that the Commission is looking for a ‘head of
sector to animate 12 sta members’. Looking in the Oxford online dictionary for a clue as to what this might mean,
we can probably exclude the fact that the person in question will be expected to: ‘bring [the sta members] to life’, or
‘give [them] the appearance of movement using animation techniques
25
’. This means that we are left with ‘giving them
inspiration, encouragement, or renewed vigour’, which also sounds a trie unlikely. Actually the new employee will
probably nd that he/she will just be expected to lead a team.
Examples
‘To support such a multidisciplinary and integrated approach, an EU Internal Security Consultative Forum animated by the
Commission together with Member States, European Parliament, EU agencies, representatives of civil society, academia and
of the private sector could be considered’
26
. ‘The continuation of the process of improving the Commission’s reporting and
management information systems is expected to be animated by the Director of Budget Execution’
27
.
Alternatives
Lead, head; in the rst sentence above, we could say ‘under the aegis of’.
22 http://www.willibrord.lu/
23 Actually, recent research shows that the Anglo-Saxon genetic component is relatively low, even amongst white Englishmen (http://www.theguardian.
com/science/2015/mar/18/genetic-study-30-percent-white-british-dna-german-ancestry).
24 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010AE1615:EN:NOT
25 Though the later years of certain former Soviet leaders may come to mind in this connection.
26 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0365
27 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1464349023188&uri=CELEX:C2011/122A/01
14
Anti-
Explanatio n
The UK has a fraud oce and a serious fraud oce. It also has a national crime agency, drug squads and vice squads.
In the EU, on the other hand, we have the Scandinavian sounding OLAF (the European Anti Fraud Oce), anti-crime
policies, anti-drugs tracking, anti-cyber crime investigation and the like. Have perhaps EU authors and readers been
labouring under the misapprehension that the abovementioned UK bodies are actually involved in perpetrating crime
because they have no anti-?
Examples
‘A number of actions to meet these threats have been outlined within the framework of the Commission anti-cyber crime
policy’
28
. ‘For example, the rapid exchange of information between VAT anti-fraud units in dierent Member States and the
development of common risk analysis models were considered by stakeholders as important tools for the early detection of
carousel fraud’
29
.
Alternative
You can usually drop the anti-.
Articulate/articulation
Explanatio n
In English, the verb ‘articulate’ normally means ‘to put something into words’ (e.g. ‘he tried to articulate his fears’).
Used intransitively, it means ‘to speak’ or ‘to enunciate’ (e.g. ‘he had drunk so much that he had diculty articulating’).
Consequently, ‘articulation’ is ‘the act or process of speaking or expressing in words’; it is also a synonym for a joint
(principally in anatomy, botany and mechanics) and, by extension, the ‘state of being jointed together’
30
. In EU texts, on
the other hand, ‘articulate’ is commonly used, in a manner found in some Romance languages
31
, to mean ‘coordinate’, ‘link
together’, ‘connect’, ‘organise’ or, ‘structure’, and so ‘articulation’ is used to mean ‘coordination’, ‘relationship’, ‘connection’
etc. Unfortunately, it is often dicult to understand exactly what meaning is intended, resulting in the same text being
translated very dierently into other languages.
28 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52008DC0594
29 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0745
30 ‘Articulation’ is also used as a technical term in music, sociology and social anthropology and certain schools of Marxist analysis (Gramsci, Althusser),
but our readers would not necessarily be familiar with this.
31 http://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=articular
15
Examples
‘The European Parliament ... urges Turkey to articulate (= discuss? coordinate?) with the Iraqi Government, and other
neighbours, measures to counter the negative impact of the hydroelectric dam project announced by the Turkish
Government’
32
. ‘The strategy is articulated (= structured?) around four main ‘pillars’ that mutually reinforce each other’
33
.
‘While all groups aimed at generating policy recommendations, the main challenge remains to channel them into policy
making at EU and national level, and articulate (=coordinate?) the work of the groups with that of Council Presidencies
and the Commission’
34
. ‘This includes an appropriate articulation (= coordination, link?) with the Cohesion policy funds’
35
.
‘The European Parliament ... calls on the Commission to develop a Product Policy that ensures greater consistency between
environmental product policies by better coordinating the articulation (=design, coordination, interaction?), revision and
implementation of the dierent policy instruments’
36
.
Alternatives
Unless you actually mean to ‘put something into words’ or ‘the act of putting something into words’ or are referring to
a joint, avoid these words and use ‘coordinate’, ‘link together’, ‘connect’, ‘organise’, ‘structure’, etc. for ‘articulate’ or the
corresponding nouns for ‘articulation’.
Assist at
Explanation
‘Assist at’ is archaic in the meaning of ‘attend’.
Example
‘The representative of the Commission as well as other ocials and interested agents of the Commission assist at the meetings
of the Committee and the working groups’
37
.
Alternatives
Attend, be present at.
Attestation
Explanation
Attestation is not a common word in English and its most frequent meaning is: ‘the act of attending the execution of a
document and bearing witness to its authenticity’. It is not normally a synonym for ‘certicate’ as in the quote below.
Example
‘It is therefore necessary to decide whether, for a given product or family of products, the existence of a factory production
control system under the responsibility of the manufacturer is a necessary and sucient condition for an attestation of
conformity’
38
.
Alternative
Certicate.
32 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011IP0090:EN:NOT
33 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012DC0196:EN:NOT
34 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010DC0390:EN:NOT
35 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011PC0811:EN:NOT
36 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010IP0485:EN:NOT
37 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31974D0234:EN:NOT
38 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32011D0019:EN:NOT
16
Attribute to
Explanation
If you attribute something to someone, you are saying that he is thought to have made it/produced it. For example, ‘this
painting was attributed to Constable’ means that he was thought to have painted it, not that someone gave it to him. You
can also attribute something to a cause (‘The EIB attributes this relative underperformance … to the nancial crisis’). You
cannot, however, attribute aid, compensation, contracts or licences.
Example
The contracting authority was obliged to attribute a service contract exceeding the value of 236 000 euro using the proper
tendering procedures’
39
.
Alternatives
Allocate, grant, give, award, assign.
Axis
Explanation
The use of the word ‘axis’ that is often found in EU documents (= ‘a coherent group of measures with specic goals
40
’)
appears to derive from the French (possibly from the meaning ‘general direction’ cited in the ‘Petit Robert’). This usage
does not exist in English, where the word is used primarily in geometry, anatomy and politics (‘the Axis powers’ or the
‘axis of evil’). This term is particularly unfortunate in the plural because the untrained reader will almost inevitably
mistake it for the plural of ‘axe’. Curiously, in EU texts, ‘axes’ can also be roads, particularly important ones.
Examples
Article 77 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1083/2006 (hereinafter the “General Regulation”) provides that the interim payments
and the nal balance shall be calculated by applying the co-nancing rate for each priority axis laid down by the Commission
decision adopting the operational programme concerned’
41
. ‘The Commission, by its Decision C(2008) 8573 dated 15 December
2008, reduced the ERDF assistance granted to the Operational Programme “Access and Road axes” for the period 1994-1999 in
Greece by an amount of EUR 30.104.470,47. The relevant amount was eectively decommitted on 22 December 2008’
42
.
Alternatives
Depending on the context: priority axis = priority; road axis= road (sometimes trunk road); strategic axis= strategic
priority etc. If you have to use the EU term here, you really do need to explain it.
39 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52009TA1110%2801%29:EN:NOT
40 http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/agriculture/general_framework/l60032_en.htm
41 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011PC0482:EN:NOT
42 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52009SC1495:EN:NOT
17
Badge (badge, to badge)
Explanation
Although the use of the word ‘badge’ to mean ‘service pass’ seems to have gained currency in the English speaking world,
it can still not be used to describe a lunch card or the little tag you use to clock in and out at work. Generally speaking
it must be something attached to or worn on your outer clothing. There is also no verb ‘to badge’ in this context
43
, and
therefore no ‘badging’. On a brighter note, the little signs saying ‘badger’ at the Court entrances aord some harmless
amusement for English-speaking sta (see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badger).
Examples
‘Until the badging systems have been harmonised (entry and exi-time), there is a exi-time badge reader in the cafeteria hall’.
‘New topping up system for your children’s badge at the European School’
Alternatives
‘Tag’ for the clocking-in device, and ‘clock in/out’ for the verb. In the school example above, the object is actually a ‘lunch
card’.
Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Porcine and Asinine animals
Explanation
Bovine animals are ‘any of various chiey domesticated mammals of the genus Bos, including cows, steers, bulls, and
oxen, often raised for meat and dairy products’. So are ‘cattle’, which is the normal word in English. Similarly, ovine animals
are sheep, caprine animals are goats, porcine animals are pigs and asinine animals are, well, asses (perhaps ‘donkeys’
would be a better word these days). However, whereas the word ‘bovine’ may be recognised by English speakers (often
with the meaning ‘sluggish, dull and stolid’) and ‘asinine’ is relatively common, in the meaning ‘extremely stupid or
foolish’, the terms ‘ovine’, ‘caprine’ and ‘porcine’ would only be known to specialists.
Example
‘Commission Decision of 26 July 2004 amending Annexes I and II to Council Decision 79/542/EEC as regards model certicates
relating to the importation of bovine animals for slaughter and bovine, ovine and caprine fresh meat’
44
.
Alternatives
Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and donkeys respectively.
Budget line
Explanation
‘Budget line’ is used so often that it has begun to sound right. However, it does not exist in English in the sense in which
it is used in the EU institutions. Furthermore, even within EU terminology, there is no consensus as to what ‘budget line’
actually refers to (some say ‘budget heading’ and some ‘budget item’), which is already a sign that it should be handled
with care. The dictionary denition of ‘budget line’ is ‘the alternative combinations of two dierent goods that can be
purchased with a given income and given prices of the two goods’, which is quite a dierent matter.
43 ‘to badge’ normally means ‘to mark with a badge’
44 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32004D0620
18
Example
‘Three budget titles in this policy group are almost exclusively managed by three corresponding Directorates General (DGs) of
the Commission. These are DG and Culture (DG EAC) for budget line 15, DG Communication (DG COMM) for budget line 16
and DG Justice, Freedom and Security (DG JLS) for budget line 18’
45
.
Alternatives
Budget heading/item/title etc.
Cabinet
Explanation
‘Cabinet’ (usually pronounced ‘cabinay’ by English-speaking EU ocials and ‘cabinet’ by others) is the term used at the
Commission (and informally at the Court of Auditors) to refer to the private oce of a Commissioner (or Member of
the Court). Other than denoting a piece of furniture, the term is most commonly used in Britain to refer to ‘the senior
ministers of the British Government’. The ‘British cabinet’ is therefore ‘the principal executive group of British government’
and not the private oce of the British member of the Commission or Court or the sta thereof.
Example
‘the British cabinet’.
Alternatives
‘Private oce’, sometimes, just ‘oce’.
Case (in case /in case of)
Explanation
It is actually quite dicult to use ‘in case’ and ‘in case of’ properly. Generally, speaking, in EU texts, ‘in case’ is used as if it
were an elegant synonym for if, when or where (‘the fund can be mobilised in case (= if) the damage caused by a national
disaster exceeds the threshold’) and ‘in case of’ is used as another way of saying ‘for’ (‘farmers are subject to reductions in case
of (=for) non-compliance’). This may be misunderstood. In the rst example, the author intended to say: ‘we can mobilise
the fund if and when the damage exceeds the threshold’, but what he actually said was: ‘we can mobilise the fund to
prevent the damage from exceeding the threshold’, which is a dierent thing entirely. Similarly, the second sentence was
meant to mean: ‘farmers’ subsidies will be reduced if they do not comply’, but actually means ‘farmers’ subsidies will be
reduced as a precaution against someone not complying’.
