Softball Rules

2020 and 2021

RULES BOOK

sof tball

LOSE

I’LL RESPOND WITH RESPECT.

Don’t undo my hard work

with poor sportsmanship.

2020 and 2021

NCAA SOFTBALL RULES

NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION

[ISSN 1089-0106]

THE NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION

P.O. BOX 6222

INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46206-6222

317-917-6222

NCAA.ORG

OCTOBER 2019

Manuscript Prepared By: Vickie Van Kleeck, Secretary-Rules Editor, NCAA Softball Rules Committee.

Edited By: Ashlee Follis, Associate Director of Playing Rules and Officiating.

NCAA, NCAA logo and NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION are registered marks

of the Association and use in any manner is prohibited unless prior approval is obtained from the

Association.

REPPRINTED: 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003,

2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Contents

NCAA Softball Rules Committee ..................................................................4

Major Rules Changes for 2020 and 2021 .......................................................5

Codes of Conduct ..........................................................................................6

The Rules .......................................................................................................8

Official NCAA Softball Rules

RULE 1—Definitions .........................................................................10

RULE 2—Field of Play .......................................................................13

Softball Field Specifications ..............................................21

RULE 3—Equipment and Uniforms ..................................................23

RULE 4—Game Personnel .................................................................31

RULE 5—Game Management and Pregame Procedures .....................36

RULE 6—The Game ..........................................................................42

RULE 7—Appeals and Protests ........................................................... 55

RULE 8—Players and Substitutes .......................................................62

RULE 9—Defense ..............................................................................72

RULE 10—Pitching ............................................................................81

RULE 11—Batting .............................................................................90

RULE 12—Base Running .................................................................108

RULE 13—Misconduct ....................................................................132

RULE 14—Scoring ...........................................................................139

Table of Symbols ............................................................159

Percentage Table .............................................................160

Appendixes

Appendix A—Feet and Lines Chart ..................................................161

Appendix B—Improper Player Chart ................................................162

Appendix C—Bat Flow Chart ...........................................................163

Appendix D—Barrel Compression Testing Flow Chart .....................164

Appendix E—Umpire Signals ...........................................................165

Appendix F—Lightning Policy .......................................................... 167

Appendix G—Video, Audio or Matrix Boards ..................................168

Appendix H—Concussions ...............................................................170

Appendix I—Accommodations for Student-Athletes with

Disabilities ..............................................................................172

Index to Rules ............................................................................................173

NCAA Softball

Rules Committee

The chart below lists the members of the committee who voted on and

approved the rules included in this edition of the book. This information is

being included for historical purposes.

Name Institution Term Expiration

Todd Buckingham Saginaw Valley State University 8-31-22

David Deiros Florida Gulf Coast University 8-31-21

Edith Gallagher, chair Mansfield University of

Pennsylvania

8-31-19

Kelly Gatwood Conference USA 8-31-20

Rachel Lawson University of Kentucky 8-31-19

Elizabeth Luckie Sacred Heart University 8-31-19

Deanna Tritinger Chatham University 8-31-22

Vickie Van Kleeck* Secretary-Rules Editor 8-31-23

Lexie Vernon Knox College 8-31-21

*Non-voting member

For a complete and current listing of the NCAA Softball Rules Committee,

please go to www.ncaa.org/playingrules.

Contact information for the secretary-rules editor, national coordinator of

umpires and equipment consultant is available on Page 9.

Major Rules Changes for

2020 and 2021

Each changed or altered segment is identified in the rules by a shaded background.

Foul Pole (Rule 2.16.3). Prohibits attachments (e.g., screening, flags,

pennants, etc.) from being added to the foul side of the pole.

Undergarments (Rule 3.10.8). Requires visible undergarments contrast with

the color of the ball.

Barrel Compression Testing (Rule 5.2). By 2021 for Division I and 2022

for Divisions II and III, requires softball barrel compression testing (BCT) be

conducted according to accepted protocols at a minimum prior to the start

of each tournament, series, doubleheader, or single midweek game during the

regular season.

Use of Equipment to Make Noise (Rules 5.11 and 13.6.2). Reclassifies

the use of equipment to make noise from equipment misuse to artificial

noisemakers.

Artificial Noisemakers (Rule 5.11 EFFECT). Eliminates the requirement

for the opposing coach to bring the illegal use of artificial noisemakers to the

attention of the umpire.

Positions of the Offensive Team (Rule 6.5.3 EFFECT). Requires a team

warning to be issued when the offensive team is out of the dead-ball area while

the ball is live. The next violation by anyone on the warned team will result in

an ejection of the head coach.

Legal Pitch Positioning (Rules 10.1.1 and 10.2.1.2). Allows the pitcher to

begin with her stride (non-pivot) foot behind the pitcher's plate.

Taking the Signal (Rule 10.2.2). Requires the pitcher to take a signal while

on the pitcher's plate.

Ejected/Suspended Personnel (Rule 13.13 EFFECT). Clarifies a forfeit will

be the penalty for ejected/suspended personnel violations discovered during the

contest. Violations discovered after the contest ends will result in additional

game suspensions.

Codes of Conduct

Sportsmanship is a core value of the NCAA. The NCAA Committee on

Sportsmanship and Ethical Conduct has identified respect and integrity as

two critical elements of sportsmanship and launched an awareness and action

campaign at the NCAA Convention in January 2009. Athletics administrators

may download materials and view best practices at:

www.ncaa.org/about/what-we-do/fairness-and-integrity/sportsmanship.

The NCAA Softball Rules Committee believes that participation in athletics

is an integral part of the educational experience for student-athletes. Therefore,

it expects the highest standards of sportsmanship, integrity and conduct of all

individuals associated with the game of softball. In particular, the standards

are especially stringent for coaches and umpires, who are at once role models,

authority figures and representatives of intercollegiate athletics and the game of

softball itself.

Coaches/Players

Coaches are expected to be leaders and must comply with the following

principles and ethics:

a. Develop and maintain a comprehensive knowledge of current NCAA

softball rules.

b. Coaches must be neatly dressed in professional coaching attire and are to

ensure their players are legally equipped and properly attired for competition.

Base coaches do not have to be identically dressed.

c. Confine discussion with the game officials to the interpretation of the rules.

d. Coaches and players are to comply wholeheartedly with the spirit and

intent of the rules. The deliberate teaching of players to violate the rules is

indefensible.

e. Coaches and players are to respect the dignity and integrity of the game,

opponents, officials, spectators and the institutions they represent.

f. Coaches are to prohibit team personnel from using profanity, obscenities, or

making personal, vulgar, or malicious remarks toward opponents, officials

and spectators.

g. Coaches and players are to refrain from making disparaging public

comments on officiating to the media.

h. Coaches and players are to refrain from any personal actions that might be

considered unsportsmanlike acts toward opponents, officials or spectators.

i. Coaches are to seek help from the on-site administrator or other appropriate

individuals in controlling unruly students and spectators.

Umpires

Umpires are expected to uphold the integrity of the game and enforce its rules

by observing the following guidelines of ethics and professionalism:

CODES OF CONDUCT 7

a. Develop and maintain a comprehensive knowledge of current NCAA

softball rules and umpire mechanics.

b. Be fair and unbiased in making decisions, rendering them without regard to

the score or the quality of the play on the field.

c. Honor all assignments and contracts.

d. Refrain from use of tobacco and alcohol on site.

e. When in uniform or on site, not to fraternize with players, coaches and/or

spectators.

f. Cooperate with your partner(s) to arrive at decisions that are ultimately

correct and fair.

g. Refrain from sharing information that might be used by a team’s future

opponent.

h. Seek help from the on-site administrator or other appropriate individuals in

controlling unruly students and spectators.

i. Be courteous and display a dignified attitude toward the game and its

participants.

The Rules

The NCAA Softball Rules Committee is responsible for formulating the

official playing rules for the sport and establishing specifications for its

equipment. It establishes guidelines, specifications and maximum/minimum

performance restrictions it considers consistent with the integrity of the game.

The committee reserves the right to intercede in order to maintain that integrity

and to ensure a player’s performance is more a product of her individual skill

than of her equipment. Only equipment that meets the specifications written in

the NCAA Softball Rules may be used in intercollegiate competition.

Rules violations requiring the filing of the NCAA Softball Incident Report

refer to the report that must be submitted electronically through the NCAA

Softball Umpiring Home Plate (SUP) website at www.sup.arbitersports.com.

Protests must be filed using the Protest Form also located on the SUP website.

The NCAA Softball Case Book should be used as a supplemental resource

when reading and understanding these rules. The case book is on the SUP

website and contains situations and interpretations to be used in conjunction

with this rules book.

The NCAA Softball Rules Committee has designated several administrative

playing rules that can be set aside or modified during either the championship

or nonchampionship season. All other conduct rules may not be altered and

NCAA member institutions are required to conduct their intercollegiate

contests according to the current NCAA Softball Rules in conjunction with the

applicable NCAA bylaws.

Championship Segment

The administrative rules that may be altered by mutual consent of the

competing institutions are:

Rule 5.6 Pregame protocol;

Rule 6.13.4 Time between games of a doubleheader; or

Rules 6.16 and 6.18 Whether or not to use the tiebreaker or halted game rules.

Nonchampionship Segment

The intent of these rule exceptions for the nonchampionship season is to

provide a quality, educational experience for student-athletes and yet provide

structure and competitive equity by abiding by all except the following rules:

Rule 6.14 Eight-Run Rule may be set aside in order to allow for at least seven

innings of play.

Rules 8.3.3, 8.5 and 8.6 that restrict substitutions and limit reentry rights. In

the nonchampionship season, free substitution and batting out of order shall be

allowed, and changes need not be reported through umpires;

In addition to abiding by all the other playing rules published in the current

edition of the NCAA Softball Rules, participating coaches may agree to the

following additions:

THE RULES 9

1) Participate in experimental rules created by the NCAA Softball Rules

Committee, and set aside any playing rules that would then be in

conflict;

2) Begin half innings with one or more runners on base;

3) Agree to replay a poorly executed play not more than once per team per

inning; and/or

4) Play a maximum of 10 innings per game.

