21Profile of Domestic Workers in California UCLA Labor Center | CDWC
Notes
1
Lucero Herrera et al., Struggles and Support: California’s Homecare Employers (Los Angeles: UCLA
Labor Center, 2017), https://www.labor.ucla.edu/publication/cahomecareemployers/; Tia Koonse et al.,
Crisis in Care: How Conditions in Home Care Put Families and Workers at Risk (Los Angeles: UCLA Labor
Center, 2016); Saba Waheed et al., Profile, Practices and Needs of California’s Domestic Work Employers
(Los Angeles: UCLA Labor Center, 2016), https://www.labor.ucla.edu/publication/domestic-employers-
report/.
2
Linda Burnham and Nik Theodore, Home Economics: The Invisible and Unregulated World of Domestic
Work (New York: National Domestic Workers Alliance, 2012), https://domesticworkers.org/sites/default/
files/HomeEconomicsReport.pdf.
3
Verónica Ponce de León et al., Hidden Work, Hidden Pain: Injury Experiences of Domestic Workers in
California (Los Angeles, UCLA Labor Occupational Safety and Health Program, 2020), https://losh.ucla.
edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/37/2020/06/Hidden-Work-Hidden-Pain.-Domestic-Workers-Report.-
UCLA-LOSH-June-2020-1.pdf.
4
Immigration Statistics: Information Gaps, Quality Issues Limit Utility of Federal Data to Policymakers,
report to congressional requestors (Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office, July 1998),
https://www.gao.gov/assets/160/156316.pdf; Leslie Forde, “Paying Nannies under the Table Is the Norm,”
Slate Magazine, May 18, 2018, https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/05/child-care-man-nannies-feel-
forced-into-under-the-table-pay.html; Julia Wolfe et al., “Domestic Workers Chartbook: A Comprehensive
Look at the Demographics, Wages, Benefits, and Poverty Rates of the Professionals Who Care for Our
Family Members and Clean Our Homes,” Economic Policy Institute, May 14, 2020, https://www.epi.org/
publication/domestic-workers-chartbook-a-comprehensive-look-at-the-demographics-wages-benefits-
and-poverty-rates-of-the-professionals-who-care-for-our-family-members-and-clean-our-homes/.
5
Waheed et al., “Profile, Practices and Needs,” 3.
6
“Coronavirus’ Economic Impact on Domestic Workers,” National Domestic Workers Alliance, 2020,
https://domesticworkers.org/sites/default/files/Coronavirus_Report_4_8_20.pdf.
7
Jeounghee Kim, “Informal Employment and the Earnings of Home‐Based Home Care Workers in the
United States,” Industrial Relations Journal 51, no. 4 (July 2020): 286, https://doi.org/10.1111/irj.12299;
Annette Bernhardt, Ruth Milkman, and Nik Theordore, “Broken Laws, Unprotected Workers: Violations of
Employment and Labor Laws In America’s Cities,” National Employment Law Project, September 21, 2009,
https://www.nelp.org/publication/broken-laws-unprotected-workers-violations-of-employment-and-
labor-laws-in-americas-cities/; David Weil, The Fissured Workplace (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 2014).
8
“Misclassification of Employees as Independent Contractors: 2016 Fact Sheet,” Department for
Professional Employees, AFL-CIO, June 15, 2016, https://www.dpeaflcio.org/factsheets/misclassification-
of-employees-as-independent-contractors; Robert Habans, Is California’s Gig Economy Growing?
Exploring Trends in Independent Contracting (Los Angeles: UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and
Employment, 2016), https://irle.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Is-Californias-Gig-Economy-
Growing-Exploring-Trends-in-Independent-Contracting.pdf; “Independent Contractor (Self-Employed) or
Employee?, Internal Revenue Service, updated November 9, 2020, https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-
businesses-self-employed/independent-contractor-self-employed-or-employee; Koonse et al., Crisis in
Care; Weil, Fissured Workplace, 10.
9
Evelyn Nakano Glenn, “From Servitude to Service Work: Historical Continuities in the Racial Division of
Paid Reproductive Labor,” Signs 18, no. 1 (Autumn 1992): 2; Burnham and Theodore, Home Economics.