Examples
‘Farmers are ... subject to possible reduction of the grubbing-up premium in case of non-compliance with certain
requirements
46
.’ ‘In case of pigs and poultry, at least 20 % of the feed shall come from the farm unit itself
47
.’ ‘The likelihood of
continuation of dumping in case the measures would be (sic) allowed to lapse is examined in the following
48
,’ ‘The fund can be
mobilised in case the damages (sic) caused by a national disaster exceed the threshold of three billion euro’
49
.
45 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010TA1109%2801%29:EN:NOT
46 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012SA0007:EN:NOT
47 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32012R0505:EN:NOT
48 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012PC0264:EN:NOT
49 ECA preliminary report
19
Alternatives
Prefer ‘for’, ‘if’, ‘when’, ‘where’, if that is what you mean. It is also possible to say ‘in the event of’ or ‘in cases of’ (non-
compliance, for example) or ‘in the case of’ (pigs).
Citizen
Explanation
‘Citizen’ has become something of a buzzword that EU authors like to include in their texts, presumably to emphasize the
concept of ‘European citizenship’, as introduced under the Maastricht treaty. Actually, this word is decidedly less common
in English than in some other languages and, in native texts, it is nearly always used to mean ‘a legally recognized subject
or national of a state
50
. The emphasis is very much on nationality, so, for example, if we say that ‘steps have been taken to
help citizens get back to work’, we imply that non-citizens (of which there are a large number in the EU) are not expected
to benet. This means that a term that intends to evoke inclusion may actually have the opposite eect. An illuminating
explanation to the background of the EU use of this term and its French Revolutionary and Marxist connections can be
found in the glossary on www.marxists.org
51
.
Examples
‘In addition, reviews of health care expenditure are promoting ways to increase eectiveness for citizens and improve value
for
52
. ‘Tax on citizens travelling from airports within the EU’
53
. ‘… the budget should reect actual budgetary needs and be in
line with the principle of budgetary rigour and responsible use of citizens’ money’
54
.
Alternatives
Use ‘citizen’ only if you really mean ‘citizen’ and particularly if you wish to exclude non-citizens. Otherwise, ‘the public’ (rst
example above), ‘people’ (second example), ‘taxpayer’ (third example).
Coherent/coherence
Explanation
Coherent means ‘logical; consistent and orderly’ or ‘capable of logical and orderly thought’. In the former meaning, it
is generally an internal characteristic of an argument or a publication, for example, and in the latter meaning, it is an
internal characteristic of a person or thing (e.g. ‘he is totally incoherent, he must have been drinking’). In the EU, on the
other hand, it is frequently used with the meaning of ‘in agreement with’ or ‘accordant with’ (something else).
Example
‘The proposed Framework Programme is coherent with the objectives of the SET-Plan and EU 2020 Strategy. For more details
please refer to the ex-ante evaluation and explanatory memorandum’
55
.
Alternative
Consistent/consistency.
50 Its other, far less common meaning is ‘an inhabitant of a particular town or city’.
51 ‘The word “citizen” in English lumps together a number of distinct meanings, which can only be represented by using French and/or German words.
The French word citoyen means the participant in the political life of the community, the individual who is the carrier of political rights, the enjoyer of
‘positive freedom’. During the French revolution, when people addressed one another as ‘Citizen Marat’, or whatever, the word was citoyen. On the
other hand, the German word Bürger most graphically expresses the person as an individual participant in the economic life of the community, the
bearer of social rights, the right not to be interfered with and to carry on any activity that does not harm others, the enjoyer of ‘negative freedom’.
52 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0906
53 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:92008E006521
54 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52006BP0241
55 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011PC0072:EN:NOT
20
College
Explanation
In the English-speaking world, ‘college’ normally refers to one type of educational establishment or another (university
college, Eton College, etc.). It can also be a body of electors (‘electoral college’). In the EU, on the other hand, it is used to
mean the actual Court or Commission, as opposed to the institution and its sta. The only context where it is traditionally
used in a similar meaning is the ecclesiastical Latinism: ‘the college of cardinals (from Collegium Cardinalium). The term
‘college of Commissioners’ has become enshrined in EU usage, but we should use the word sparingly when referring to
other bodies. Especially when it is used in isolation (‘the college’ tout court), readers outside the institutions may think we
are referring to a school of some sort. In the example below, we can replace the word ‘college’ with ‘Court’ with no loss of
meaning.
Example
‘The commitment will be conrmed again in the new building policy, to be adopted by the College before the 2007 summer
break’
56
.
Alternative
‘The Court’/‘the Commission’. If it is necessary to specify beyond doubt that it was the actual Court and not the institution
as a whole, we can say ‘the Court itself’ or ‘the Court’s members’ (‘the Members of the Commission’) or even just ‘the
Members’ (or the ‘Commissioners’).
Comitology
Explanation
There are 1,253 instances of the word ‘comitology’ in EUR-Lex. However, not only does the word not exist outside the EU
institutions, but it is formed from a misspelt stem (committee has two ‘m’s and two ‘t’s) and a sux that means something
quite dierent ( ology/ logy means ‘the science of’ or ‘the study of’)
57
. It is therefore highly unlikely that an outsider
would be able to deduce its meaning, even in context. Fortunately, as the quote below shows, the procedure has been
abolished. Unfortunately, the term seems to have survived.
Example
‘The Commission must draft new rules setting out the powers and workings of the bodies replacing the Committees in the
framework of the now-abolished comitology procedure, to ensure that the new system operates properly’
58
.
Alternative
The ocial term is ‘committee procedure’.
Competence(s)
Explanation
‘Competence’ in its meaning of ‘the legal authority of a court or other body to deal with a particular matter’ is
uncountable (see introduction) in English and therefore does not usually take a plural. We normally speak of the ‘powers’
of bodies or institutions rather than their ‘competences’.
56 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52007SA0002:EN:NOT
57 Yes, I am aware that Parkinson rst used the term in 1955, but (a), he meant something dierent and (b) he was being funny.
58 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011AE0537:EN:NOT
21
Example
‘This Directive fully respects the competences of Member States, particularly on employment, labour and social matters’
59
.
Alternative
Powers, jurisdiction.
Complete (to complete)
Explanation
To ‘complete’ means to nish, end or terminate. It therefore implies that whatever is being completed was somehow
incomplete before the completion occurred. In EU texts, however, this word is often used to mean that something extra
has been added to supplement something that, in itself, was actually complete beforehand.
Example
‘The French Republic, in July 2000, proposed a Regulation, to complete Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000, aimed at facilitating,
through the abolition of exequatur, the exercise of cross-border rights of access in the case of children of divorced or separated
couples, aged up to 16 years’
60
.
Alternative
Supplement, add to.
Concern (concerning, for what concerns)
Explanation
We often nd paragraphs in reports that begin with ‘concerning XYZ, the Court found that ...’, instead of ‘with regard to’.
This sounds very odd in English. The rather endearing Gallicism ‘for what concerns’ is also remarkably common, even in
published documents (30 hits in EUR-Lex, many of which are recent).
Examples
‘Concerning the achievement[s] of the six EFA goals, the PEDP report reports that sound progress is being made ...
61
’ ‘For what
concerns resettlement, Member States will receive nancial incentives (lump sums) every two years ...’
62
.
Alternatives
With regard to, in respect of, in terms of. However, in English, there is usually no need to start a sentence with a direct
reference to the subject matter, as you would in certain other languages, and a dierent word-order might be better (‘The
PEDP report states that sound progress is being made towards the achievement of the six EFA goals.’). Furthermore, where this
introductory phrase merely repeats the paragraph heading, it should be eliminated altogether.
59 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32009L0050:EN:NOT
60 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52002AE0029:EN:NOT
61 Draft report on development aid
62 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011PC0751:EN:NOT
22
Concerned
Explanatio n
There are a number of adjectives in English which have a dierent meaning when used after the noun. One of these
is ‘concerned’. Before the noun, it means ‘worried’, after the noun, it means ‘involved in or aected by something’. A
concerned ocial is therefore one that is worried about something (perhaps the opposite to a detached ocial, see
below), whereas if you want to contact the ocial responsible for something, you should write to the ocial concerned.
Incidentally, ‘responsible’ is similar in this respect.
Examples
‘It will allow the objectives of the Year to penetrate more easily and reach out [to] interested and concerned stakeholders at
national, regional and local level
63
’. ‘This list should not be used in order to target the concerned ocials with a marketing
campaign or to prole them, unless in accordance with applicable data protection legislation’
64
.
Alternatives
In the rst example, both interested and concerned may be superuous as the people concerned are already
stakeholders (can one be a stakeholder and not be aected?). In the second example, ‘the ocials concerned’.
Conditionality
Explanatio n
‘Conditionality’ is a clumsy word that should be used parsimoniously (see ‘Reasonability’). Moreover, it is not an erudite
synonym of ‘condition’ but a derivative of ‘conditional’ and means simply ‘the state of being conditional’
65
. Finally, it is an
uncountable noun (see introduction) that cannot be used in the plural, despite the 156 plural hits in EUR-Lex. It should
perhaps be noted that this word is also used, equally incomprehensibly, by the IMF
66
.
Example
‘[The European Parliament] ... calls for it to be made possible for the actors involved in the management of operational
programmes to inuence conditionalities’
67
.
Alternative
Often just ‘conditions’ or ‘the conditions imposed/set’.
63 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52005SC0690
64 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52009XX0107(02)
65 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Conditionality
66 http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/conditio.htm
67 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011IP0316:EN:NOT
23
Conference
Explanation
In-house terminology uses ‘conference’ to refer to a simple talk or lecture, where one speaker comes to impart his
knowledge on a given subject. In English, a conference is a high-level meeting for consultation or exchange of
information or discussion with a number of speakers, often lasting several days, like the Kyoto conference, or in the legal
context, a one-to-one meeting between a barrister and his client. In the example below, an outside reader would have
understood that the medical service had invited a number of experts (doctors, researchers, university lecturers and
politicians) to discuss the problem of infectious diseases and that one of them, Dr Arendt, would be taking questions. In
fact, there was just Dr Arendt and he was giving a talk. Generally speaking, in the EU institutions, it is often very dicult
to work out for what sort of training or cultural event one is applying.
Example
‘In this context, and in response to the concerns expressed by a number of colleagues, the Medical Service is organizing a
conference on Tuesday 12 October... A specialist doctor, M. Vic Arendt, will answer any of your questions’
68
.
Alternatives
Talk, lecture, presentation.
Consider as
Explanation
The American Heritage Book of English Usage states that the ‘as’ in ‘consider as’, is ‘not suciently well established to be
acceptable in writing’. In any case, it is redundant.
Examples
‘The Commission did not issue guidance on what should be considered as a ‘new product or new technique’ in relation to
the measure for modernising farms
69
’, This increase of the initial pre-nancing from the specic allocation for the YEI paid to
operational programmes supported by the YEI (irrespective of the form of the programming arrangements) is considered as
adequate and fully in line with the specic rules applicable to the YEI’
70
.
Alternatives
Consider or consider to be.
Contractual (agent)
Explanation
‘Contractual’ means ‘laid down in a contract’ (e.g. ‘contractual terms’), it does not mean ‘under contract’. Although the
term is widely used in the latter way in the institutions, it does not appear at all in the current Sta Regulations or in the
Conditions of Employment of other Servants.
68 Email from ‘your administration’ on 7/10/2010
69 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52013SA0012&from=EN
70 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52015PC0046&from=EN
24
Example
‘The breakdown of sta employed at 31/12/2009 by the executive agencies was as follows: Temporary agents (ocials
seconded by the Commission and agents recruited by the agency) | Contractual agents | Seconded national experts | Total |’
71
.
Alternative
Contract (sta).