In all cases, if participating coaches wish to use one or more exceptions or

additions listed above, they must be agreed upon and communicated to the

umpire crew not later than the pregame meeting.

Note: Institutional scrimmages are not subject to these rules of competition as long

as they are limited to participation by appropriate institutional personnel and no

outside competitors participate other than those allowed under the alumni exception

of the bylaws. Practices with outside competition are also exempt from playing rules,

but must only display skills of the sport rather than competition between participants.

The secretary-rules editor is the sole interpreter of the NCAA softball

playing rules. Those seeking requests for documentation of disability (see

Appendix I) or religious accommodations, rule exceptions, interpretations or

clarifications of the softball rules may contact:

Vickie Van Kleeck

NCAA Softball Secretary-Rules Editor

Cell: 540-819-4655

Email: [email protected]

Those seeking information on umpiring may contact:

Craig Hyde

NCAA Softball National Coordinator of Umpires

Cell: 205-821-6049

Email: [email protected]

Those seeking information on equipment specifications, including bats and

balls, may contact:

Dee Abrahamson

NCAA Softball Equipment Consultant

Cell: 815-751-2648

Email: [email protected]

RULE 1

Definitions

1.1 Base on Balls

An award of first base granted by the plate umpire to the batter who, during

her time at bat, receives any combination of four pitches or awards that are

declared balls.

1.2 Base Runner

An offensive player who was on base at the time of a pitch and is advancing to,

touching or returning to a base.

1.3 Batted Ball

Any pitch that comes in contact with the bat. Contact may result in a fair or

foul ball and need not be intentional.

1.4 Batter

The offensive player whose turn it is to take a position in either batter’s box to

receive a pitch.

1.5 Batter-Runner

The offensive player who started in the batter’s box, has completed her turn at bat

and has left it in an attempt to reach base safely. The player remains the batter-

runner until continuous actions end with the batter-runner safe or put out.

1.6 Blocked Ball

A live batted, pitched or thrown ball that contacts nongame personnel, game

personnel in unauthorized areas, loose equipment or an object that is neither

official game equipment nor part of the official playing area, or dead-ball

territory. Blocked ball also refers to a ball that remains on the playing field but

has become lodged, wedged or stuck in something other than a fielder’s glove.

1.7 Flagrant

An act that involves excessive force with an opponent or egregious unsporting

behavior.

1.8 Fly Ball

A batted ball, whether fair or foul, that rises into the air that can be caught for

an out.

1.9 Ground Ball

A batted ball, whether fair or foul, that has touched the ground, an object or a

person other than a defensive player.

RULE 1 / DEFINITIONS 11

1.10 Ground Rule

An allowable amendment of the playing rules to accommodate a particular

circumstance (usually a field condition). Ground rules cannot conflict with or

supersede a playing rule. (See also Rule 5.8.3.)

1.11 In Flight

Any batted, thrown or pitched ball that has not touched the ground, an object

or a person other than a defensive player.

1.12 Inning

1.12.1 That portion of the game within which the teams alternate on offense

and defense and in which there are three putouts for each team.

1.12.2 Half-inning. Each team’s respective time at bat or in the field. The

interval during which one team is on offense and the other is on defense. A

half inning ends when there is a third out or when, in the bottom of the last

inning, the winning run is scored.

1.12.3 Extra inning. The continuation of play beyond the regulation seven

innings in an attempt to break a tie score.

1.13 Interference

Equipment or the act of an offensive player, coach, umpire or spectator that

denies the fielder a reasonable opportunity to play the ball. The act may be

intentional or unintentional and the ball must have been playable.

1.14 Line Drive

A fair or foul batted ball that travels parallel to the ground immediately off

the bat, neither substantially rising into the air nor dropping to the ground. If

caught, it is scored an out.

1.15 No Pitch

Declaration by an umpire that halts play and nullifies the pitch.

1.16 Out

A declaration by the umpire indicating an offensive player has been retired.

Each team is entitled to three outs per offensive half inning.

1.17 Overthrow

A thrown ball that goes beyond its intended target. The ball is live unless it

enters dead-ball territory or becomes a blocked ball.

1.18 Play

1.18.1 An attempt by a defensive player on a batted or thrown ball to retire an

offensive player.

1.18.2 A play can also refer to an action by a pitcher to elicit a reaction from the

runner(s) as it pertains to the look-back rule. (See Rule 12.16.)

1.18.3 A pitch is not a play except as it relates to an appeal play. (See Rule 7.1.)

12 RULE 1 / DEFINITIONS

1.19 Runner

The offensive player who is in the process of running the bases whether as a

batter-runner or a base runner.

1.20 Rundown

The act of the defense attempting to put out a runner who is caught off base

between two or more defensive players and who may either attempt to advance

or return to the previous base.

1.21 Safe

A declaration and/or signal by the umpire indicating that a runner is not out

or has successfully taken possession of a base. A safe signal may also be given by

an umpire to acknowledge having seen a potential catch or rule violation but

determining no catch or violation occurred.

1.22 Strikeout

A putout that is credited to the catcher as a result of the batter being charged

with three strikes in a single at-bat.

1.23 “Time”

A term used by the umpire to temporarily suspend play. The ball is dead, until

the umpire indicates a resumption of play.

1.24 Timing Play

A defensive play in which the results are based on the time of the action. Tag

plays and appeals may be timing plays; however, force plays may not.

1.25 Turn at Bat

The act of entering the batter’s box until being put out, becoming a batter-

runner or being replaced by a substitute while at bat.

1.26 Without Liability to be Put Out

Reference to a player who cannot be put out as a result of a defender’s action.

However, the player can be declared out for violation of base-running rules

(such as missing a base, passing a base runner, etc.).

RULE 2

Field of Play

The following information regarding the playing facility and field specifications

applies to all competition regulated by the NCAA Softball Rules.

2.1 Layout

For the layout of the playing field, refer to the drawing showing official

dimensions.

2.1.1 All new fields should be oriented with consideration to the following

factors: protection of players, comfort of spectators, season of use (February-

June), latitude (north to south), east-west geographical location within time

zone, prevailing winds, daylight saving time, background, and obstacles

or barriers. In general, those considerations will lead to home plate being

located in the southwest corner of the field, and a line drawn through home

plate, the center of the pitcher’s plate and out to centerfield will extend to

the northeast.

2.1.2 When constructing a softball diamond, first designate a point for the

rear tip of home plate. Secondly, with the aid of the above guidelines,

locate the desired direction of second base. Measure 84 feet 10¼ inches in

this direction. This is the center of second base. With the tape still in this

position, locate the pitcher’s plate 43 feet from home plate toward second

base. With the tape still fastened to the rear point of home plate, measure

60 feet toward first base and scribe a short arc. Also measure 60 feet toward

third base and scribe a short arc. Now fasten the tape at the center of second

base and measure 60 feet toward first and third base, respectively. Scribe a

short arc each time. The back edges of first and third bases are located where

the respective arcs intersect. The skinned area should be determined by

measuring a 60-foot arc from the front center of the pitcher’s plate.

2.2 Artificial Turf

A synthetic turf surface field may be used for collegiate competition. It is

recommended that the outfield portion be green and, if there is an infield portion,

it be brown and have shorter blades than the outfield portion.

2.3 Backstop

2.3.1 A backstop is the required barrier behind home plate that usually stops the

ball from going out of play.

2.3.2 It should be a minimum distance of 25 feet and a maximum distance of

30 feet from home plate (not including the padding). (See diagram at end

of rule.)

2.3.3 It is recommended that the backstop be vertical and not extend over the

playing field.

14 RULE 2 / FIELD OF PLAY

2.3.4 For institutional and municipal fields, when the backstop is wood,

concrete or brick, it shall be padded from dugout to dugout beginning not

higher than 1 foot off the ground and extending to the top of the wood,

cement or brick or 6 feet from the ground, whichever is shorter.

EFFECT—See Rule 5.5.1.

2.4 Base Distance

The official diamond shall have base lines of 60 feet. (See diagram at end of

rule.)

2.5 Baseline

The baseline is the direct line between any two consecutive bases.

2.6 Base Path

The imaginary direct line, and three feet to either side of the line, between a

base and a runner’s position at the time a defensive player is attempting to apply

a tag. The base path is the established path on the infield traveled by a runner

who is attempting to advance to the next base.

2.7 Bases—First, Second and Third

First, second and third bases are three of the four points that must be touched

by a runner in order to score a run. They shall be made of high-density foam

covered by a suitable white rubberized or vinyl material securely fastened to the

ground by an anchoring system. Each bag shall be 15 inches square, filled with

soft material to a thickness of 1½ to 3½ inches. Bases may have tapered edges.

A release-type base may be used. The double first base may not be used.

Note: Only a sticker or label with an NCAA branding, an NCAA team or conference

logo, name or abbreviation may be used. It may be located only on the middle third

of the rise of the base. At no time is the branding sticker allowed on top of the base.

2.8 Batter’s Boxes

The batter’s box is the area to which the batter is restricted when at bat. The boxes,

one on each side of home plate, shall measure 3 feet by 7 feet, including the lines.

The outer edge of the lines of the batter’s box shall be 6 inches from home plate.

The front line of each box shall be 4 feet in front of a line drawn through the

center of home plate. The four lines must be drawn. (See diagram at end of rule.)

2.9 Bullpen

The bullpen is the area in foul or dead-ball territory where substitute pitchers,

catchers and other players warm up. It is recommended that there be separate

bullpens for each team; however, if only one bullpen is available, it should be

regulation and large enough to accommodate two pitchers at the same time (one

pitcher from each team). In either case, the warmup areas for the pitchers of the

home team and the visiting team must be comparable. The bullpen(s) shall be

equipped with regular-size home plates and pitcher’s plates placed at regulation

distance apart. The pitching plates should be set in dirt, and the home plates

shall have a backstop if outside the field of play. It is recommended that bullpens

be set up so that pitchers will be throwing in the same direction in practice as

when they throw in the game.

