~ 36 ~
International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health http://www.kheljournal.com
FIBA officials wear a grey (torso) and black (sleeves) shirt,
black trousers, black socks, and black shoes. Officials in
competitions organized by Euro league Basketball – the Euro
League and Euro Cup – wear an orange shirt. Officials in
the Israel Basketball Association wear the Euro League's
orange shirt but sometimes wear royal blue shirts for contests
between two Israeli teams. NBL officials wear green shirts
with black shoulders and stripes on the sides with black pants.
The NBL logo is atop the breast and a sponsor's name is on
the back. Shirts are V-neck, without a collar, and pants lack
belts. All officials wear a whistle that is used to stop play as a
result of a foul or a violation on the court. Hand signals are
used to indicate the nature of the infraction or to administer
the game. (Koeipakvaen, (2017).
Football referee
The term “referee" originated in association football.
Originally the team captains would consult with each other in
order to resolve any dispute on the pitch. A referee or simply
ref is the person of authority in a variety of sports who is
responsible for presiding over the game from a neutral point
of view and making on- the-fly decisions that enforce the
rules of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as
ejection. The official tasked with this job may be known, in
addition to referee, by a variety of other titles as well (often
depending on the sport).
The referee did not take his place on the pitch until 1891,
when the umpires became linesmen (now assistant
referees).American football officials are commonly referred
to as referees, but each has a title based on their position.
They consist of: Referee, Head Linesman, Line Judge,
Umpire, Back Judge, Side Judge, and Field Judge. A referee
or simply ref is the person of authority in a variety of sports
who is responsible for presiding over the game from a neutral
point of view and making on- the-fly decisions that enforce
the rules of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such
as ejection They say that the men and women in black are
having a good game if you don't notice them. It's the one with
the whistle - the referee - who takes charge of a match, with
the help of two assistant referees. In professional matches, a
fourth official is also involved.
Basketball referee
In basketball, an official (usually called a referee) enforces the
rules and maintains order in the game. The title of official also
applies to the scorers and timekeepers, as well as other
personnel that have an active task in maintaining the game.
Basketball is regarded as among the most difficult sports to
officiate due to the speed of play, complexity of rules, the
case-specific interpretations of rules, and the instantaneous
decision required. There is one lead referee and one or
two umpires, depending on whether there is a two- or three-
person crew. In the NBA, the lead official is called the crew
chief with one referee and one umpire. In FIBA-sanctioned
play, two-man crews consist of a referee and an umpire, and
three-man crews contain a referee and two umpires.
Regardless, both classes of officials have equal rights to
control almost all aspects of the game. In most cases, the lead
official (in FIBA, the referee) performs the jump ball to begin
the contest, though NFHS and NCAA have allowed the
referee to designate which official (referee or umpire) shall
perform the jump ball. There are two standard methods for
officiating a basketball game, either "two-person" or "three-
person" mechanics depending on how many officials are
available to work the game. In "two-person" mechanics, each
official works either the lead or the trail position. The lead
position is normally along the baseline of the court, with the
trail position having its starting point at the free throw line
extended on the left side of the court facing the basket.
Officials change position often during the game to cover the
area in the best possible way. As the game transitions from
one end of the court to the other, the lead becomes the trail
and vice versa. Between the two positions, each is responsible
for a specific part of the court as well as two each of the side,
base or back court lines. Officials change position after
certain calls (mostly when the lead official calls a defensive
foul). This allows officials to alternate between positions to
increase the speed of play; one official will approach the
bench whilst another, usually the closest to the bench at that
time, will move to occupy his position. This also prevents one
official from always working one particular team's basket
throughout the course of the game.
Methodology
To achieve the purpose of the study twenty (20) basketball
referees and twenty (20) football referees were selected from
Coimbatore District association. The age of the subjects
ranged between 20 and 25years.The following tests was
performed to measure the physical fitness parameters:-To
measure speed 50mtdash, to measure speed endurance 110mt
test.
Statistical techniques
The data was collected and statically examined to compare
the physical fitness components variables of football referees
and players. The ‘t’ ratio was calculated to find out the
significance difference if any in all the cases to test
significance of 0.05 level of confidence was used.
Table 1: Computation of ‘t’ ratio on Speed between Football and
Basketball Referees
*Significant at 0.05 level 2.093(1, 19)
The table-1 reveals that the computation of ‘t’ ratio on speed
between football and basketball referees. The mean values of
football and basketball referees were 7.74sec and 7.33 sec
respectively. The observed t value of speed 3.14 was greater
than the table value of 2.093 for the degrees of freedom 1 and
19 at 0.05 level of confidence. Since, it was found to be
statistically significant.
From the result it is speculated that there is significant
difference over speed between Football and Basketball
referees. The mean values on football and basketball referees
are graphically represented in figure-1.
Fig 1: Bar diagram showing the comparison of speed means between
football and basketball referees