Contradictory procedure
Explanation
‘Contradictory procedure’ does not exist in English as a xed expression, although, of course, a procedure can be
contradictory
72
. The dictionary denitions of contradictory are: ‘involving, of the nature of, or being a contradiction’ or
‘given to contradicting’, so it is unlikely that an uninitiated reader would appreciate that the notion of the ‘contradictory
procedure’ actually regards the right of any individual to give his/her side of the story. Fortunately, this term is no longer
ocially used by the Court of Auditors to describe its inter partes discussion procedure with the Commission, but less
fortunately, it has been replaced by ‘adversarial procedure’, which, if anything, is even worse.
Examples
‘All audits result in detailed ndings being sent to the auditee to conrm the accuracy of the Court’s observations, followed by
a “contradictory procedure” on the nal text of the audit report’
73
. ‘The rights of the operators should be guaranteed through
a contradictory procedure with its Flag State, the criteria for the listing should be clear, objective and transparent, and the de-
listing process when the criteria are not met any longer should also be foreseen’
74
.
Alternatives
The EU’s nancial regulation lays down ‘adversarial procedure’ as the technical term for the Court of Auditor’s hearing of
the Commission with regard to its ndings (although, in the 1990s, it was called, rather more informatively, the ‘bilateral
discussion procedure’
75
). However, ‘contradictory procedure’ is still used outside this context (e.g. ‘the paying agency
held a contradictory with the farmer’), and we should bear in mind that people beyond our immediate circle will not
understand it. In most cases, it is better to drop the legalese (‘inter partes hearing’, ‘audi alteram partem’, and the like) and
rework the sentence in layman’s terms, e.g. ‘the paying agency called the farmer in to discuss the matter’.
71 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010DC0281:EN:NOT
72 Try googling ‘youtube argument clinic’ for an example of a contradictory procedure.
73 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012SA0019:EN:NOT
74 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52007SC1336:EN:NOT
75 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:31995Y1114(01)&qid=1464351447549&from=EN
25
Control (to control, a control)
Explanation
To control does not usually mean ‘to audit’ ‘check’ or ‘verify’
76
and ‘a control’ is not normally ‘a check’ or ‘an inspection’.
Its most common meaning is ‘to exercise authoritative or dominating inuence over; direct’. Thus, if we say that ‘the
Commission controlled project X in the Member States’, we do not mean that the Commission audited it, but that the
Commission ran it. In combination with a few other terms contained in this list, this misuse can end up sounding quite
sinister (e.g. ‘the Commission’s contract agents were on a mission in the United Kingdom to control execution under
Axis II’). Used as a noun, we do not ‘carry out’ or ‘perform’ controls. Controls are more likely to be systems that are in place
(passport controls, for example). Hence, we can say that the Court checked to see if the key controls were in place, but
not that it carried out controls. Furthermore, when talking about systems, the best term will often be ‘safeguard’. For
example, ‘a number of safeguards are built into the system to ensure that funds are spent correctly’.
Examples
‘Administrative checks must be undertaken on all applications for support and payment claims, and cover all elements that
are possible and appropriate to control by administrative means’
77
. ‘Apart from the annual review of the reference amount,
customs authorities are not obliged to carry out controls after authorisation’
78
.
Alternatives
Audit, check, verify, inspect/inspection, safeguard.
Dean
Explanation
In British and Irish usage, a ‘dean’ is either a relatively senior priest or the head of a university faculty. At the Court of
Auditors, on the other hand, it is the name given to the doyen or chair of the institution’s audit chambers.
Example
‘Each Chamber shall elect one of its Members as Dean in accordance with the conditions laid down in the implementing
rules’’
79
.
Alternative(s)
‘Dean’ is now the ocial title at the Court, but, in our dealings with the outside world, we should not be surprised if
people think that we have our own in-house clergy (see also ‘hierarchical superior’ and ‘college’). When explaining the
role to outsiders, ‘chair’ (-woman, - man, -person) or ‘doyen’ might be more informative.
76 This meaning is not mentioned at all in the Oxford online dictionary and is described by Merriam Webster as ‘archaic’ (http://www.merriam-webster.
com/dictionary/control).
77 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010TA1109%2801%29:EN:NOT
78 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52006SA0011:EN:NOT
79 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010Q0423%2801%29:EN:NOT
26
Debriefing
Explanation
To debrief means ‘to question (someone, typically a soldier or spy) about a completed mission or undertaking’. In the EU
institutions, on the other hand, ‘debrieng’ is used to indicate ‘a meeting for giving information or instructions’. This would
be a brieng.
Examples
‘Upon return, the participant organised an internal meeting to explain the experience to his colleagues and to disseminate
the knowledge to his direct working environment. The participant is also planning to organise another debrieng after the
evaluation meeting in Prague’
80
. ‘Weekly debrieng meetings and regular dialogue between Executive Board members and
area heads are deemed to be more conducive to eective management than lengthy quarterly or half-yearly reports’
81
.
Alternative
Brieng.
Decommit
Explanation
The Microsoft Word spell checker thinks that ‘decommit’ does not exist and the Oxford English, Oxford on-line, Merriam
Webster and Macmillan dictionaries seem to agree. It follows that there is also no such thing as a ‘decommitment’.
Examples
‘This involves the re-entry of commitment appropriations concerning structural funds which have been decommitted’
82
. ‘The
Commission shall automatically decommit any portion of a budget commitment for a rural development programme that has
not been used for the purpose of prenancing or for making interim payments’
83
.
Alternative
Cancel.
Deepen
Explanation
‘Deepen’ is a dicult word to use guratively. In addition to its literal meaning (e.g. deepen a well), it can also be used
to mean ‘to increase’, ‘improve’ or ‘boost’. However, it cannot be used indiscriminately in this way and, in this meaning,
can only be associated with a few abstract terms like ‘knowledge’ or ‘understanding’. It can also never be used to mean
‘look into something more deeply’, as in ‘deepen an issue’. Unfortunately, many of the 1,000-odd examples in EUR-Lex are
incorrect in one of these respects.
80 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52013SC0098
81 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52010TA0618(01)
82 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1464352366056&uri=CELEX:52014XC1113(02)
83 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32013R1306
27
Examples
‘Portugal shall deepen the use of shared services in public administration’
84
. ‘The extension of SJU would enable stakeholders to
… deepen strategic partnerships’
85
. ‘Further deepen the internal market for defence and security’
86
. ‘The Commission intends
to deepen the dialogue with Turkey on visas’
87
. ‘There is clear evidence that the partnership arrangements have deepened and
widened’
88
.
Alternative(s)
Improve, increase, bolster, boost, develop.
Define/definition
Explanation
In English, ‘dene’ means ‘to state the precise meaning of’ (for example ‘we have already dened the meaning of control’).
It does not mean ‘establish’, ‘set out’, ‘lay down’ or ‘illustrate’.
Examples
‘The main tasks and activities of the IMI Joint Undertaking shall be: (a) to ensure the establishment and sustainable
management of the Joint Technology Initiative on “Innovative Medicines”; (b) to dene and carry out the annual
implementation plan referred to in Article 18 via calls for project’
89
. ‘A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in
the denition and implementation of all Union policies and activities’
90
.
Alternatives
Establish, lay down, set out, draft, establishment, drafting, design.
Delay
Explanation
‘Delay’ is often used in the EU to mean ‘deadline’ or ‘time limit’. In English, on the other hand, ‘delay’ always refers to
something being late or taking longer than is necessary. You cannot, therefore comply with (or ‘respect’) a delay.
Example
‘In order to respect the delay for transmission, the Commission can make small changes to the notication provided that they
are agreed with the notifying member prior to transmission’
91
.
Alternatives
Time limit, deadline, time allowed.
84 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32013D0064:EN:NOT
85 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52013SC0262:EN:NOT
86 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52013DC0542:EN:NOT
87 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:C2013/210E/01:EN:NOT
88 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52006SA0010:EN:NOT; We also nd deepen strands of strategy, deepen EMU, deepen
synchronisation, deepen alignment, deepen democracy and many more
89 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010TA1216(03):EN:NOT
90 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010TA1214(06):EN:NOT
91 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32011R0016:EN:NOT
28
Detached/detachment
Explanation
‘Detached’ means ‘separated’, ‘disconnected’ or standing apart from others (as in ‘detached house’) or, in the case of a
person, ‘marked by an absence of (emotional) involvement’. A ‘detached ocial’ would therefore be one who worked in
an objective manner (no doubt a laudable quality, but not what is usually meant).
Example
‘The table below shows stang levels in ACP Delegations before and after devolution. External sta comprise Local Agents,
Contract Agents, Detached National Experts and Young Experts’
92
.
Alternative
Seconded/secondment.
Dispose (of)
Explanation
The most common meaning of ‘dispose of’ is ‘to get rid of’ or ‘to throw away’; it never means ‘to have’, ‘to possess’ or ‘to
have in one’s possession’. Thus, the sentence ‘The managing authority disposes of the data regarding participants’ does
not mean that it has them available; on the contrary, it means that it throws them away or deletes them. Similarly, the
sentence below does not mean: ‘the Commission may not have independent sources of information’, it means that the
Commission is not permitted to discard the sources that it has.
Example
‘The Commission may not be able to assess the reliability of the data provided by Member States and may not dispose of
independent information sources (see paragraph 39)
93
.
Alternatives
have, possess, xyz is/are not available to [the Commission].
Do
Explanation
‘To do’ is a rather weak word: ‘to perform’ and ‘to carry out’ are often better. Using them also avoids the all too common
confusion between ‘to do’ and ‘to make’. A very odd use of ‘do’ is also found at the bottom of a lot of EU legislation: ‘Done
at (in) Luxembourg/Brussels’; this would be better as just ‘Brussels’ (or ‘Luxembourg’), assuming that we need to mention
it at all.
Example
‘A third source of revision is the statistical adjustments done at national level and at European level to take account of the
seasonality and the calendar eects aecting time series
94
.
Alternatives
Perform, carry out, undertake.
92 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52006SC0977:EN:NOT
93 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012AA0007:EN:NOT
94 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52008DC0340:EN:NOT
29
Dossier
Explanation
A ‘dossier’ is a le, often a copious one containing detailed records on a particular person or subject. However, it is not a
particularly common word and not one that readers will necessarily fully understand or even know how to pronounce
95
.
Also it is mostly used in certain specic contexts (intelligence agencies, for example – compare ‘agent’ above
96
). In EU
texts, in addition to being overused in this meaning at the expense of ‘le’, it is also employed metaphorically, where
there is no actual le, to mean ‘subject’, ‘issue’ or ‘question’.
Examples
‘The Commission recognises how dicult it is to speed up its nancing decisions, because of the huge mass (sic) of dossiers,
the complexity of the management rules ... and the complexity of the internal and external consultation process’
97
. ‘Turkey
has maintained close ocial contacts with the Iraqi authorities, and the Prime Minister visited Iraq, including the Kurdish
Regional Government. Turkey engaged with Iran on the nuclear dossier’
98
. ‘The adoption of implementing measures in the eld
of taxation following the Comitology procedure is still the main obstacle to getting the proposal adopted. Probably only an
amendment to the Treaty could give new momentum to this dossier’
99
.
Alternatives
If you mean le, use ‘le’ wherever possible; otherwise question, issue, matter, subject or even procedure.
Elaborate
Explanation
To elaborate means ‘to work out carefully or minutely’ or ‘to develop to perfection’. It does not mean to write something
up. It is possible to elaborate a strategy, but not a document.
Example
‘Additional background information on less commonly used species, and habitats is available in the background information
document elaborated by the Group of Experts’
100
.
Alternatives
Draft, draw up, prepare.
95 See comments under http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dossier
96 The example given in the Cambridge dictionary is illuminating: ‘the secret service probably has a dossier on all of us’.
97 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52002SA0002
98 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011SC1201:EN:NOT
99 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52003DC0614:EN:NOT
100 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32007H0526:EN:NOT
30
Ensure (to)
Explanation
‘To ensure’ means ‘to make sure or certain’. However, it is often used in the EU to mean ‘to provide’. ‘Ensure’ should never
be followed by ‘to’ and an indirect object.