RULE 2 / FIELD OF PLAY 15

A bullpen must be in satisfactory condition for pregame warmup for the

visiting team. If the visiting bullpen is not comparable to the home team’s

bullpen, the visiting team’s pitcher(s) shall be allowed to warm up in the home

team’s bullpen for up to 20 of the final 30 minutes before game time.

2.10 Catcher’s Box

The catcher’s box is the area to which the catcher is restricted from the start of

the pitch until the pitch is released. Exception: When the batter is positioned

in the front of the batter’s box, the catcher may move closer without effect. The

box shall be 7 feet in length from the rear outside corners of the batter’s boxes

and shall be 8 feet 5 inches wide, including the lines. The lines must be drawn.

(See diagram.)

2.11 Coaches’ Boxes

The coaches’ boxes are the areas to which the two base coaches (one per box)

are restricted before the pitch is released. Each box shall be marked by two lines.

The first is a line 15 feet long drawn parallel to and 8 feet from the first- and

third-base lines extended from the back edge of the bases toward home plate.

The second is a line 3 feet long drawn perpendicular to the end of the 15-foot

line closest to home plate. The remaining two sides of the box shall be the

sideline and home run fences. (See diagram at end of rule.)

2.12 Dead-Ball Territory

That area beyond any real playing field boundary (such as a fence, backstop,

rope, chalk line, bleachers, dugouts or any imaginary boundary line, as

determined in the pregame conference), where a live ball becomes dead.

2.13 Dugout (Bench)

2.13.1 The dugout is the area in dead-ball territory reserved for team personnel

engaged in the game. Dugouts are required and shall be large enough to

accommodate all players and team personnel.

2.13.2 It is recommended that dugouts are enclosed at each end and at the rear.

For institutional and municipal fields, it is required that the field side of the

dugout be protected by netting or fencing not less than 6 feet from the floor

of the dugout except for the designated entrances and exits to the field.

EFFECT—(2.13.1 and 2.13.2)—See Rule 5.5.1.

2.13.3 It is recommended that each dugout be located on the sideline boundary

at a point of equal distance from home plate and first base, and home plate

and third base, respectively.

2.14 Fair Territory

The wedge-shaped area of the playing field within and including the foul lines

from home plate to the bottom of the home run fence and perpendicularly

upward. Home plate, the bases, foul lines and poles are considered part of fair

territory.

2.15 Fences

2.15.1 It is highly recommended that the playing field be en clos ed completely

by sideline fences and a permanent home run fence in a smooth arc of not

16 RULE 2 / FIELD OF PLAY

more than 235 feet from home plate. If constructed of wood, concrete or

brick, it is strongly recommended that it be padded beginning not higher

than 1 foot off the ground and extending to the top of the wood, concrete

or brick or 6 feet from the ground, whichever is shorter.

2.15.2 Institutional fields with a 6-foot or taller fence shall be a minimum of

190 feet in left and right fields and 220 feet in center field. Institutional

fields with a 4-foot fence shall be a minimum of 210 feet in left and right

fields and 230 feet in center field. It is highly recommended municipal fields

meet these same requirements.

2.15.2.1 For all new construction, it is required that the fence be 6 feet or

higher and be a minimum of 190 feet in left and right fields and 220 in

center field.

2.15.3 If a temporary home run fence is used, it must be secured so as not to

collapse on and displace the foul pole. For an unfenced field, an out-of-

bounds line shall be used to define dead-ball areas.

2.15.4 If the foul pole is located behind the home run fence, the white foul line

must be extended upward on the fence to connect the ground to the top of

the foul pole.

2.16 Foul Pole

2.16.1 The foul pole shall be a single-colored pole, either white or fluorescent

orange, that extends vertically upward from the foul line at the point it

intersects the home run fence to delineate fair and foul balls. The pole and/

or the line connecting the ground to the top of the pole shall be visible from

home plate.

2.16.2 The pole shall extend a minimum of 10, or the recommended height

of at least 20, feet from the ground and shall be immediately adjacent to or

attached to the outside of the home run fence.

2.16.3 It is recommended that screening be attached to the fair side of the pole

to enhance the visibility of a ball leaving the field of play near the pole.

The screening width should be at least 6 inches and should extend from 6

inches above the top of the fence to the top of the pole. Attachments (e.g.,

screening, flags, pennants) are prohibited on the foul side of the pole.

Note: A field that does not have a home run fence shall not have a foul pole.

2.17 Foul Territory

That part of the playing field between the sideline fence and the first and

third base lines from home plate to the bottom of the home run fence and

perpendicularly upward.

2.18 Home Plate

2.18.1 Home plate must be a five-sided slab of whitened rubber. The sides shall

be 8½ inches long, and the edge facing the pitcher shall be 17 inches wide

and parallel to the pitcher’s plate. The sides of the point facing the catcher

shall be 12 inches long. (See diagram at end of rule.)

2.18.2 Home plate shall be set in fair territory with the two 12-inch edges

coinciding with the foul lines extending from home plate to first base and to

third base and with the 17-inch edge facing the pitcher.

RULE 2 / FIELD OF PLAY 17

2.18.3 The top edges of home plate shall be beveled, and the plate shall be fixed

in the ground, level with the ground surface.

2.19 Infield

The infield is the portion of the field in fair territory that includes the wedge-

shaped area surrounding the diamond formed by the baselines. The infield shall

be level, but to allow for natural surface drainage, it is recommended that the

entire playing area be graded .5 percent from the edge of the pitcher’s plate to

the infield/outfield rim and 1 percent to the sideline boundaries of the field.

Note: The center of second base is one corner of the 60-foot square, and the measurements

to first and third bases are to the back edge of each base. All measurements are to be made

from the apex or back point of home plate. (See diagram at end of rule.)

The skinned area should be determined by measuring a 60-foot arc from the

front center of the pitcher’s plate. (See diagram at end of rule.)

2.20 Lines (Markings)

2.20.1 Lines (foul lines, running lane, on-deck circles, pitcher’s circle and lane,

dead-ball areas, and coaching, batter’s and catcher’s boxes) denote spaces to

which players or coaches are restricted. The outermost edge of each line is the

restricting boundary and shall meet the dimensions defined in the rules. To

be considered “within” the space, the player or coach must not have any part

of the foot extend beyond the outermost edge of the line. To be considered

“on the line,” the foot of the player or coach may extend over the boundary

as long as the foot is in contact with the line. In either case, a player or coach

must not have an entire foot in contact with the ground completely outside

the line that defines the space.

The outside edge of the first- and third-base lines and their extensions

should correspond with the outside edges of first and third bases, and the

outside edge of the pitcher’s lane should correspond with the outside edge of

the pitcher’s plate and batter’s boxes.

All lines on the playing field shall be marked before each game and in

white using paint or chalk. All lines must be 2 to 4 inches wide.

2.20.2 Lines shall be redrawn at the discretion of the umpire. Every attempt

should be made to avoid significantly delaying the game; however, if the

lines can be redrawn between innings, the umpire may direct the grounds

crew to do so.

2.20.3 Team representatives, personnel and players shall not intentionally

remove, or cover with infield material, any required lines on the field nor

intentionally cover the pitcher’s plate or home plate.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. A strike shall be called on the batter if the

offense violates the rule, and a ball shall be awarded to the batter if the

defense violates the rule. In addition, the umpire shall issue a warning to

the offending team. Subsequent violation by the same team shall result

in an ejection of the offender. (Behavioral ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

Note: A batter may not be intentionally walked by violating Rule 2.20.3.

18 RULE 2 / FIELD OF PLAY

2.21 Live-Ball Territory

The portion of the playing field where a live ball can be batted, pitched, thrown,

fielded or caught. It includes both fair and foul territories.

2.22 Nonregulation Field

2.22.1 The umpires have the responsibility to check the playing field to be sure

it complies with these regulations. Every effort should be made to obtain the

correct dimensions and markings. Any game started on a nonregulation field

shall not be protested for this reason.

Note: Once a game has started, if it is discovered by or brought to the attention of

the umpire that the lines, or pitching or base distances, are incorrect, the error shall

be corrected immediately, with no penalty, and the game shall continue from that

point. If the pitching or base distances cannot be corrected or the game moved to a

regulation field, “No Game” shall be declared. (See Rule 6.19.)

2.22.2 When playing on a nonregulation field (e.g., a dome or multiuse facility)

due to weather conditions, the field should have minimum fence distances as

noted in Rule 2.15. If the actual fence distances are shorter and a fair batted

fly ball clears this distance, the batter shall be awarded a ground-rule double,

not a home run, and each base runner advanced two bases.

2.23 On-Deck Circle

The on-deck circles shall be two circular areas with a 2½foot radius in which

the on-deck batters are restricted for warmup swings. They are located to the

side and away from home plate near each team’s dugout. (See diagram at end

of rule.)

2.24 Outfield

The outfield is the portion of fair territory extending from the infield to the

home run fence. It is usually grass or an artificial grass surface with a warning

track 10 to 15 feet from the home run fence.

2.25 Pitcher’s Circle

The pitcher’s circle shall be a circular area with an 8-foot radius, drawn from the

center of the front edge of the pitcher’s plate used to define the pitcher’s area for

purposes of the look-back rule. (See diagram at end of rule.)

2.26 Pitcher’s Lane

The pitcher’s lane is the area to which the pitcher is restricted when delivering the

pitch. (See diagram and Dimension Table at end of rule.)

2.27 Pitcher’s Plate

The pitcher’s plate shall be a rectangular slab of whitened rubber or other

suitable white material, 24 inches long and 6 inches wide, from which the

pitcher must begin the pitch. (See diagram at end of rule.) It shall be fixed in

the ground, and the top of the plate shall be level with the ground surface. The

nearer edge of the pitcher’s plate shall be 43 feet from the back point of home

plate. (See diagram at end of rule.)

RULE 2 / FIELD OF PLAY 19

2.28 Runner’s Lane

The runner’s lane is the area that is the last half of the distance between home

plate and first base where a batter-runner must run to avoid interfering with a

fielder’s attempt to receive a thrown ball. It is bounded by a 30-foot line drawn

in foul territory parallel to and 3 feet from the first base line, starting at a point

halfway between home plate and the back edge of first base. (See diagram at

end of rule.) If the infield is skinned, it is recommended the runner’s lane be

skinned.

2.29 Scoreboard

A visible display of the score is required. It is recommended that an electronic

scoreboard that shows balls, strikes, outs and the line score be located in such

a position on the field that it can be seen easily by both teams and spectators.

Scoreboards should not be placed directly in the batter’s field of vision through

the pitching circle.

2.30 Sideline Territory

It is recommended that the unobstructed area between home plate and the

backstop, and from the foul line to the sideline boundary, be a minimum

distance of 25 feet or a maximum of 30 feet extended to a point down the line

as deep as the home run fence. (See diagram at end of rule.)

2.31 Tarp

Whenever possible, a tarp should be stored off the field and in dead-ball territory.

If a tarp is stored in the field of play, thrown and batted balls rebounding off the

tarp remain in play unless they become lodged in the tarp or its roller. A fielder

attempting to catch a fly ball near the tarp may not have either foot on the tarp.

2.32 Team Area

The area within the confines of the field plus bullpens, batting cages, and inside

and immediately outside the dugouts.

2.33 Video, Audio, Matrix Boards

It is required that the use of video, audio and matrix boards follow the guidelines

established in Appendix G.

EFFECT—Should any policies in Appendix G be violated, umpires have the

authority to stop the game to have the matter corrected by the on-site

administrator. In this case, umpires must file an electronic Incident

Report to the NCAA softball secretary-rules editor as soon as possible,

but not later than 24 hours after the game. The institution’s director of

athletics and conference commissioner (if applicable) will be notified.

2.34 Warning Track

The warning track is the change in surface immediately adjacent to the home

run fence and sideline fences to alert fielders they are nearing a fence. It is

strongly recommended that a warning track be 10 to 15 feet in width and made

of material that is level with, but different from, the playing surface.

20 RULE 2 / FIELD OF PLAY

Dimension Table

Backstop 25-foot minimum and 30-foot maximum distance* from home plate

Bases 15 inches square and 1½ to 3½ inches thick

a. home plate to

first/third

a. 60 feet from back point of home plate to the back of the base

b. home plate

to second

b. 84 feet 10¼ inches from back point of home plate to the middle of the base

Batter’s boxes 6 inches from home plate; 3 feet wide by 7 feet long; front lines 4 feet in front

of a line drawn through the center of home plate

Catcher’s box 7 feet in length from rear outside corners of the batter’s boxes; 8 feet 5 inches

wide

Coaches’ boxes Marked by two lines. The first is a line 15 feet long drawn parallel to and 8

feet from the first and third base lines extended from the back edge of the bases

toward home plate; the second is a line 3 feet long drawn perpendicular to the

end of the 15-foot line closest to home plate (see diagram)

Fences* Smooth arc between sideline fences of not more than 235 feet from home plate

6-foot fence -- 190 feet in right and left fields and 220 feet in center field

4-foot fence -- 210 feet in right and left fields and 230 feet in center field

Foul pole Extend a minimum of 10 feet, preferably 20 feet, above the ground; screening*

attached to fair side at least 6 inches wide*; white or fluorescent orange.

Home plate Front edge 17 inches wide; sides are parallel to the inside lines of batter’s boxes

and are 8 ½ inches long; sides of the point facing the catcher are 12 inches long

Infield Center of second base is one corner of 60-foot square and the measurement to

first and third bases is to the back edge of each base; all measurements made

from the apex or back point of home plate

Skinned

portion*

60-foot* arc from the front center of the pitcher’s plate

Lines

(markings)

2 to 4 inches wide

On-deck circle 5 feet in diameter; 2½ feet in radius

Pitcher’s circle 8-foot radius, drawn from the center of the front edge of the pitcher’s plate

Pitcher’s lane 8-foot lines drawn within the outer edges of the pitcher’s plate toward the

inside edges of the inside front corners of the batter’s boxes; 24 inches wide

at the pitcher’s plate and 25 inches wide where it intersects the pitcher’s circle

Pitcher’s plate 24 inches long by 6 inches wide; 43 feet from the back point of home plate

Runner’s lane 30-foot line drawn in foul territory parallel to and 3 feet from the first base

line, starting halfway between home plate and back edge of first base.

Sideline

territory

25-foot minimum and 30-foot maximum distance* from the foul lines

extended to a point down the line as deep as the home run fence

Warning track* 10-15 feet wide material different from the outfield surface

*Recommended

RULE 2 / FIELD OF PLAY 21

Softball Field Specifications

Field-marking lines must be drawn.

22 RULE 2 / FIELD OF PLAY

Field-marking lines must be drawn.

RULE 3

Equipment and Uniforms

Neither the NCAA nor the rules committee certifies the safety of any softball

equipment. Only equipment that meets the specifications written in the NCAA

Softball Rules may be used in intercollegiate competition.

3.1 All Equipment

3.1.1 All equipment used in intercollegiate competition should be of a nature

commonly available to the general public through retailers.

EFFECT—If there is a question regarding the availability of the equipment,

the umpire shall determine whether the equipment will be allowed in

the game. In all cases, the plate umpire is responsible for submitting an

electronic Incident Report to the NCAA softball secretary-rules editor

as soon as possible but not later than 24 hours after the incident. The

applicable head coach also may file an Incident Report.

3.1.2 Institutions are responsible for ensuring that the equipment used in

competition meets the prescribed industry standards of safety and legality.

Coaches are responsible for ensuring that their players are legally equipped

and properly attired to reflect a positive image of the game. Uniforms,

accessories and equipment (including batting gloves that must be worn,

carried in the hands or put out of sight in pockets) must be worn properly

and as designed. (Exception: Sunglasses may be worn as desired.) Defective

equipment must be repaired or replaced immediately.

EFFECT—The umpire shall not allow the equipment in the game and

warn the violator(s) to correct the condition. If the violator(s) does

not immediately comply, the violator(s) shall be ejected in addition to

removal of the equipment. (Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

3.2 Ball

3.2.1. The ball shall be an optic yellow sphere with raised red thread seams. It

shall have a polycore center. The cover shall be smooth and made of chrome-

tanned, top-grain horsehide or cowhide. It shall be affixed to the core by

cement and sewn with waxed cotton or linen thread by the two-needle

method with not fewer than 88 stitches per cover. The ball shall meet the

following specifications:

Minimum circumference: 11⅞ inches; maximum circumference: 12¼

inches;

Minimum weight: 6½ ounces; maximum weight: 7 ounces;

Maximum COR (coefficient of restitution): .47;

Maximum compression: 350 ±50; and

Maximum dynamic stiffness: 7,500 pounds per square inch.

24 RULE 3 / EQUIPMENT AND UNIFORMS

3.2.2 The host team shall be responsible for providing a minimum of 12 game

softballs of the same specifications and manufacturer.

3.2.3 The use of any treatment or device that fundamentally changes the

specifications of balls is prohibited and renders the equipment altered and

unsuitable for play.

EFFECT—(3.2.1 to 3.2.3)—No contest shall be declared. Games shall not

be played with softballs that do not meet the required specifications.

Note: The balls should be stored at room temperature and humidity levels (72 degrees

and 50%, respectively) to achieve performance similar to those in laboratory testing.

3.3 Bats—Game

3.3.1 The official bat that is used by the batter to contact the pitch shall meet

the following standards:

3.3.1.1 The barrel, taper and handle shall be one piece or multi-piece

permanently assembled.

3.3.1.1.1 If it is a multi-piece permanently assembled model, the

connection shall be sufficiently stiff to resemble its initial manufactured

condition and not have excessive wobble.

3.3.1.2 Shall be metal, plastic, graphite, carbon, magnesium, fiberglass,

ceramic, titanium or any other composite material.

3.3.1.3 Shall not have exposed rivets, pins, rough or sharp edges or any

form of exterior fastener that would present a hazard. Bats shall be free of

damage (rattles, dents, burrs, excessive wobble and cracks) and not have

any attachment nor be altered from their certification specifications.

3.3.1.4 Bats shall bear either the permanent ASA 2004 and/or fastpitch

USA Softball certification mark and be on the current NCAA Approved

Softball Bat List as maintained on the NCAA and the SUP (www.

sup.arbitersports.com) websites indicating compliance with the bat

performance standard per the appropriate ASTM testing protocol and

approved for play before each game.

3.3.1.5 Shall not be more than 34 inches long nor exceed 38 ounces in weight.

3.3.1.6 Shall not be more than 2¼ inches in diameter at its largest part. A

tolerance of 1/32 inch is permitted to allow for expansion.

3.3.1.7 Shall consist of five functional parts: knob, handle, taper, barrel and

end cap.

3.3.1.7.1 There must be a direct line from the center of the knob to the

center of the end cap or end cap area.

3.3.1.7.2 The bat shall have a knob of at least ¼ inch protruding at no

more than a 90-degree angle from the handle. It may be molded,

lathed, welded or adjustable, but must be permanently fastened. A

“flare” or “cone” grip attached to the bat will be considered altered.

The knob may be taped or marked for identification as long as there

is no violation of this section. The knob may be solid or hollowed out

to house an embedded metric sensor. If a sensor is used, it shall (1)

not affect performance; (2) be secured by a locking mechanism and a

RULE 3 / EQUIPMENT AND UNIFORMS 25

back-up mechanism to keep it in place; and (3) have a distinguishing

“off line” mode to indicate data cannot be accessed during a game.

3.3.1.7.3 The handle is the area between the knob and taper that is

covered by the grip. It must be tubular and shall have a grip of cork,

tape (no smooth or plastic tape) or composition material (commercially

manufactured bat grip). The grip shall not be less than 10 inches long

and shall not extend more than 15 inches from the knob. It may not

exceed two layers. If taped, it must be a continuous spiral but need not

be a solid layer. Resin, pine tar or spray substances placed on the grip

to enhance the grip are permissible on the grip only.