Example
‘Establish national plans for rare diseases in order to ensure to patients with rare diseases universal access to high quality care,
including diagnostics, treatments and orphan drugs throughout their national territory on the basis of equity and solidarity
throughout the EU’
101
.
Alternatives
Provide (with), guarantee.
Enterprise
Explanation
If you look up ‘enterprise’ on Google images, you get pages and pages of space ships, a few aircraft carriers, a car rental
rm and the odd reference to IT architecture. On the other hand, if you look up ‘company’, you get pages and pages
of, well, companies. This is because, despite the best eorts of a number of international organisations, including the
EU, ‘enterprise’, is not the default term for ‘company’, ‘business’ or ‘rm’
102
. In the UK and Ireland, you are unlikely to hear
people saying things like ‘my father has his own enterprise’, and you will not nd many rms with names like ‘the Winsor
tie enterprise’ (although there is a ‘Winsor tie company’). It must be said that the once slightly bizarre sounding ‘SME’
(small and medium-sized enterprise) has certainly caught on as an acronym, but, signicantly, the British press often feels
the need to specify that what is actually meant is ‘company’, business’ or ‘rm’
103
. Similarly the British ‘federation of small
businesses’ (not enterprises) refers to its members as ‘small businesses’ or small rms’ but never as ‘small enterprises’.
Examples
‘They enhance the entrepreneurial skills of those seeking to set up an enterprise’
104
. Persons starting their own enterprise,
including self-employment’
105
.
Alternatives
Business, company and, in some cases, rm.
Establish
Explanation
‘Establish’ is often used in the EU to mean to ‘draw up’ or ‘draft’. In English, it actually means to ‘set up’, ‘found’ or ‘secure’.
You can establish a company or criteria, but not a report.
101 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52008PC0726R%2802%29:EN:NOT
102 It is much more common in the meanings of ‘ a project or undertaking, especially a bold or complex one’, ‘initiative and resourcefulness’ or even
‘entrepreneurial activity’.
103 See, for example : http://www.telegraph.co.uk/nance/businessclub/11430701/SMEs-failing-to-guard-against-cyber-attacks-Government-warns.html
104 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1464353939351&uri=CELEX:52001DC0629
105 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52015SC0206
31
Example
‘During the reporting phase the Agency shall establish a nal inspection report containing details of the conduct of the
inspection’
106
.
Alternatives
Draw up, draft, produce, prepare.
Eventual/eventually
Explanation
Eventual means ‘occurring at some unspecied time in the future’, eventually means ‘in the end’. However, in EU texts,
these words are often used with a meaning akin to ‘possible’ and ‘possibly’. Thus, the sentence ‘eventually, the beneciary
provided documentary evidence’, which the author intended to mean something like ‘if any documentary evidence were
necessary/available, the beneciary provided it’, actually means that it took the beneciary a long time to do so. In the
examples below, ‘eventual’ is used to mean ‘possible’, whereas its actual meaning would be ‘in the long term’.
Examples
‘They both opposed an eventual imposition of anti-dumping measures as they considered that it could lead to a cessation
of imports of the product concerned from the PRC’
107
. ‘The results thus obtained will be taken into consideration by the
Commission with regard to an eventual new request for derogation’
108
.
Alternatives
Possible, any, the possibility of. It may sometimes be better to rework the sentence (e.g. eventual claims should be sent to
the paying oce = if you wish to make a claim, please write to the paying oce).
Evolution
Explanation
The word ‘evolution’ is both heavily overused and misused in our texts. Above all, it does not sit very well with the
adjective ‘negative’ and a ‘negative evolution’ is something of an oxymoron. There are a number of more common words
that should be preferred.
Example
‘The increase in transport costs leads to a negative evolution of exports and consumption (households have to face increased
costs of transport)’
109
.
Alternatives
Development, trend, change, downturn/upturn, etc.
106 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006R0736:EN:NOT
107 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010R0812:EN:NOT
108 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010R0812:EN:NOT
109 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52008SC2208:EN:NOT
32
Exercise
Explanation
‘Exercise’ is often used in EU documents to indicate a procedure or process of some sort or a period in which something is
done.
Example
‘The promotion exercise is dierent in each institution. At the Commission and Parliament, the system involves the
accumulation of points: ocials are promoted when they reach the threshold for promotion’
110
.
Alternative
Procedure.
Expertise
Explanation
Expertise is an uncountable noun (see introduction) meaning ‘expert knowledge or skill in a given eld’ or ‘expertness’.
In EU documents, on the other hand, it is not only countable, but it is also used to mean ‘an appraisal by an expert’.
Therefore, in the EU, ‘expertises’ (pronounced ‘experteezes’) may be conducted, performed, executed, carried out, done or
even made.
Examples
‘Priority should be given to the ORs’ health system, training and education in order to optimise local human resources and
expertises as greatest potential drivers of growth in the ORs’
111
. ‘The authority had obtained an expertise on the question
if it was necessary to turn the southern runway parallel to the northern one, or if the runways could be used as a V-runway
system’
112
.
Alternative(s)
Expertise (singular – rst sentence), expert advice or an (expert) opinion assessment, appraisal or evaluation; in some
cases, where it is the value of an asset that is at stake, ‘valuation’.
Externalise (externalisation)
Explanation
Although ‘externalisation’ has become something of a buzzword in the UK public administration, it is a recent acquisition
and has not yet reached the dictionaries
113
, or even Wikipedia, in the meaning of ‘outsourcing’
114
, so readers may be
unclear as to exactly what it means. It is therefore preferable to use a more established term if we wish to express the idea
that a given service has been contracted out to a private company.
110 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011DC0042:EN:NOT
111 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012AR1685:EN:NOT
112 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008D0948:EN:NOT
113 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/externalize
114 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externalization
33
Example
‘Furthermore, the White Paper required that the decision to externalise should be taken on a consistent basis across the
European Commission, so that similar instruments are used in similar cases’
115
.
Alternatives
Outsource/outsourcing, contract out, send out.
Fiche
Explanation
Fiche is a useful word, but it is French. Its only use in English is to indicate the (somewhat outdated) microche.
Example
‘Where other information contained in the product information che is also provided, it shall be in the form and order specied
in Annex III’
116
.
Alternatives
Sheet, document, record, entry.
Financial envelope
Explanation
This curious term is used to mean something like: ‘the total budget available for something’. It is so odd
117
that it is rather
surprising to see that it has not only made it into the second decade of the twenty-rst century, but, with 500 hits in EUR-
Lex, many of them recent, it is going so strong that the Commission’s new state-of-the-art machine translation system
118
cheerfully oers it as an equivalent for ‘nancial allocation’ and the like. This term is often defended tooth and nail by
people who should really know better simply because it is believed to be in one of the sacred texts
119
.
Example
‘The key parameters of the macroeconomic adjustment programme, notably the duration of the programme and the overall
nancial envelope remain unchanged’
120
.
Alternatives
Budget, nancial allocation.
115 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52009SA0013:EN:NOT
116 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010R1062:EN:NOT
117 By a strange multilingual association of ideas, it has always made me think of a bribe.
118 This is not so surprising, as Commission’s machine translation system works on a statistical basis, and the underlying database is stocked with EU
documents containing this error. A well-known on-line translation service, which operates on dierent underlying information, translates it, in the
example given here, as ‘overall budget’, which seems about right.
119 As I understand it, these are the treaties, the nancial regulation and possibly the sta regulations (usually written, meaningfully, with initial capital
letters). Actually, I have not been able to nd out which one uses the term, although the nancial regulation does talk of a ‘budgetary envelope’.
120 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52013PC0679:EN:NOT
34
Fix
Explanation
The main meanings of ‘x’ are to repair and to attach. It can also be used informally to mean ‘establish’ or ‘set’ if you are
talking about a date, a time or a price. It should be avoided elsewhere in this meaning.
Examples
‘The framework programme shall … establish the scientic and technological objectives to be achieved by the activities
provided for in Article 180 and x the relevant priorities’
121
. ‘For the 2014-2020 programming period, under certain conditions
xed in the regulation (Article 145(7)), the Commission must adopt a decision of a net nancial correction even if the Member
State agrees to the correction’
122
.
Alternatives
Establish, set, set out.
Follow up
Explanation
To follow up is a verb; follow-up (with a hyphen) is a noun. Follow up (the verb) is pronounced with the stress on the
‘u’ of ‘up’, whereas follow-up (the noun) is stressed on the rst ‘o’ of ‘follow’. Normally, to follow up means to pursue or
investigate something further, and a ‘follow-up’ is something that is done in order to be certain that an earlier action was
eective. Neither has anything to do with monitoring, except, at a push, in medicine.
Examples
‘In fact, the very limited number of transactions carried out by only a few taxable persons, often already known and identied
for their activities in the sector of precious metals, should in principle allow for an adequate follow-up and control of the
sector via conventional measures’
123
. More attention needs to be paid to the reports of the Oce of the Auditor General.
The committee on oversight of public nances needs to develop a mechanism to follow up the implementation of its
recommendations’
124
.
Alternatives
Monitor, monitoring.
121 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12008E/TXT
122 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52014SC0286
123 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0623
124 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52013SC0416
35
Foresee
Explanatio n
People nd it inexplicably dicult to use this word properly, so maybe the safest policy is to avoid it. If you do insist on
using it, bear in mind that it may not mean what you think and that many people nd its misuse unreasonably annoying.
Its basic meaning in English is ‘to see something in advance’ and therefore to ‘predict’ or ‘expect’. It is often used to
describe the activities of soothsayers and fortune tellers (‘she foresaw that you would meet a tall dark stranger’) and,
perhaps for this reason, it may sometimes not be clear whether the prediction in question is based on fact or not. In
EU texts, it is incorrectly used in many ways that correspond more or less to the uses of the French word prévoir or the
German vorsehen (both literally fore-see). We are told that ‘X is foreseen in the regulation’ (= set out in/provided), that ‘on-
the-spot checks are foreseen’ (=intended/planned) and that ‘our procedures foresee (= include/provide for) documentary
checks’. Even when used with the right meaning, ‘foresee’ is often syntactically awkward as it does not, for example,
normally govern the innitive: thus ‘Croatia is foreseen to join the Union in 2013’ is odd, whereas ‘Croatia is expected to
join the Union in 2013’ is not.
In the example below, the author intended to say that the eet adjustment schemes provide for the scrapping of 367
vessels. What he actually says is that they predict it.
Example
‘In total, Member States adopted 13 Fleet Adjustment Schemes (FAS), which foresee the scrapping of 367 vessels accounting for
32 448 GT and 50 934 kW’
125
.
Alternatives
According to the exact meaning intended: envisage, plan, lay down in, set out in, provide (for), contemplate, expect,
predict.
Formulate
Explanatio n
Formulate is heavily over-used in our documents; it means ‘to put into or express in systematic terms’, ‘to express in (or to
express as if in) a formula’ or ‘to devise’. In our work, it is often overused with a meaning akin to ‘draw up’ or ‘prepare’.
Example
This is estimated at €646,832 on a yearly basis, covering 4.0 FTEs to manage the documents and the website (including dealing
with condentiality issues and one ‘communication manager) to formulate urgent safety communications)
126
.
Alternatives
Draft, draw up, produce, prepare.
125 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011DC0037:EN:NOT
126 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52008PC0664:EN:NOT
36
Frame (in the frame of)
Explanation
Like ‘foresee’, ‘in the frame of’, meaning ‘in connection with’, ‘in the context of’ or ‘within the scope of’, corresponds literally
to an expression found in a number of other languages (Italian ‘nel quadro di’, German ‘im Rahmen von’, French ‘dans le
cadre de’, etc.). Unfortunately, this expression does not exist in English.
Examples
‘In case (sic) the analysis is performed in the frame of a contamination incident, conrmation by duplicate analysis might
be omitted in case the samples selected for analysis are through traceability linked to the contamination incident’
127
. ‘Food
products would be chosen by Member State authorities in the frame of national food distribution programmes’
128
.
Alternatives
‘In connection with’, ‘in the context of’. ‘In the framework of’ is also possible, and much loved by EU authors. However, it
is not a very common expression in native English (only 30 examples in the BNC, against 23,538 in Eur-Lex) and sounds
somewhat bureaucratic. In the second example, ‘under’ would also be a good alternative.
Global
Explanation
In English, as in other languages, global can mean both ‘worldwide’ and ‘overall’, but sometimes it can be a little confusing
in the latter meaning. This became clear when an internal email was sent ‘to everybody’ announcing that there would be
‘a global power cut’.
Alternatives
If there is any ambiguity, prefer ‘general’ or ‘overall’.
Heavy
Explanation
‘Heavy’ has a number of meanings, mostly to do with weight and thickness (heavy load, heavy fog). It cannot, however,
be used to render the idea that a procedure or administration is excessively complicated, slow or dicult. As well as using
‘heavy’ itself, EUR-Lex documents try to render this concept in a number of ways (cumbersome, burdensome, and even
ponderous), but they rarely sound quite right.
Example
‘The usual reason appears to be over-heavy administration’
129
.
Alternatives
Complicated, excessively or unnecessarily complex/slow, etc., often ‘unwieldy’ (organisation, argument), or ‘laborious’
(process, procedure). Sometimes, we say that there is ‘too much red tape’.
127 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32012R0278:EN:NOT
128 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011PC0634:EN:NOT
129 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:92001E1812:EN:NOT
37
Hierarchical superior
Explanation
In English, this term is used almost exclusively in the ecclesiastical context, and even ‘hierarchy’ and ‘hierarchical’ may be
seen as dicult words by many readers.
Example
‘Error in the application of the case-law regarding the unlawful exercise of activities by the applicant’s hierarchical superior’
130
.
Alternatives
Manager, line manager, boss, immediate superior, head of unit, director, etc.
Homogenise/homogeneous/homogeneously
Explanation
Homogenise is a rather unusual word in English (only two hits in the British National Corpus) and is most commonly used
with reference to milk. ‘Homogeneous’ and ‘homogeneously’ are much more common, but they are more often found in
the sciences and social sciences, and are over-used in our texts.
Example
‘This new approach commits Member States to work together towards shared goals without seeking to homogenize their
inherited policy regimes and institutional arrangements’
131
.
Alternatives
Standardise/standardised, uniform/make uniform.
Important
Explanation
‘Important’ is often wrongly used to mean ‘big’ (‘the most important power station in France’); it actually means: ‘strongly
aecting the course of events or the nature of things’ or ‘having or suggesting a consciousness of high position or
authority’.
Example
‘The annual accounts give detailed information on the nancial corrections conrmed, implemented and to be implemented
and explain the reasons for which an important amount is still to be implemented’
132
.
Alternatives
Large, signicant.
130 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62008H0340C%2801%29:EN:NOT
131 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52007SC0906:EN:NOT
132 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010TA1109%2801%29:EN:NOT
38
Incite
Explanation
To incite means to ‘encourage or stir up (violent or unlawful behaviour)’ or to ‘urge or persuade (someone) to act in a
violent or unlawful way’. You cannot therefore, except in some Alice-in-Wonderland parallel universe, incite someone to
buy a car, use organic farming techniques or comply with a regulation.
Examples
‘Although the slow charging stations have lower unit costs, the relative short ranges of EVs imply that the charging
infrastructure needs to initially develop with a sucient density to incite consumers using [= to use] such vehicles, and thus
ensure utilisation rates that lead to a reasonable payback period’
133
. ‘Such activities shall not incite consumers to buy a product
due to its particular origin’
134
.
Alternative
Encourage.
Inform (to)
Explanation
Like ‘to allow’, ‘to inform’ requires a direct object (inform the public/us/them etc.) and cannot be used without one except
in passive sentences (‘we were informed of something’, for example).
Example
‘A number of Member States informed that they release regular evidence-based reports on young people’s situation (sic),
including their living conditions’
135
.
Alternatives
In some cases you can add the relevant object (‘a number of Member States informed the Commission ...’); otherwise,
announced, declared, stated, etc.
Informatics/Telematics
Explanation
Although these terms exist in English, they are not widely known or understood.
Example
Professional experience in informatics related to data base management and accountancy applications’
136
.
Alternative
IT/ICT, or sometimes computer/computerised.
133 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52013SC0005:EN:NOT
134 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008R1145:EN:NOT
135 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012SC0256:EN:NOT
136 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:C2010/292A/02:EN:NOT
39
Inside
Explanation
‘Inside’ is often used in EU documents instead of ‘within’ or ‘in’ or even ‘at’ or ‘by’.
Example
‘The Commission’s impact assessment system aims at ensuring evidence-based policy making inside the Commission through
an integrated and balanced assessment of problems and alternative courses of action’
137
.
Alternatives
Within, or the appropriate preposition: at/by/in.
Instance
Explanation
In EU texts, the word instance is often used to mean a decision-making body or authority. This meaning does not exist in
English.
Examples
‘With regard to all fees and charges of whatever character imposed by the customs authorities of each Party, including fees and
charges for tasks undertaken by another instance on behalf of the said authorities’
138
. Nevertheless, a certain percentage of
non-SOLVIT cases that cannot be signposted to another instance is probably unavoidable’
139
.
Alternatives
Authority, body.
Intervention
Explanation
In international relations, the normal meaning of ‘intervention’ is ‘interference by a state in another’s aairs’
140
and,
unsurprisingly, this can have strong negative connotations
141
. Indeed, it is often found in combination with the word
‘military’, and this is how many respondents understood the rst example below. In any case, it implies a limitation of
the sovereignty of the country or territory in question
142
and interference in its aairs which may not be well received
by the public. In EU parlance, on the other hand, it is just the term normally used to designate EU-funded operations in
the member countries and elsewhere, and is part of an unclear hierarchy of activities that also involves ‘axes’, ‘measures’
and ‘actions’ (see ‘axis’ and ‘action’ above). A further problem is that, in normal English usage, ‘intervention’ is often
uncountable (see introduction), leading to unwanted grammatical problems.
137 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52008SC0120:EN:NOT
138 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:22014A0529(01)
139 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52007SC0585
140 http://oxforddictionaries.com/denition/english/intervention
141 ‘The EU has overreached itself with directives and interventions and interferences’ – David Cameron quoted in the Daily Telegraph, 8 April 2013.
142 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_interventions_of_the_United_States, or ‘the Australian August 26 2012 “Labor frontbencher Minister Bill
Shorten has conceded that “residual resentment over the federal government intervention” might have played a role in Labor losing government in
the Northern Territory’.
40
Examples
‘The North of Kosovo: interventions have been very limited and there has been almost no progress in establishing the rule
of law’
143
. ‘[The committee of the Regions] ... considers it necessary that development and investment partnership contracts
should become a means of making national and EU interventions truly complementary. [The committee of the Regions] ...
reiterates that such contracts must be drawn up and developed with the full involvement of regional and local authorities’
144
.
Alternatives
‘Activities’, ‘projects’, ‘EU-funded activities/projects’.
Introduce
Explanation
Introduce normally means to ‘present someone’ or ‘bring something in’, whereas it is often used in our work to mean to
‘submit’ (as in submit an application or a report).
Examples
‘...importer should nonetheless (if he so wishes) introduce an application for a refund of anti-dumping duties within the six-
month time limit’
145
. ‘In order to obtain accreditation ..., a candidate environmental verier shall introduce a request with the
Accreditation or Licensing Body from which it seeks accreditation or a licence’
146
. ‘Each State has to introduce a demand (sic) to
be granted funding’
147
.
Alternatives
Submit, put/send (an application/request/demand) in. In the rst example above, it would be even better to substitute
the whole phrase with ‘apply’.
Jury
Explanation
A ‘jury’ is a group of (usually twelve) people sworn to deliver a true verdict according to the evidence upon a case
presented in a court of law. The term is also sometimes used in talent shows. In English, it is never used in the context of
recruitment.
Example
‘The audit of recruitment procedures showed that the selection of applicants invited for an interview — about 80 % of
applicants are rejected at this stage — was made by only one member of the jury’
148
.
Alternatives
Selection board, selection panel.
143 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012SA0018:EN:NOT
144 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011AR0167:EN:NOT
145 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52002XC0529%2805%29:EN:NOT
146 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32009R1221:EN:NOT
147 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:92001E0730:EN:NOT
148 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010TA1214%2815%29:EN:NOT
41
Justify/justification
Explanation
In English, to justify means ‘to demonstrate or prove to be just, right, or valid’ or ‘to show to be reasonable’, and
‘justication’ is ‘the act of justifying’ or ‘something that justies’. In EU texts, we often nd it used just to mean ‘to explain’
or ‘provide evidence for’. By extension, especially in working papers, we also nd ‘justication(s)’ used to mean ‘supporting
document(s)’. In the example below, the author uses ‘justication’ to mean ‘evidence’, whereas, from the actual wording,
we would understand something like: ‘the French government was unable to provide an explanation (or even an excuse)’.
Example
‘Whereas the French Government was unable to provide any justication, and the Commission could nd none, showing that
the aid in question fullled the conditions required for grant of one of the exceptions set out in Article 92 (3) of the EEC Treaty’
149
.
Alternatives
Substantiate, provide evidence for, explain, evidence, supporting document, proof, explanation.
Legislator
Explanation
In EU English, a ‘legislator’ is a body, or, in the case of the EU, two bodies together (‘the European legislator’ = the
Council and the Parliament
150
). In regular English, on the other hand, a legislator is a person, and is dened as such in all
major dictionaries, (e.g. ‘a person who makes laws; a member of a legislative body’ (Oxford), a ‘person concerned with
the making or enactment of laws’ (Collins) or ‘a member of a legislative body’ (Merriam-Webster). Therefore, the word
‘legislator’ should be used to refer to a single MEP, not, for example, the whole Parliament.
Examples
‘Furthermore, the future legal bases for the dierent instruments will propose the extensive use of delegated acts to allow
for more exibility in the management of the policies during the nancing period, while respecting the prerogatives of the
two branches of legislator’
151
. ‘As it became apparent during the legislative process, more time is needed to allow reaching
an agreement at the level of the European legislator, and adoption is envisaged for 2013, one year later than originally
planned’
152
.
Alternatives
Legislature (= ‘a body of persons having the power to legislate’
153
), legislative body/ies, the Council and Parliament.
However, I fear that we may be stuck with ‘the European legislator’ itself.
149 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31981D0601:EN:NOT
150 This is shown quite neatly by a google search for ‘the European legislator’. Currently, this throws up a wikipedia item entitled: ‘legislature of the
European Union’. The item goes on to explain: ‘The legislature of the European Union is principally composed of the European Parliament and the
Council of the European Union. These two institutions together are formally called the Union legislator.
151 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011AP0533:EN:NOT
152 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012DC0632:EN:NOT
153 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/legislature
42
Mission
Explanation
‘Mission’ has a number of meanings, none of which corresponds to the way it is most commonly used in EU texts.
Generally speaking, missions, in English, are performed by secret agents, astronauts or diplomats. Otherwise they can be
the places where priests, nuns, diplomats etc. work abroad (often in developing countries). In English, a mission is never
a business or ocial trip and we would not say ‘on mission’ in any case. Unfortunately, however, it is a very useful word:
in the EU, we ‘do our mission planning’, ‘go on mission’, ll in a ‘mission order’, spend our ‘mission allowance’, declare our
‘mission expenses’ and do all of this via the ‘mission(s) oce’. While it would be dicult to do without the word internally,
we should bear in mind that it is likely to be misconstrued by outsiders.
Example
‘With regard to the management of travel orders, the missions oce ... has systematically coordinated the reservation of plane
tickets and hotel rooms and has been able to obtain very reasonable group rates’
154
.