3.3.1.7.4 The taper is the transition area that connects the narrower

handle to the wider barrel portion of the bat. Its length and material

can vary, and the taper has the fewest rule specifications. Like the

barrel, it must be free of rattles, dents, burrs and cracks.

3.3.1.7.5 The barrel is between the taper and end cap and is the intended

contact area for the pitch. The bat barrel shall be round and smooth

to 0.050 inches in diameter, and the shell color(s) shall contrast with

the color of the ball.

3.3.1.8.6 The end cap is a rubber, vinyl, plastic or other approved

material inserted firmly, secured and permanently affixed at the barrel

end of the bat so that it cannot be removed by anyone other than the

manufacturer, without replacing, damaging or destroying it. A bat

made of one-piece construction need not have an end cap.

3.4 Inappropriate/Damaged Bats

3.4.1 An inappropriate bat is a bat that is illegal, altered or nonapproved. No

player or team personnel shall bring an inappropriate bat onto the field or

into a team area from the time the umpires enter the field until after they

depart.

3.4.1.1 An illegal bat is a bat that does not meet acceptable specifications

(that is, particular weight, length, barrel diameter, material limits, etc.) as

set forth in Rule 3.3.1.

3.4.1.2 An altered bat is a bat that is an illegal or nonapproved bat that has

been changed to resemble a legal bat or was a legal bat that has been

intentionally changed from the specifications established in the USA

Softball bat certification process and as required in Rule 3.3.1. Exception:

Marking for identification on the knob, laser etching other than on the

barrel and replacing the grip are legal.

3.4.1.2.1 The use of any treatment or device that fundamentally changes

the specifications of bats (for example, shaving, rolling, artificially

warming or using a bat warmer) is prohibited and renders the

equipment altered and unsuitable for play.

3.4.1.3 A nonapproved bat is a bat that does not bear the ASA 2004 or

fastpitch USA Softball certification mark or is not on the current NCAA

Approved Softball Bat List.

26 RULE 3 / EQUIPMENT AND UNIFORMS

EFFECT—(3.4.1 to 3.4.1.3)—If an umpire detects the inappropriate bat

during the pregame inspection, the bat shall be removed from the team’s

possession. (See Appendix C.)

If a batter enters the batter’s box with an inappropriate bat, or has

completed her turn at bat using that bat and before the first pitch to

the next batter, the bat shall be removed from the team’s possession,

the batter shall be declared out and ejected, and base runners not put

out on the batted ball returned to the bases occupied at the time of the

pitch. (Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.) Exception: In all cases,

advance is legal on a noncontacted pitch or ball four.

If a batter has completed her turn at bat using the inappropriate bat

and after the first pitch to the next batter, if the bat can be positively

identified within the half inning, it shall be removed from the team’s

possession. The batter who used the bat shall be declared out and

ejected, but any advance by base runners shall stand.

In all cases regarding possession or use of an inappropriate bat, the

plate umpire shall remove the bat from the game, doubleheader, series

or tournament and submit an electronic Incident Report to the NCAA

softball secretary-rules editor and equipment consultant. The head

coach may retrieve the bat at the conclusion of play from the on-site

administrator. See also Rule 13.6.2 for additional effect for equipment

misuse.

3.4.2 A damaged bat is a legal bat that has burrs, excessive wobble in its

connection, rattles, cracks or dents.

EFFECT—If an umpire detects the damaged bat during the pregame

inspection or anytime during the game, the bat shall be removed from

the team’s possession. The plate umpire shall file an electronic Incident

Report to the NCAA softball secretary-rules editor and equipment

consultant. The head coach may retrieve the bat at the conclusion of play

from the on-site administrator. (See Appendix C.)

3.5 Bats—Warmup

Nonaltered, one-piece, wooden baseball or softball bats, fungo bats or any bat

marketed as a warmup bat may be used in pregame warmups or in the on-deck

circle in addition to legal softball bats. Attachments to a bat (such as sleeves,

donuts and fans) are not allowed in the on-deck circle.

EFFECT—The presence of an inappropriate bat or an inappropriate

number of bats in the on-deck circle (see Rule 11.1.2) shall result in the

equipment’s removal from the game (not returned to the dugout), and

the player shall be warned. Should the previously removed inappropriate

bat reappear in the on-deck circle, the on-deck batter shall be ejected.

(Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

3.6 Gloves/Mitts

3.6.1 All players except the catcher must use a leather fielder’s glove/mitt that

meets the following maximum specifications:

RULE 3 / EQUIPMENT AND UNIFORMS 27

Palm width: 8 inches; top opening of web: 5 inches; web top to bottom:

7¼ inches; thumb top to bottom edge: 9¼ inches; highest finger top to

bottom edge: 14 inches.

3.6.1.1 The catcher may wear a leather glove or leather mitt of any

dimension.

3.6.2 Gloves/mitts may not be the color of the ball but may be any combination

of other colors.

3.6.3 The use of any treatment or device that fundamentally changes the

specifications of gloves, including adding adhesive or creating a sticky

or tacky coating, is prohibited and renders the equipment altered and

unsuitable for play.

EFFECT—(3.6.1 to 3.6.3)—If noticed before a play, the umpire shall

direct the fielder to remove the glove/mitt. Should the illegal glove/mitt

reappear, the offending player shall be ejected. (Administrative ejection;

see Rule 13.2.1.)

If a play is made with the illegal glove/mitt, the glove is removed from

play and the offensive coach has the option to: (a) take the result of

the play; or (b) nullify the play resulting in the batter returning to bat,

assuming the ball and strike count she had, base runners returning to the

bases legally occupied at the time of the last pitch, and play resuming.

3.7 Required Protective Equipment

3.7.1 Offense. While batting, running the bases or in the on-deck circle, each

offensive player is required to wear a double-earflap protective helmet that

meets NOCSAE standards. All helmets shall be the same color. Highly

reflective, mirror-like chrome-finish helmets of any color are prohibited.

The permanent NOCSAE mark and exterior warning label must be legible.

Decals and markings that are commemorative or indicative of notable

performances are permissible.

3.7.1.1 Student-Athlete Base Coach. A student-athlete in the coaches’ box

is required to wear a protective helmet that meets NOCSAE standards

whenever the ball is live from the first pitch of an inning to the last out

of the inning.

EFFECT—If an umpire observes an offensive player/student-athlete base

coach wearing a damaged or illegal helmet or a helmet that doesn’t

meet NOCSAE standards before coming to bat, while at bat or on base,

or while in the coaches’ boxes, the umpire shall direct the offender to

change to a legal helmet without penalty. Failure to wear a legal helmet

when directed by the umpire shall result in the offender’s ejection.

(Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.) Deliberately wearing the

helmet improperly or intentionally removing the helmet by an offensive

player while the ball is live shall result in the offender being declared out

but shall not remove a force play.

3.7.2 Catcher. The catcher must wear body protectors and softball shin guards

that offer protection to at least the foot-to-knee area. The catcher must wear

a protective helmet while receiving pitches in a game. Highly reflective,

mirror-like chrome-finish helmets of any color are prohibited. In addition,

28 RULE 3 / EQUIPMENT AND UNIFORMS

the catcher must wear a protective face mask. Traditional baseball/softball

catcher’s headgear or ice hockey goalie-style headgear may be worn but, in

either case, must bear a permanent mark indicating compliance with the

NOCSAE combined helmet and mask standard.

Catchers and other uniformed team members who receive warmup

pitches on the field of play must wear a helmet with facemask. It is strongly

recommended anyone who receives warmup pitches off the field of play wear

a helmet with facemask.

EFFECT—The umpire shall warn the violator(s). If the violator(s) does not

immediately comply, she shall not be allowed to receive warmup pitches

or catch for the remainder of the game; however, she shall not be ejected.

3.8 Optional Protective Equipment

Optional protective equipment includes those items not required by rule but

worn or used by personal choice. In all cases, they must be worn or used as

intended by the manufacturer.

3.8.1 Braces/casts/elbow guards/prostheses/splints.

3.8.1.1 Players may wear braces, casts, elbow guards, prostheses or splints

as long as the equipment is well-padded to protect not only the affected

player, but also her opponents. Any such device with exposed rivets, pins,

sharp edges or any form of exterior fastener that would present a hazard

must be properly padded.

3.8.1.2 The umpire has the discretion to determine whether braces, casts,

elbow guards, prostheses or splints on a pitcher’s nonpitching arm are

distracting. Pitchers may wear braces, casts, elbow guards, prostheses or

splints on their pitching arms, provided such devices do not cause safety

risks or create unfair competitive advantages. In addition, any such device

must be neutral in color so as not to be distracting and must function in

such a way that it does not alter the natural motion of the pitching arm.

3.8.2 Offensive headgear face mask. An offensive player may wear a helmet

with a commercially manufactured protective face mask attached. The

face mask should meet the NOCSAE standard for the mask and helmet

combination and must be permanently attached by the manufacturer or

attached by a procedure approved by the manufacturer.

3.8.3 Defensive headgear.

3.8.3.1 A defensive player may wear a helmet. If more than one player wears

a helmet, the helmets must be the same color. Highly reflective, mirror-

like chrome-finish helmets of any color are prohibited.

3.8.3.2 A defensive player may wear a face mask, whether attached to a

helmet or not.

EFFECT—(3.8.1 to 3.8.3)—If possible, the player shall remove the item

upon request of the umpire. If impossible or the player chooses not to

comply with the umpire’s request, she may be substituted for or ejected

from the game. (Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1).

3.8.4 Elbow/knee/shin pads. Elbow/knee/shin pads are permissible.

RULE 3 / EQUIPMENT AND UNIFORMS 29

3.9 Shoes

Shoes are considered required equipment and are therefore not subject to the

uniform logo rule. (See Rule 3.10.5.1.) The soles may be smooth, have soft or

hard rubber cleats or rectangular metal spikes. Spikes must not extend in excess

of ¾-inch from the sole and may not be round. Shoes with detachable cleats

that screw into the sole of the shoe are allowed. Pitching toes are allowed for all

players as long as the pitching toes are securely fastened and the entire surface of

the attachment is in contact with the existing surface of the shoe.