Alternative
Often, at the Court of Auditors, ‘audit/visit’ (‘I wasn’t here last week because I was in Rome for an audit’ (=on mission)),
sometimes ‘ocial trip’, ‘ocial business’ or just ‘business’ or ‘work’ (‘I was in Rome on business/for work’). NATO, the UN
and the Canadian government often talk of ‘duty travel’.
Modality
Explanation
‘Modality’ is one of those words which people (a) swear is correct and (b) say they have to use because the Commission
does so (the example below is a case in point). The trouble is that it is not English – at least not in the meaning applied
in our texts. EUR-Lex contains over two thousand cases in which it is used to mean ‘procedure’, but this does not make
it mean ‘procedure’. In English, it is a rare and quite specialised word (only 50 or so hits in the British National Corpus),
whose main meanings relate to grammar, philosophy, medicine and physiology.
Example
‘Evaluating such a unique scheme is a particular challenge for all actors involved. Evaluation modalities have gone through
signicant changes over recent years’
155
.
Alternatives
Procedure, method, mode.
Modify/modification
Explanation
Modify is ne. It is just over-used. So when referring to changes to legislation, prefer ‘amend/amendment’. In other
contexts, the word ‘change’ is a more common alternative.
154 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31980Y1231%2806%29:EN:NOT
155 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52007SA0009:EN:NOT
43
Example
‘The Commission ... undertook to make proposals to modify the regulation before issuing the next annual report, which is to be
drawn up in mid-2009’
156
.
Alternatives
Amend, change.
Modulation
Explanation
In English, ‘modulation’ is only normally used in the elds of music and grammar and with regard to wave frequencies. It
is, in any case, a dicult word and one that many native speakers may not know. In EU documents, on the other hand,
it is (strangely) used to mean ‘reduction’ and, in the jargon of the common agricultural policy, refers specically to a
‘system of progressive reduction of direct payments allowing a transfer of funds from Pillar 1 ... to Pillar 2’
157
. This is not
something that the average reader can be expected to know (or even the above-average one for that matter).
Example
‘The voluntary modulation should take the form of reducing direct payments within the meaning of Article 2(d) of Regulation
(EC) No 1782/2003’
158
. Regulation (EC) No 73/2009 established a system of compulsory, progressive reduction of direct
payments (“modulation”)’
159
.
Alternatives
Adjustment, or reduction/increase as applicable. With reference to the common agricultural policy, if you use
‘modulation’, it must be explained.
Name
Explanation
In EU texts, particularly in administrative forms, the word ‘name’ is often used to refer exclusively to a person’s surname,
so we are asked to supply someone’s ‘name and rst name’ (usually in that order, sometimes with the word ‘name’
knowingly written in capital letters). More unusually, but very confusingly, it is sometimes used to refer to the person’s
rst name to the exclusion of his/her surname (so we have ‘name and surname’). In English, on the other hand, a person’s
‘name’ is his/her whole name, so my name is Jeremy Stephen Gardner, where Jeremy is my ‘rst name’, ‘forename’, ‘given
name’ or ‘Christian name’, Stephen is my ‘middle name’, and Gardner is my ‘last name’, ‘surname’ or ‘family name’. The
universal convention in the English-speaking world is that the ‘rst name’ should come rst and the ‘last name’ last (hence
their names) and that it is possible to tell which is which by the order in which they are placed; the common EU practice
of putting the last name rst and indicating that it is not actually the rst name by placing it in capital letters is not
widespread in English and may not be understood.
156 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52009AE0627:EN:NOT
157 http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/glossary/index_en.htm
158 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32007R0378:EN:NOT
159 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32012R0671:EN:NOT
44
Examples
‘CardHolderName is the name and rst name(s) of the holder of the Control Card’
160
. ‘Title, Name and surname, Position in the
applicant organisation’
161
.
Alternative
As languages and cultures dier on this point, documents and forms in English should unambiguously specify which
name is which, e.g. by using the neutral terms ‘given name’ and ‘family name’. In running text (as opposed to forms or
tables), the normal order should be retained.
Normally
Explanation
Normally means ‘as a rule’, ‘usually’, ‘ordinarily’ or ‘in a normal manner’ (e.g. ‘act normally!’). In EU usage, on the other hand,
it often expresses something that should happen.
Example
‘Normally, she will come at 8 o’clock’ (= She should be here at 8 o’clock); ‘Are you free this weekend?’ ‘Yes, Normally.’ (= ‘I should
be.’).
Alternatives
Supposed to, should, expected to.
Note
Explanation
In the EU’s administration, the word ‘note’ (dictionary denition = ‘a brief letter, usually of an informal nature’) seems to
have invaded the semantic elds of both ‘memo’ (‘a written communication, as in a business oce’) and ‘letter’. Many of
these ‘notes’ are anything but brief, and none of them are informal.
Example
‘An information note from Vice-President Kallas and the President, addressed to the College under the title, “Review of security
policy, implementation and control within the Commission”, which covered physical security as well as security of information,
was adopted in 2008’
162
.
Alternatives
Memo, letter.
160 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002R1360:EN:NOT
161 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32012D0215(01):EN:NOT
162 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52009DC0256:EN:NOT
45
Notify to
Explanation
We normally notify somebody of something, we do not usually notify something to someone, and many native speakers
will actually ag this construction as incorrect
163
. However, although the ‘notify of’ construction is much more common,
the ‘notify to’ one does appear to exist too, but with a subtle dierence in meaning. If you notify something to someone,
you report it, formally, usually to some sort of authority (e.g. ‘Barely one third of school absences were notied to the
social services department.’). If you notify somebody of something, you inform them of it (e.g. ‘residents were notied of
the scheme late last week’)
164
. It should be noted that you can use the ‘notify of’ construction in the place of the ‘notify to’
one, but not the other way round. Curiously, the urge to use the ‘notify to’ structure is so strong in EU authors that they
are prepared to subvert basic English rules on word order to be able to t it into their sentences
165
. Native speakers hardly
ever use it, and non-natives might do well to follow their example.
Examples
‘Member States shall notify to the Commission the name, the address including electronic address, the responsible persons and
the category of activities for each designated technical service, as well as any subsequent modications thereto’
166
. ‘Contracting
entities shall notify to the Commission, if so requested, the following information regarding the application of Article 13(2) and
(3) and Article 14’
167
.
Alternatives
Send, provide … with, inform/notify somebody of something, report something to somebody.
Of
Explanation
Many of our authors seem unsure of the rules governing English prepositions, possessive constructions and noun-noun
compounds. They therefore tend to use ‘of’ as an all-purpose preposition in the place of ‘from’, ‘by’, ‘in’, ‘on’, ‘at’, etc., giving
us ‘previous reports of the Court’ instead of ‘previous reports by the Court’, ‘communication of the Commission’, instead of
‘communication (letter?) from the Commission’, ‘EC reports of the projects’ instead of ‘Commission reports on the projects’
etc. Moreover, phrases with ‘of’ are often used instead of possessive ‘-s’ constructions or noun-noun compounds (the
reports of the Court/the Court’s reports, communications of the Commission/Commission communications). This type of
error can lead to ambiguity even where it is not grammatically wrong; for example, in the phrase ‘the system of control of
the Commission’, is the Commission being controlled (audited?) or is it doing the controlling?
163 http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/231861/what-is-the-dierence-between-to-notify-something-to-someone-and-to-notify-some
164 Signicantly, notify = report uses the same structure as report, and notify = inform uses the same structure as inform.
165 SVOI – subject, verb, direct object, indirect object, where the indirect object is governed by a preposition: ‘member states shall notify the address to
the commission’ is preferable to ‘member states shall notify to the commission the address’
166 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52010PC0542
167 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1464354660120&uri=CELEX:32014L0025
46
Operator/economic operator
Explanation
EUR-Lex has 1,057 hits for ‘economic operator’. Although the term is not used in English in this way, I take it that these are
simply companies or businesses. Similarly, on its own, the term ‘operator’ is used to cover a wide range of activities – in
customs, it can mean ‘importer’ or ‘exporter’ or possibly ‘shipping company’, depending on the customs scheme being
examined; in agriculture, it can refer to farmers or people who market or process their produce etc.
Example
‘An alert mechanism that allows competent authorities to warn other Member States of a serious risk caused by an economic
operator to the proper and secure functioning of the Single Market’
168
.
Alternatives
It would be clearer to call things by their own names – business if you mean business, farmer if you mean farmer,
importer if you mean importer, etc. As in the case of ‘actor’ (above), the problem can often be solved by thinking carefully
about who or what the ‘operators’ in question actually are.
Opportunity
Explanation
‘Opportunity’ does not mean ‘the character of that which is opportune’ (I am translating verbatim from a French
dictionary). The English dictionary denition of opportunity is ‘a favourable or advantageous circumstance or occasion or
time’ (as in ‘I take the opportunity to wish you a merry Christmas.’).
Example
‘The Court questioned the opportunity of introducing these measures in such an uncertain economic climate’
169
.
Alternatives
Advisability, whether it was advisable to, whether it would be opportune to.
Orientations
Explanation
EU ‘orientations’ are guidelines. Orientation, in English, is uncountable and means ‘the act of determining one’s bearings
or settling one’s sense of direction’.
Examples
‘It will include policy orientations in all these areas for the next ve years’
170
. ‘The Commission, EEAS and the MS will hold a
dialogue (co-chaired by EEAS and Commission) on strategic orientations, general guidelines with beneciary countries and
relevant regional organisations’
171
.
Alternative
Guidelines.
168 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011DC0075:EN:NOT
169 Taken from a draft special report.
170 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0910
171 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0733
47
Perspective
Explanation
The word ‘perspective’ is often used correctly in EU texts to mean ‘point of view’ (e.g. ‘from a research perspective’).
However, it is also used incorrectly to mean ‘expectation for the future’ (as in ‘nancial perspectives’).
Examples
‘The Foundation enjoys a more stable perspective in 2010. It has already put in place tighter monitoring and control of budget
transfers to limit the number of transfers and prepares measures to further enhance budget planning and forecasting for the
2011 nancial year’
172
. ‘… accession negotiations should be opened with Serbia as soon as possible, thereby demonstrating the
EU commitment to the country’s EU perspective’
173
.
Alternative
Outlook, prospects (usually in the plural).
Planification
Explanation
‘Planication’ does not exist in English, but it comes up quite regularly. The example below comes from a published Court
report.
Example
‘Simplied procedures and better planication should make it possible to even out the caseload under FP6, improving internal
control and speeding up processes’
174
.
Alternative
Planning.
Precise (to)/Precision
Explanation
There is no verb ‘to precise’ in English. ‘Precise’ is an adjective. A variant of this misuse is found in ‘precision’, which does
actually exist as a noun in English; however, it is uncountable and means ‘the quality, condition, or fact of being exact
and accurate’. In EU publications, on the other hand, it is used countably (plural – ‘precisions’) and means something like
‘detail’ or ‘specication’.
172 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010TA1214%2826%29:EN:NOT
173 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012IP0114:EN:NOT
174 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52004TA1130%2801%29:EN:NOT
48
Examples
‘This proposal for a new basic regulation is justied because there is a need to precise the objectives of the CFP’
175
. ‘The
Committee urges the Commission ... to precise which period before connement is meant’
176
. ‘Article 32 provides that an
intervention may be justied not just by market failures but also in “sub-optimal investment situations”. Without further
precisions, this could lead to support for poorly justied nancial instruments’
177
.
Alternatives
‘To specify’ for ‘to precise’, and ‘detail’, ‘clarication’, ‘explanation’, etc. for ‘precision’.
Prescription
Explanation
Although the legal term ‘prescription’, meaning ‘the limitation of time beyond which an action, debt, or crime is no longer
valid or enforceable’ is commonly used in Scotland, the State of Louisiana and Quebec, it is not well-known in the rest
of the English-speaking world. In most jurisdictions, it is quite a specialised term and mainly refers to the acquisition of
property rights (in England, under the 1832 property Act). It is a convenient term, but unfortunately not one that non-
specialised readers would be likely to understand.
Examples
‘In Spain (Andalucía), between 2006 and 2008, 252 cases were detected by the Court where the prescription period of four
years had already elapsed between the discovery of the irregularity and the time when the PA became aware of the facts and
start the recovery process’
178
. ‘Thus, inter alia, a uniform method for calculating the prescription is used, the starting point
being the date on which the continuing infringement ceased, and the penalty to be imposed on each participant is only in
respect of the whole of its unlawful conduct’
179
.
Alternatives
Generally speaking, ‘limitation’. A ‘statute of limitations’ is said to apply: we can say, for example, that there is a ‘three-year
statute of limitations’, ‘three-year limitation of action’, ‘three-year time-bar’ or ‘three-year limitation period’; if it is too late
to pursue an action, we can say that ‘the statute of limitations has run out’; if a debt can no longer be collected, we can
talk of a ‘time-barred’ claim or oence. The terms ‘stale claim’ and ‘stale oence’ are rather nice, but less well-known.
Project
Explanation
We sometimes nd ‘project (of)’ used with the meaning of ‘draft’. It is more common in working documents than in
published reports, but some cases lter through into the Ocial Journal.
Example
‘A number of technical and editorial amendments were also introduced to dene the scope of some provisions, to make the
wording of the Directive more explicit and more consistent with the wording of the project of Regulation on placing on the
market’
180
.
Alternative
Draft.
175 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011PC0425:EN:NOT
176 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52009AE0882:EN:NOT
177 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011AA0007:EN:NOT
178 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52011SA0008
179 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61992C0049:EN:NOT
180 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52008AG0021:EN:NOT
49
Provide to
Explanation
This is a bit like ‘notify’ (above). You provide someone with something; you do not provide something to someone.
Examples
‘It is also part of ERA’s eort to provide to its stakeholders a thorough overview of the development of railway safety in the
European Union’
181
. ‘On 20 December 2011, the Commission presented a proposal to provide to the Kyrgyz Republic MFA of
(sic) up to EUR 30 million (EUR 15 million each in loans and grants)’
182
.
Punctual
Explanation
Punctual means ‘acting or arriving exactly at the time appointed’. In the example below, the word ‘punctual’ seems
to imply that the experts’ meetings were held on time. A good thing, no doubt, but not what is meant here, which is
probably ‘occasional’.
Example
‘The management of the above mentioned feed sectors is subject to close co-operation with the Member States through
regular (generally monthly) meetings of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health, section on Animal
Nutrition, and punctual expert groups meetings where appropriate’
183
.
Alternatives
One-o, occasional, individual, ad hoc, periodic, regular.
Reasonability
Explanation
‘Reasonability’ may occur in some dictionaries, but like a number of other words in -ability and -ableness (unavailability
is another common example much loved by IT), it is marginal and stylistically awkward. Words of this sort should be
avoided where possible.
Example
‘Even if, as FNK maintains, it should be left to the crane-hire companies to interpret the concept “reasonable”, which incidentally
is nowhere apparent, it is still established that the reasonability of rates was discussed between the crane-hire companies and
FNK’
184
.
Alternative
Rework your sentence to use the word ‘reasonable’, ‘available’, etc. instead.
181 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52014SC0355:EN:NOT
182 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52014DC0372:EN:NOT
183 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010SC1143:EN:NOT
184 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31995D0551:EN:NOT
50
Reflection/reflection group/reflection forum
Explanation
In English, reection is an internal process that takes place within the individual (e.g. ‘I have reected long and hard
on this problem.’) and does not necessarily involve any discussion. As for the curiously named ‘reection group’, the
dictionary denition is ‘a discrete group which is generated by a set of reections of a nite-dimensional Euclidean space’.
I have no idea what this means.
Example
‘The Commission’s Reection Forum on Multilingualism and Interpreter Training[16] produced a report with recommendations
on the quality of interpretation and translation’
185
.
Alternatives
Discussion, think tank, forum.
Reinforce
Explanation
The verb ‘reinforce’ is most commonly used in the engineering or military contexts, but it is often misused in EU texts
to mean ‘improve’ or ‘increase’. Authors who recognise it as a Gallicism are often tempted to replace it with its English
equivalent, ‘strengthen’ (e.g. ‘When strengthening the administrative capacity of a country, twinning is recognised as an
important instrument’), but there are often better words.
Example
‘Furthermore the Commission initiative on health security planned for 2011 will seek to reinforce the coordination of the EU
risk management and will strengthen the existing structures and mechanisms in the public health area’
186
.
Alternatives
Improve, bolster, consolidate, increase, or, if negative, worsen, exacerbate, etc.
Request
Explanation
There seems to be a widespread instinct that ‘ask’ is not a suciently respectable word and needs to be replaced by
something of Latin origin (usually ‘request’). This leads not only to clumsy sentences like: ‘the European Parliament
requested the Commission to clarify the Court’s right of access’ (which can be improved by using the more complex
construction ‘requested that the Commission clarify the Court’s right of access’ or by simply using ‘ask’), but also to the
incorrect construction ‘to request for’ (calqued on ‘to ask for’).
185 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010PC0082:EN:NOT
186 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010DC0673:EN:NOT
51
Examples
‘the Court of Justice was requested for a preliminary ruling on the interpretation of Article 119 of the EC Treaty’
187
. ‘one of the
conditions allowing a Member State to request for an “additional authorisation” procedure is the case of open points related to
technical compatibility between infrastructure and vehicles’
188
.
Alternatives
Ask. In the second (active) example, ‘request’ can be used, but without ‘for’ – ‘request an additional authorisation’.
Respect (to respect/respect)
Explanation
The most common meaning of the verb ‘to respect’ is ‘to show deferential regard for’. It can also mean ‘to avoid violation
of’ (rules, for example), but with this meaning it is over-used in EU texts and often in a grammatically awkward manner.
The example below should read: ‘ensure respect for property rights’.
Example
‘The existence and implementation of a coherent, eective and transparent set of laws which ensure the respect of property
rights and the operation of a functioning bankruptcy regime’
189
.
Alternatives
Comply with, adhere to, meet (a deadline), compliance with.
Responsible
Explanation
Like ‘concerned’, the adjective ‘responsible’ means dierent things depending on whether it is placed before or after the
noun. In EU texts we often talk about ‘responsible ocials’ and ‘responsible bodies’ (meaning ocials or bodies that are
responsible for something), when, in English, we would say the ocials or bodies responsible
190
. Actually, a ‘responsible
ocial’ is one who is not irresponsible, does his job dutifully and can be trusted; another virtue of EU sta, to be
considered together with the fact that they are detached and concerned (see above).
Examples
‘The responsible ocial bodies should monitor this experiment through ocial controls on the production’
191
. ‘A responsible
person should be appointed by the management, who should have clearly specied authority and responsibility for ensuring
that a quality system is implemented and maintained’
192
.
Alternative
Put the words the right way round.
187 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:91996E001142
188 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009D0107
189 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52005PC0623:EN:NOT
190 http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/responsible, meaning 2: NEVER BEFORE A NOUN
191 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014D0150
192 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52013XX0308(01)
52
Retain
Explanation
Retain means ‘keep’, unless you are talking about lawyers, in which case it means ‘hire’. In EU texts, it is often used to mean
‘adopt’ or ‘choose’.
Example
‘As this hypothesis was not retained by the social partners, the conclusion will dier’
193
.
Alternatives
Select, choose, adopt, accept.
Semester/Trimester
Explanation
In English, ‘semester’ refers to a term in an academic institution where the academic year is divided into two terms. This
is rare in the UK and Ireland, where the academic year is usually divided into three terms. ‘Semester’ is rarely used for
periods of six months in other contexts. ‘Trimester’, on the other hand, is used in medicine to refer to any of the three
periods of approximately three months into which pregnancy is divided. Again, it is rarely used to refer to three-month
periods in other contexts.
Examples
‘... will submit a proposal for a European Parliament and Council Regulation to create a general legal basis for IMI during the
rst semester of 2011’
194
. ‘Training courses for the employees of the territorial subdivisions for population documentation were
given during 2011 and in the rst trimester of 2012’
195
.
Alternatives
Semester = half (e.g. ‘during the rst half of 2011’)/six months/six-month period. Trimester = quarter (e.g. ‘during the rst
quarter’)/three months/three-month period.
Service
Explanation
At the Commission (but not usually at the Court of Auditors), the term ‘service’ is widely used with a meaning akin
to ‘department’, which causes confusion for the casual reader of the Commission intranet, where the word is used
indierently to mean both ‘department’ and ‘service’. ‘Service’ is not the generic term for ‘department’ in English, although
it is indeed used in the names of a few government departments, especially where they oer a service (e.g. the ‘advisory
conciliation and arbitration service’, or the ‘passport service’). The rst example below shows that it is also misused in EU
texts to mean ‘the sta of’. In the second example, it is superuous (‘In agreement with the Commission’), though some
might argue that it serves to emphasise a distinction between the institution itself (or its members) and its sta. However,
there is usually no need to make this distinction explicit in English, as the precise meaning is usually clear from the
context.
193 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52009PC0410:EN:NOT
194 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011DC0075:EN:NOT
195 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012DC0348:EN:NOT
53
Examples
‘For the nancial year 2007, the services of the Commission’s Accounting Ocer carried out a follow-up of the previous year’s
ndings’
196
. ‘In agreement with the services of the Commission, the group may set up subgroups to examine specic questions
on the basis of the terms of reference dened by the group. Such subgroups shall be disbanded as soon as their mandate is
fullled’
197
.
Alternatives
‘The services of the Commission/Court etc.’ can usually be reduced to ‘the Commission/Court etc.’ If you really need to
avoid ambiguity (was it the sta or the Commission itself?), you can say ‘the Commission’s sta’ or ‘the Commission’s XYZ
department’.
Shall
Explanation
The use of ‘shall’ in the third person (he/she/it/they) is archaic and is only used in legislation or contracts or direct quotes
from them (in inverted commas). Even here, proponents of plain English would like to see the back of it
198
. In any case, it
should never be used when paraphrasing legislation or quoting it indirectly.
Examples
‘The seven members of the board are selected from among experts possessing outstanding competence in the eld of statistics.
They perform their duties in their personal capacity and shall act independently’
199
. ‘Competent authority : The central
authority of a Member State competent for the organisation of ocial controls (sic) in the eld of organic production, or any
other authority to which that competence has been conferred. It shall also include, where appropriate, the corresponding
authority of a third country (sic)’
200
.
Alternatives
Must, should, is/are, is to/are to, can, may, will, or simply the present tense of the main verb (as appropriate).
Sickness insurance
Explanation
As the correct term is health insurance, presumably one would take out ‘sickness insurance’ if one wanted to stay in bad
health. I am afraid we are stuck with the paradoxical ‘joint sickness insurance scheme’, but the term should be avoided in
other contexts.
Example
‘A national authority may refuse authorisation to receive treatment in another Member State only if treatment which is the
same or equally eective for the patient can be obtained without undue delay from an establishment with which the insured
person’s sickness insurance fund has an agreement’
201
.
Alternative
Health insurance.
196 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52008TA1110%2801%29:EN:NOT
197 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010D1016%2801%29:EN:NOT
198 See, for example : http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/scrib3&div=14&id=&page=
199 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012SA0012:EN:NOT
200 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52012SA0009:EN:NOT
201 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62009C0173:EN:NOT
54
So-called
Explanation
This is a risky term to use; although some dictionaries allow the meaning ‘commonly known as’, others, like the Collins
dictionary, emphasise that its use casts doubt on the veracity of the term it introduces = ‘called (in the speaker’s
opinion, wrongly) by that name’. In the example below, it implies that the author wishes to cast doubt on the fact that
the system is really transitional. Furthermore, to cite the American heritage dictionary, ‘quotation marks are not used
to set o descriptions that follow expressions such as so-called and self-styled, which themselves relieve the writer of
responsibility for the attribution’. This use of ‘so-called’ followed by quotation marks is very common in EU texts (second
example) and should be avoided.