3.10 Uniforms

All eligible players shall be attired with uniforms (jersey, pants/shorts and socks)

of identical style, color and trim differing only in size and player’s numbers

and names. Uniforms, all accessories and protective equipment must be worn

properly and as designed. Exception: A player shall not be penalized for

changing a uniform part due to saturation of blood.

3.10.1 Headgear. Visors, headbands and caps are uniform accessories, may be

mixed, and must be of the same predominant color and worn as intended by

the manufacturer. Exception: The catcher’s headgear may be of a different

color than other defenders’ headgear.

3.10.2 Inclement weather apparel. Inclement weather garments worn by

multiple players should be of the same style, color and trim but must not be

distracting, interfere with the game or pose a safety risk to the player(s) or

her opponents.

3.10.3 Insignias and numbers. Commemorative or any other special insignia/

patches may be worn on the uniform as long as all teammates’ uniforms are

identical and embedded numbers are not larger than 1 inch. All uniform

jerseys must have a distinct whole number between 0 and 99 inclusive on

the back (0 and 00 are considered the same number). The number(s) or its

outline shall be of a contrasting color and shall be at least 6 inches high. It is

recommended that jerseys have 3- to 4-inch high numbers of a contrasting

color on the front of the jersey. Players on the same team shall not wear the

same number.

3.10.4 Jersey. It is the responsibility of the visiting team to ensure its jersey

is of a contrasting color to that selected by the home team. Exception:

Tournament brackets may designate light or dark jerseys, but in the event

one team’s dark jersey is too similar to the other team’s light jersey, the

visiting team must change jerseys.

Note: For NCAA championship play, the respective NCAA Softball Committee may

elect to create a different method to select contrasting jersey colors, provided it is

formally declared before the start of the championship round.

3.10.5 Logos. A student-athlete may use athletics equipment or wear athletics

apparel that bears the trademark or logo of an athletics equipment or apparel

manufacturer or distributor in athletics competition and pre- and postgame

activities (for example, celebrations on the playing field, pre- or postgame

press conferences), provided the following criteria are met:

30 RULE 3 / EQUIPMENT AND UNIFORMS

3.10.5.1 Athletics equipment (for example, shoes, helmets, softball bats,

gloves, batting gloves) shall bear only the manufacturer’s normal label or

trademark, as it is used on all such items for sale to the general public.

3.10.5.2 The student-athlete’s institution’s official uniform (including socks,

and warmups) and all other uniform accessories (for example, headbands,

T-shirts, wristbands, visors or hats) shall bear only a single manufacturer’s

or distributor’s normal label or trademark (regardless of the visibility of

the label or trademark), not to exceed 2¼ square inches in area (rectangle,

square, parallelogram) including any additional material (for example, a

patch) surrounding the normal trademark or logo.

3.10.6 Pants/shorts. The uniform may consist of pants or shorts, but all players

on the same team must be attired the same way.

3.10.7 Signal arm band. It is not required that players wear a signal arm band,

but if worn, it shall be worn on the arm and as intended by the manufacturer.

3.10.8 Undergarments. It is not required that players wear undergarments,

but if worn by more than one player, the apparel must be the same in

color/pattern. Shirt style and sleeve length may vary. Visible undergarments

must contrast with the color of the ball and be worn as intended by the

manufacturer (not frayed, torn, slit or rolled up).

EFFECT—(3.10.1 to 3.10.8)—The umpire shall issue a warning to any

player not complying with the uniform rules. If possible, the player

shall remove the impermissible item(s) or correct the violation. If

impossible or the player chooses not to comply with the umpire’s

request, she shall be ejected from the game. (Administrative ejection;

see Rule 13.2.1.)

RULE 4

Game Personnel

4.1 Assistant Coach

An assistant coach is responsible for aiding the head coach. An assistant coach

assumes responsibility for the team in the event the head coach is unavailable to

perform his or her duties. (See also Rule 4.4.3.)

4.2 Authorized Personnel

4.2.1 Only the following personnel involved in the game shall be allowed on

the playing field: players, coaches, umpires and nongame personnel (on-site

administrator, medical personnel, team managers, bat handlers, authorized

media [at the discretion of the home team] and authorized grounds crew

personnel).

4.2.1.1 When a live batted or thrown ball accidentally ricochets off non-

game personnel (see above), the ball remains live. It is not interference

if the individual tries to evade the ball or is not aware that the ball is

coming.

4.2.1.2 When a fly batted or thrown ball is caught by nongame personnel,

the ball is dead. If no defender had a chance to catch the ball or if the ball

would not have become a fair ball, it is not interference.

4.2.1.3 Nongame personnel may not intentionally interfere with a live

batted or thrown ball (that is, kick or push the ball) or with a defender

attempting to field a live batted ball or receive a thrown ball.

EFFECT—The umpire shall award the offended team the appropriate

compensation (for example, extra bases, an out) that, in his or her

opinion, would have resulted had interference not taken place.

4.2.2 During a game, no one except players, coaches, managers, medical

personnel, scorekeepers, necessary institutional personnel and bat handlers

shall occupy a team’s dugout. All personnel must be in appropriate attire

and must be in their team’s bench area or bullpen and remain there until

the ball is dead or is in the pitcher’s possession in the circle and time has

been called. Restriction to the dugout excludes the batter, the on-deck

batter, base runner(s), base coaches and the nine defensive players when

appropriate.

4.3 Base Coach

A base coach may be the head coach, an assistant coach, or an eligible,

uniformed team member who occupies the coach’s box at first base or third base

to direct the offense. Base coaches are restricted to the coaches’ boxes (only one

base coach per box) before the pitch is released.

32 RULE 4 / GAME PERSONNEL

4.4 Head Coach

4.4.1 The head coach is the person employed or appointed by an institution

to be responsible for the softball team. The head coach is accountable for:

4.4.1.1 The team’s conduct;

4.4.1.2 Observance of the official rules;

4.4.1.3 Ensuring that all players are legally and safely equipped and properly

attired;

4.4.1.4 Presenting an approved bat list with highlighted and numbered

models for all bats available for use in the game; and

4.4.1.5 All communication with the umpire whether initiated by assistants

or other team personnel. If the head coach leaves the field, he/she should

inform the umpire of his or her temporary replacement.

4.4.2 In the event the team has co-head coaches, one shall be designated as the

head coach on the lineup card.

4.4.3 In the event the head coach is unavailable, an acting head coach shall be

named. He/she must be an approved representative of the institution and

may include a student coach or student manager, but a student-athlete may

not be appointed. (See Rule 13.2.1.)

4.5 Medical Personnel

If, during a game, a student-athlete, coach or umpire is injured and requires

medical attention, on-site medical personnel shall be responsible for treating

the injured party appropriately. If he/she can be treated without undue delay,

play shall be suspended until the injured party has received appropriate medical

care. If the injury to a student-athlete requires extensive treatment and she can

be safely removed from the playing field, an eligible substitute shall replace the

injured player and play shall be resumed. In the event of either a serious injury

or an injury of unknown severity, the injured party should remain on the field

until medical personnel can arrange for transportation that will not compromise

the injury.

Aggressive treatment of open wounds or skin lesions should be followed. In

particular, whenever a participant suffers a laceration or wound where oozing or

bleeding occurs, the game should be stopped at the earliest possible time, and

the participant should leave the field of play and be given appropriate medical

treatment. An injured student-athlete should not return to the field of play

without the approval of medical personnel.

4.6 Official Scorer

The host team, conference commissioner or tournament director shall appoint

and identify (at the pregame meeting) an official scorer for each game. The

official scorer shall:

4.6.1 Record in writing the team lineups, names of the head coaches and

umpires, and inning, score, number of outs, base runners’ positions and

count on the batter throughout the game;

4.6.2 Have sole authority to make all decisions involving scoring judgment. The

scorer shall be objective and shall score for both teams in a similar manner;

RULE 4 / GAME PERSONNEL 33

4.6.3 Have a current copy of the NCAA Softball Rules at the game and shall

know the rules pertinent to his/her responsibilities (for example, illegal

reentry, unreported substitution, designated player);

4.6.4 Sit in the press box or a neutral area (not in or near the dugout), whenever

possible;

4.6.5 Communicate his/her decisions to both teams and members of the media

present;

4.6.6 Inform the public-address announcer of all substitutions recorded and

relayed by the umpire;

4.6.7 Ensure all of his/her decisions are in agreement with the NCAA Softball

Rules and the umpire’s decision, and have the authority to rule on any scoring

matter not specifically covered in the rules;

4.6.8 Notify the umpire immediately if the teams attempt to change sides before

three outs are recorded in one half of an inning;

4.6.9 Notify an umpire immediately in the bottom of an inning if the home

team has enough runs to win;

4.6.10 Not notify an umpire if the offensive team is batting out of order or if

either team has an unreported substitution or an illegal player (this is the

responsibility of the opposing team);

Note: In the unfortunate circumstance that the official scorer is in the team dugout,

he/she may communicate with his or her own team.

4.6.11 In addition to the plate umpire, make note in writing of the exact

situation at the time the game is protested or halted, including the inning,

score, number of outs, base runners’ position and count on the batter; and

4.6.12 Ensure that the home team’s and visitor’s scorebooks concur.

4.7 On-Site Administrator

4.7.1 Host administration shall designate an on-site administrator whose

responsibilities include:

4.7.1.1 Collaborating with participating coaches to determine the fitness of

the field in the event of unsatisfactory weather or field conditions (see

Rule 5.3.1);

4.7.1.2 Making him/herself known to umpires and opposing coaches not

later than the pregame meeting;

4.7.1.3 Securing inappropriate and damaged bats that fail the umpire’s

inspection in a safe location until they are retrieved by the appropriate head

coach at the end of the game, doubleheader, series or tournament, whichever

is later, and as applicable;

4.7.1.4 Ensuring the existence of proper sporting conditions and behavior of

spectators throughout competition (see Rule 5.10);

4.7.1.5 Assisting umpires with ejections by escorting the ejected person(s) to

an allowable area (see Rule 13.2.1);

4.7.1.6 Informing the umpire crew of severe weather conditions and

providing spectators with appropriate information;

4.7.1.7 Providing facility or dangerous-situation information to umpires that

leads to their consideration of calling a game (see Rule 6.17.3);

34 RULE 4 / GAME PERSONNEL

4.7.1.8 Ensuring the umpires have safe passage between the field and their

dressing room and/or vehicles between and after games; and

4.7.1.9 Monitoring the audio and video board operations and abiding by

the intent of these guidelines and policies, including between-inning

entertainment. (See Appendix G, B5.)

EFFECT—(4.7.1.1 to 4.7.1.9)—The game should not progress until an

on-site administrator is identified. The plate umpire is responsible for

filing an electronic Incident Report to the NCAA softball secretary-

rules editor if any of these duties are not carried out appropriately.

4.7.2 The on-site administrator shall not be a member of the softball coaching

staff or an undergraduate student of the competing teams.

4.8 Public-Address Announcer

The public-address announcer is considered part of the game management

staff and should introduce the teams and announce the game in a professional

manner. He/she should set the stage for a positive response from the spectators

and shall refrain from baiting or taunting the teams or commenting on the

umpires’ calls.

4.9 Team Representative

A team representative is a member of the coaching staff (including volunteer and

student coaches) or team manager. Team representatives are entitled to occupy

space in the dugout, on the field or in the press box, and confer with each

other or with players during charged conferences except as restricted by NCAA

Bylaws. They shall be held accountable for their actions as representatives of

their institution.

4.10 Umpires

4.10.1 Game officials who are contracted to rule on the plays of the game shall

be the plate umpire, who judges, counts, and gives a clear visual and verbal

indication of all balls and strikes (when he/she deems necessary), and a base

umpire(s), whose primary responsibility is the rendering of base decisions.

4.10.1.1 The umpires are approved officials of the institution or conference

by which they have been assigned to a particular game and are authorized

and required to enforce each section of these rules. It is strongly

recommended that the umpires not be affiliated with a team or its

institution.

4.10.1.2 A minimum of two officials must be contracted for each game.

However, a game may be played with one official because of unforeseen

circumstances, if the opposing coaches agree.

4.10.2 All umpires shall adhere to the policies, procedures and umpire

mechanics as outlined in the current Collegiate Commissioners Association

(CCA) Softball Umpire Manual, and shall be obliged to conduct the game

under conditions conducive to the highest standards of good sportsmanship.

4.10.3 All umpires shall have equal authority to:

4.10.3.1 Suspend play;

RULE 4 / GAME PERSONNEL 35

4.10.3.2 Warn or eject a player, coach or team personnel or to order

that person(s) to do or refrain from doing anything that affects the

administering of these rules;

4.10.3.3 Enforce prescribed penalties;

4.10.3.4 Make decisions on violations committed during playing time or

during suspension of play; and

4.10.3.5 Protect the well-being of the participants by granting warmup

pitches, fielding, throwing and/or running to players after an injury, in

inclement weather, or as deemed appropriate.

4.10.4 The plate umpire shall have full charge of and be responsible for the

proper conduct of the game, and shall have the authority to:

4.10.4.1 Ensure the pace of the game is acceptable and take action to address

a situation that could create an unnecessary delay or interrupt the flow of

the game. This includes consideration to grant a timeout request by the

offense or defense; and

4.10.4.2 Make decisions on any situations not specifically covered in the

rules.

4.10.5 Umpires shall not impose an effect on a team for any infraction of a

rule when imposing the effect would be an advantage to the offending team.

4.10.6 The umpires should confirm the date, time and place of the game and

should report to the site at least one (1) hour ahead of time, introduce

themselves to the appropriate game management personnel, start the game at

the designated time and leave the field when the game is over. The umpire’s

jurisdiction begins when he/she arrives on the field and reports to the on-site

administration or host coach, and it ends when he/she leaves the confines of

the field after the game.

4.10.7 Teams may not request a change of umpires during a game. No umpire

may be replaced during a game unless incapacitated by injury or illness.

RULE 5

Game Management

and Pregame Procedures

5.1 Pregame Practice

5.1.1 Batting. The visiting team shall be given equal access to batting practice

and equipment available to the home team. This includes a minimum of 30

minutes of batting practice beginning not less than 60 minutes and not more

than 90 minutes before the game, as scheduled by the home team.

5.1.2 Fielding. If conditions allow, each team will be permitted a maximum

of eight minutes of defensive warmup on the game field. Both teams may

agree to shared-field defensive warmup (for example, shuttle balls) in lieu of

or in addition to the individual eight-minute provisions. The host team shall

determine which team will take pregame infield/outfield first.

Note: The opposing team may have a pitcher and catcher warm up together in foul

territory with two additional teammates posted near them for protection purposes.

5.1.3 Pitching. Each bullpen must be in satisfactory condition for pregame

warmup for the home and visiting teams. If the visiting bullpen is not

comparable to the home team’s bullpen, the visiting team’s pitcher(s) shall be

allowed to warm up in the home team’s bullpen for up to 20 of the final 30

minutes before game time.

EFFECT—(5.1.1 to 5.1.3)—The visiting team’s head coach must first

appeal to the on-site administrator for a correction of the situation. If

the condition is still unsatisfactory, the visiting coach may request use

of the home team’s space and involve the umpire crew to supervise the

time, if necessary.

5.2 Inspection of Bats

Softball barrel compression testing (BCT) will be required to be conducted

according to accepted protocols at a minimum prior to the start of each

tournament, series, doubleheader, or single midweek game during the regular

season beginning Jan. 1, 2021, for Division I and Jan. 1, 2022, for Divisions

II and III.

5.2.1 Upon arrival to the field, each coach shall:

a. provide a new, printed copy of the current NCAA Approved Softball Bat

List for each day of competition [only page(s) that lists the bats available

for play need to be printed];

b. complete the information at the top of the form;

c. highlight the entire line on which each model bat available for play

appears;

RULE 5 / GAME MANAGEMENT AND PREGAME PROCEDURES 37

d. enter the number of bats of each model that will be on the field or in a

team area; and

e. have the bat list readily available throughout the game.

5.2.1.1 In addition, it is highly recommended the bats be arranged outside

the dugout in the same order the models appear on the bat list.

5.2.1.2 Before the game, all discrepancies must be reconciled and bats not

accounted for in the count and via highlight shall not be allowed to

remain in any team area nor on the field.

EFFECT—The game shall not be started until the appropriate lists are

presented.

5.2.2 Before each game, the umpires shall match each bat on the field and

in team areas with the NCAA Approved Softball Bat List provided by the

coach (Exception: See Rule 5.2.3.) and inspect the bats for the ASA 2004

certification seal and any obvious damage. Umpires should make certain that

inappropriate and damaged bats are removed.

EFFECT—Failure to present a bat for pregame inspection that is later

discovered in the team’s possession or dugout, shall be considered an

unsporting act and subject to the effect in Rule 13.2.1. If no specific

player is in possession of the bat at the time it is brought to the umpire’s

attention, the head coach shall be the person ejected. (Administrative

ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.) (See also Rule 3.4.)

5.2.2.1 Bats deemed inappropriate or damaged shall be removed from

the team’s possession by the plate umpire and secured by the on-site

administrator from either team for the duration of the game, doubleheader,

series or tournament.

EFFECT—If the previously removed bat is rediscovered, see Rule 3.4.1.

5.2.3 At sites where barrel compression testing (BCT) is performed, the tester

shall ensure all bats tested are on the current NCAA Approved Softball Bat

List and follow the protocol in Appendix D. Bats that fail will be removed

from the team’s available bats for the duration of the game, doubleheader,

series or tournament, as applicable. Bats that pass BCT will be identified

with distinctive, destructible stickers.

5.2.3.1 When BCT has occurred in conjunction with the game, the umpire

crew need only confirm the suitability of each bat by checking for damage

and verify the total number of available, stickered bats rather than

reconcile each individual model of bat with the team’s highlighted bat

list. Exception: If a new bat list is published when a series or tournament

is in progress, Rule 5.2.3.1 shall not apply and each bat model shall be

individually reconciled with the new NCAA Approved Softball Bat List.

EFFECT—Bats that fail BCT shall be removed from a team’s possession.

If removed by an NCAA representative, the bat shall be sent to the

NCAA softball equipment consultant for further evaluation. If removed

under tournament or conference rule, the disposition of the bat will be

determined by their protocol.

5.3 Fitness of the Field

5.3.1 When on site within one hour before game time, the coaches of both

teams and/or the on-site administrator shall decide whether a game shall not

38 RULE 5 / GAME MANAGEMENT AND PREGAME PROCEDURES

be started because of unsatisfactory conditions of weather or playing field,

except for the second game of a doubleheader.

5.3.2 Should bad weather or unfit conditions exist during a game, the

plate umpire shall be the final judge as to the suspension, resumption or

termination of play. The on-site administrator shall inform the umpire

crew of upcoming severe weather conditions and provide spectators with

appropriate information. See also Lightning Safety in Appendix F.

5.3.3 The plate umpire of the first game shall be the final judge as to whether

playing conditions permit the start of the second game of a doubleheader.

5.3.4 Maintenance of the field before and during games shall be the

responsibility of the home-team management. The home team may hand

drag/rake the field after a complete inning, provided it does not delay the

start of the next inning. Additional in-game field maintenance may be

requested by the umpire(s).

5.3.5 It is recommended that the home-team management provide a tarp for

the entire infield.

5.3.6 The umpire(s) shall have the lights turned on when necessary. Whenever

possible, this should be done at the beginning of an inning.

5.4 Game Balls

Game balls must be available a minimum of one (1) hour before the scheduled

starting time of the game. Each game shall begin with two new game balls (one

rubbed by each team, so the manufacturer’s gloss is removed) and 10 additional

new or game-quality balls that also have been sufficiently rubbed up. See also

Rule 3.2.

5.5 Umpires’ Pregame Duties

5.5.1 The umpires shall check the condition of the field, inspect all playing lines

and markings for proper location and adequate visibility, and direct the host

institution to correct problems, if possible, or be prepared to make a ground

rule to address the situation.