Examples
‘The EESC notes that the so-called transitional system for the application of the minimum standard rate of VAT, set at 15%,
which was adopted back in 1992 and is due to expire on 31 December 2010, needs to be extended’
202
. ‘With dimensions of
approximately 8,5 × 30 × 23 cm, designed for monitoring the respiratory and anaesthetic gases of a patient under medical
treatment (so-called ‘Gas Analyser Module’)’
203
.
Alternatives
Often, as in the two examples above, ‘so-called’ is superuous and the other term can stand alone. In other cases we can
say ‘known as’ or ‘this is called’. Occasionally we may use inverted commas, though here too there is a risk that they will be
misinterpreted.
Suppress, suppression
Explanation
‘Suppress’ is a bit like ‘incite’ in that it is often related to violence. It is also often combined with the adverbs ‘savagely’ or
‘forcibly’. Indeed, the rst denition of suppress in the Oxford online dictionary is ‘forcibly put an end to’. You can suppress
a revolt or an uprising, but you cannot suppress a bus stop or, like our ‘sickness insurance’, paper forms.
Examples
Furthermore, the suppression of inpatient fees from 2014 seems to have resulted in increased recourse to hospital care and the
same eect can be expected in the outpatient sector, where fees were supressed (sic) at the start of 2015’
204
.
Alternatives
Abolish/abolition, cancel/cancellation, withdraw/withdrawal.
202 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010AE1368:EN:NOT
203 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32011R0112:EN:NOT
204 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52015SC0023
55
Third country
Explanation
The USA is one country, Canada is another, and Ireland is a third. The USA could sign an agreement with Canada to
exclude a third country (e.g. Ireland) from their territorial waters (for shing, for example). In EU texts, however, this term
is widely used to mean ‘countries outside the European Union’, and sometimes ‘countries outside whatever grouping of
countries we are talking about’. This is incorrect and largely incomprehensible to outsiders. It is also objectively unclear.
This is evident if we look at the (invented) example: ‘he has a Schengen visa but he is not allowed to work in third
countries’. Do we mean here: ‘non-Schengen countries’ or ‘non-EU countries’?
Example
‘Regulation (EC) No 1580/2007 lays down, pursuant to the outcome of the Uruguay Round multilateral trade negotiations, the
criteria whereby the Commission xes the standard values for imports from third countries’
205
.
Alternatives
Non-member country/ies (or state(s)), non-Schengen country/ies (or state(s), countries outside the EU/EEA, etc.
Training (a)
Explanation
This is one of a series of gerunds used creatively but incorrectly as countable nouns (a training, a screening, a
prenancing, a planning), which is not generally possible in English. Training in English is a process (the process of being
trained) and it should not be used as a synonym for a ‘(training) course’.
Examples
‘Workers posted by a TC
206
company (its principal place of business is outside the EU/EEA):-contract services suppliers;-ICT
(including for the purpose of a training)’
207
.
Alternatives
Course (language course/I am on a course/I am doing a course), workshop (attending a workshop), presentation, talk, etc.
Transmit
Explanation
‘Transmit’ normally refers to radio or television, data, and, possibly, the (sadly defunct) Morse code. When sending
something by letter, email or fax, we normally say ‘send’. If we are sending something on that has been sent to us, we say
‘forward’ or ‘send on’ rather than ‘retransmit’.
205 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010R1156:EN:NOT
206 TC = Third Country = in this case, country outside the EU and/or EEA
207 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010SC0884:EN:NOT
56
Examples
‘The Court would thus be required to transmit its draft report on the same day that the Commission is required to transmit its
synthesis report on the operation of the internal control system’
208
. ‘Where appropriate, each Member State shall retransmit
to the NEAFC Secretary reports and messages received from its vessels in accordance with Articles 9 and 11 of Regulation (EU)
No1236/2010, subject to the following amendments’
209
.
Alternatives
Send, forward.
Transpose
Explanation
In EU English ‘to transpose’ means ‘to incorporate the provisions of a Directive into national legislation’. It is quite handy
to have a single word for this concept, but authors should be informed that only EU English uses it in this way. In
mainstream English, this word is used rarely, and normally only in mathematics, music and linguistics, to mean ‘to put
in a dierent order’
210
; it is not a legal term, not even in places that have civil law systems like Scotland, Louisiana and
Quebec
211
.
Example
‘The Commission shall, on the basis of the information provided by the Member States, publish on its website the details of the
provisions approved by each Member State which transpose Chapter 3 of Title XI of Directive 2006/112/EC’
212
.
Alternatives
‘Transpose’ has become so deeply rooted in the EU psyche that it would perhaps be utopian to expect authors to
abandon it in favour of the normal English term, which is incorporate/incorporation
213
(into national law). However,
anyone wishing to go on using ‘transpose’ should bear in mind that, in mainstream texts, they may need to be a bit more
specic if they wish to be understood (e.g. ‘transpose a Directive (into?)
214
national law’).
Transversal/transverse
Explanation
‘Transversal’ (meaning ‘intersecting a system of lines’) occurs three times in the British National Corpus and 709 times
in EUR-Lex. This is, in itself, an indication that something is amiss. ‘Transverse’ (meaning ‘lying across; situated or lying
crosswise or athwart’) is much more common in regular English, with 223 BNC entries, but these nearly all refer to the
elds of medicine (‘transverse colon’, being the most common), natural science and mechanical engineering. Neither
transversal nor transverse is used guratively to mean ‘cross-cutting’ or ‘inter-departmental’.
208 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010AA0006:EN:NOT
209 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32012R0433:EN:NOT
210 More rarely, it can also mean ‘to transfer to a dierent place or context’. Not even this latter meaning renders the EU concept very well and is likely to
be misleading. The national incorporation of an EU Directive does not involve its transposition onto the national statute books, but the creation of
national legislation to reect its provisions.
211 It is, in any case, an uncommon word, which many readers might not know (only 42 BNC hits, 10 in the Strathy Canadian Corpus and 108 in the much
larger Corpus of Contemporary American English, many of which are highly technical and none of which have the legal meaning found in EU texts).
212 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010R0904:EN:NOT
213 I wish to thank Professor Abe Gluck of the Harvard University Law School for providing me with a denitive, and authoritative answer to this question
214 An odd consequence of the misappropriation of this word is that one is unsure which preposition to use (we nd ‘to’ or ‘onto’ in some elds and ‘in’,
‘into’ and even ‘for’ in others).
57
Examples
‘Transverse Activities (TAs) means actions with relevance across several ITDs and/or IADPs and requiring coordination and
management across the ITDs and/or IADPs for the optimal delivery of the overall objectives of Clean Sky’
215
. ‘Conclusions of the
Council and of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council of 16 November 2007
on a transversal approach to youth policy with a view to enabling young people to full their potential and participate actively
in society’
216
. ‘The Luxembourg Presidency will give priority to digital technology in a transversal manner, placing it at the heart
of its single market policy’
217
.
Alternatives
Cross-cutting, inter + something (interdepartmental, interministerial); sometimes just ‘broad’ or ‘general’. In cases like the
last example, some rephrasing might be needed (‘across the board’, for example).
Travel
Explanation
In some circles, there seems to be a little bit of confusion as to the dierence between the words ‘travel’ and ‘trip’. The
budget of the little known ‘joint blue-sky undertaking’, for example, like many of the EU’s agencies, allows for expenditure
for ‘missions and duty travels’. Anyone who has read this far will realise immediately that the dierence is a question of
countability. ‘Trip’ is countable, ‘travel’ is not, at least not in its normal meaning of ‘the action of travelling’. There is a rarer,
countable, use, meaning ‘a journey especially to a distant or unfamiliar place’ (c.f. ‘Gulliver’s travels’), but that need not
concern us here.
Examples
‘The parliament […] considers that such (= this) group should discuss inter alia the ndings of the requested report concerning
Members’ travels’
218
. ‘However, several stakeholders are in favour of the development of a standardised parental consent form
for travels in and out of the Schengen area (Frontex) or internationally (ICAO)’
219
.
Alternative
Trip, travel (singular).
Treatment
Explanation
We normally speak of data processing, not data treatment.
Examples
‘As of 2005 onwards, the signicant eorts undertaken in data treatment and methodological developments have allowed an
expansion of patent indicators’
220
. ‘Eurostat will continue its eorts to speed up the data treatment procedures to make data
available to users faster’.
Alternative
Processing.
215 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52013PC0505
216 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:42007X1124(01)
217 http://www.eu2015lu.eu/en/la-presidence/a-propos-presidence/programme-et-priorites/index.html
218 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1464347304423&uri=CELEX:52012BP0109
219 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1464347395343&uri=CELEX:52013DC0567
220 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1464347505108&uri=CELEX:52011DC0184
58
Valorise
Explanation
‘To valorise’ means to x and maintain an articial price for (a commodity) by governmental action. In EU texts, however,
it is often used to mean ‘to assign a value to’ or to ‘make the most of’.
Examples
‘How could the results of the work of the Agency be best valorised for both the public and the private sectors thus enhancing
the visibility of the Agency’
221
. ‘Whereas Article 4 (a) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1164/89 (3), as last amended by
Regulation (EEC) No 2095/93 (4), lays down, inter alia, that the aid is to be granted only in respect of areas harvested, on
condition that normal cultivation work has been carried out; whereas, if the aid scheme is to operate properly, a denition
should be given of what is meant by harvest, on the one hand, and on the other only those cultivation practices which seek to
valorize almost the whole of the product cultivated should be accepted’
222
.
Alternatives
Increase the value of, give a value to, enhance, make the most of, accentuate, upgrade, put to good use.
Verifications
Explanation
Verication means ‘the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something’. It is an uncountable noun and
does not normally have a plural. We do not, therefore, perform or do (or even make) verications in English.
Examples
‘Additionally, the Commission should also increase the eectiveness of its desk and on-the-spot verications of the Member
States’ statistical reports’
223
. ‘No ex post verications were carried out for any transactions made after 2008, except for
grants’
224
.
Alternative
Checks.
Visa
Explanation
Visa is misused to render not only ‘approval’ (example 1), but also the act of giving approval (example 2). In English, a visa
is generally ‘an ocial authorisation appended to a passport, permitting entry into and travel within a particular country
or region’. It is also the name of a credit card. Some dictionaries also give a meaning akin to the one used here (approve/
approval). However, it is not generally understood or used in this way, to the extent that none of the 407 occurrences of
‘visa’ in the British National Corpus corresponds to this meaning. In any case, you certainly cannot ‘perform’, ‘do’, ‘make’ or
‘carry out’ a visa, as in the rst example below.
221 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010SC1126:EN:NOT
222 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31994R1469:EN:NOT
223 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52013SA0018&from=EN
224 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52013TA1213(22)
59
Examples
‘‘Delegated Authorising Ocers are responsible for nancial management in their services, including functions that had
previously been fullled at central level, such as, for instance, the centralised ex-ante visa performed by the Financial Controller,
which was abolished in the context of Reform’
225
. ‘An important part of the system is the role played by the Control and Finance
Section which has to visa all transactions before they can be authorised’
226
. ‘In addition, the Commission services indicated that
the ex-ante visa of the Delegation would be suspended unless the ratication of the amendment to the MoU was ensured by
the date of May JMC meeting and a credible plan to fully address the audit ndings was prepared’
227
.
Alternatives
Approval, endorsement, to approve, to endorse.
225 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52004DC0093:EN:NOT
226 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000Y1201%2801%29:EN:NOT
227 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52007SC1462:EN:NOT