EFFECT—If the field dimensions, equipment and facilities are illegal, the

game is subject to being declared “no contest,” if conditions are not

corrected in a reasonable length of time.

5.5.2 The umpires shall verify the availability of a minimum of 12 game

softballs, including two new balls rubbed up by each team and 10 additional

balls from the host team’s game management staff. The plate umpire shall

determine whether the game balls meet specifications, are of the same

specifications and manufacturer, and are of suitable quality for play.

5.5.3 The umpires shall inspect bats according to Rule 5.2.

5.6 Pregame Suggested Protocol

It is recommended that the following protocol be used:

5.6.1 Submit lineup to the official scorekeeper;

5.6.2 Bat display and inspection;

5.6.3 Team infields and/or shuttle balls;

5.6.4 Pregame meeting;

RULE 5 / GAME MANAGEMENT AND PREGAME PROCEDURES 39

5.6.5 Introductions;

5.6.6 National anthem (if applicable);

5.6.7 Pregame announcement; and

5.6.8 Play.

5.7 Lineup Card

5.7.1 The lineup card lists all eligible players and the starting offensive players

in the order in which they are to bat (batting order) and is submitted by the

head coach before the start of the game. (See Rule 11.8.)

5.7.2 Each team must submit a complete lineup card to the official scorer 20

minutes before game time and to the plate umpire and opponent at the

pregame meeting. The lineup becomes official when it is reviewed and

accepted at the pregame meeting making any subsequent changes subject to

the rules of substitution, entries and reentries. Exception: A team playing

consecutive games on the same day shall deliver a lineup card for the

succeeding game to the official scorer as soon as possible but not later than

the pregame meeting.

5.7.3 The following information shall be recorded on the lineup card: first

and last names, uniform numbers and positions of the starting players,

listed in the order in which they are to bat (batting order); and the

first and last names and uniform numbers of all eligible substitutes. In

addition, it shall include the first and last name of the head coach. In the

event the team has co-head coaches, one shall be designated as the head

coach for the game.

Notes:

1. Players not listed on the official lineup card are not eligible to play.

2. All players listed in the starting lineup must be in uniform, in the dugout area

and available to play at the start of the game.

3. First names may be omitted from the written lineup as long as they are printed on

the card’s roster and multiple players with the same last name must have a first

name or distinguishing first name initial.

4. Omitting the last name makes the player ineligible, not the card inaccurate.

5. The umpire may ask for the lineup card to be corrected before accepting it as

official.

Also see inaccurate lineup card. (See Rule 8.3.2 and Appendix B.)

5.8 Pregame Meeting

Before the scheduled starting time, the plate umpire shall conduct the pregame

meeting with a member of each coaching staff. During this meeting, warmups

on the field of play shall be suspended and the plate umpire shall:

5.8.1 Identify the official scorer and his or her location, and the on-site administrator

(if not previously introduced to opposing coaches and umpires).

5.8.2 Review lineup cards with each team’s coach and provide one last

opportunity for changes without the changes being charged as substitutions.

Once returned to the umpire, each team’s lineup is official. In the event of

a subsequent change, the plate umpire shall report the substitution(s) to the

opposing team, official scorer and public-address announcer.

40 RULE 5 / GAME MANAGEMENT AND PREGAME PROCEDURES

EFFECT—If the name, number or position of a player is incorrect, it is

handled as an appeal play. (See Rule 7.1.1.4 for process and Rule 8.3.2

for effect.)

5.8.3 Review ground rules with both teams. A local ground rule may be adopted

where unusual conditions prevail, if agreeable with the visiting team. If the

coaches do not agree, the umpire crew shall determine the ground rules.

5.8.4 Review special game rules (for example, tiebreaker, halted game,

conference or tournament rules, or required departure time if applicable for

a flight). (See Rules 6.16 and 6.18.)

5.9 Scouting Information and Electronic Equipment Use

5.9.1 A team may film or video only contests in which it is playing, but may

record (from video truck, satellite feed or airwaves, not video camera) any

game that is or will be televised. Exception: A tournament host may stream

video of all games in its tournament and is not restricted to filming and streaming

video of only games in which it is a participant.

5.9.2 Only non-uniformed team personnel (including players) may be outside

team areas for the purpose of scouting and videoing a contest, recording

pitch speeds, charting pitches, keeping score or running the scoreboard, but

in doing so, they render themselves ineligible for the game.

5.9.3 Taking photos and videoing done by any team personnel may not be done

from the team’s dugout or bullpen; however, unattended video cameras may

be positioned in these team areas.

5.9.4 A designated, team-neutral area should accommodate both the home

team’s and the visitor’s video cameras, but in the event that separate locations

are necessary, the two areas shall be comparable.

5.9.5 Team personnel shall not use television monitoring or replay equipment

during a contest.

Note: Turning on or off videotaping equipment between innings does not constitute

a violation.

5.9.6 Scouting information obtained from outside the dugout involving current

opponents shall not be relayed or given to anyone on the playing field, in

team areas or to team personnel during the contest.

5.9.7 Statistical information may be entered into electronic equipment (for

example, smart phones, tablets, laptops) but may not be accessed or retrieved

during the game.

5.9.8 Team personnel, including players, are prohibited from wearing any

device capable of transmitting information while on the field (e.g., cell

phone, smart watch, etc.). Use of a cell phone camera in a team area is

prohibited from the start of the pregame meeting with the umpires until the

game’s conclusion.

EFFECT—(5.9.1 to 5.9.8)—When brought to the attention of the umpire

by a coach, the umpire shall warn the violator(s) and the head coach.

If the violator(s) does not immediately comply, the head coach shall be

ejected (if within the facility). If the head coach is not within the facility,

the violator shall be ejected. In all cases, the conditions for the effect in

Rule 13.2.1 shall apply to the administrative ejection.

RULE 5 / GAME MANAGEMENT AND PREGAME PROCEDURES 41

5.9.9 Television monitoring or institutional replay equipment shall not be used

except in the following three postgame situations:

5.9.9.1 By the umpires to verify team personnel involved in a fight;

5.9.9.2 By the umpires to verify team personnel who left a team area to join

a brawl;

5.9.9.3 By the NCAA softball secretary-rules editor to confirm the accuracy

of an Incident Report involving a protest or suspension.

5.10 Crowd Control

The responsibility for crowd control rests with the director of athletics and the

on-site administrator of the host institution. The on-site administrator shall be

prepared to use the public-address system at the first sign of poor sportsmanship

and request cooperation in maintaining proper playing conditions.

5.11 Artificial Noisemakers Use

Objects used to make noise or amplify sound to show support, approval

or opposition to playing action, other than body parts, are considered

artificial noisemakers. It is not permissible to use equipment to make noise

(for example, banging on a bench/bucket with equipment, shoes, or hands,

banging bats and balls, etc.).

5.11.1 Spectators shall not use artificial noisemakers, air horns and electronic

amplifiers.

EFFECT—Such instruments shall be removed from the spectator areas by

the game management personnel. Any subsequent violation by the same

individual shall result in removal from the site and the umpire shall

file an electronic Incident Report to the NCAA softball secretary-rules

editor. See Rule 13.2.1.

5.11.2 The use of artificial noisemakers, musical instruments, air horns and

electronic amplifiers by student-athletes and team personnel is prohibited

in team areas.

EFFECT—The umpire shall issue a team warning. Any subsequent

violation by the same team shall result in a behavioral ejection of the

violator. (See Rule 13.2.1.) If the umpire judges the act to be flagrant,

the offender shall be ejected without warning.

5.12 Media/Photographers

Media/photographers authorized by the host team may be in designated live- or

dead-ball areas at the discretion of the host institution.

Note: Authorized media may be in foul territory but must be ready to move quickly

to avoid being hit by a batted or overthrown ball. All photographic equipment must

be carried. No equipment may be left on the ground. Photographers may use a

monopod, but tripods are not allowed.

5.13 Bands

Bands, or any component thereof, shall not play while the ball is live. If both

teams have a band present, play may only occur immediately before the team’s

offensive half-inning and/or for about 10 seconds immediately after a score. If

only one band is present, play may occur whenever the ball is dead as long as it

does not interfere with the public-address announcer.

RULE 6

The Game

Softball is a game made up of two teams of nine to 10 players in each lineup.

In intercollegiate softball, the two teams represent their respective institutions

and play the game in conformity with the NCAA playing rules.

The visiting team starts the game on offense (at bat), and its objective is to

have its batters become base runners and its runners to advance legally, touching

all bases (including home plate) without being put out. Each time this is done,

a run is scored.

The home team starts the game on defense (in the field), and its objective is

to prevent offensive players from becoming base runners and advancing around

the bases. The home team may be determined in a variety of ways (e.g., coin

flip, mutual agreement, conference or tournament assignment, custom). When

three offensive players are legally put out, a half inning has been played, and the

teams change from offense to defense and from defense to offense, respectively.

6.1 Regulation Game

6.1.1 A regulation game shall be seven innings unless:

6.1.1.1 The game is extended because of a tie score. (See Rule 6.15.)

6.1.1.2 The game is shortened because:

6.1.1.2.1 The home team needs none or only part of its half of the

seventh inning to score more runs than the visiting team;

6.1.1.2.2 The umpire declares the game called (see Rule 6.17),

forfeited (see Rule 6.20), halted (see Rule 6.18); or

6.1.1.2.3 The eight-run rule is invoked. (See Rule 6.14.)

6.1.2 It is a regulation game when the umpire terminates play by calling,

“Game.” If a team wishes to lodge an appeal or protest on the final play of

the game, it must immediately inform the plate umpire of that intent (see

Rule 7). Once the umpires leave the field, a protest will not be allowed.

6.1.3 Speed-up, free substitution, time limits or any other optional rules not

specified in this rules book may not be used for official NCAA contests.

6.2 Scoring of Runs

6.2.1 The object of each team is to score more runs than its opponent. The

winner of the game shall be the team that has scored, in accordance with

these rules, the greater number of runs at the conclusion of a regulation-

length game.

6.2.2 One run shall be scored each time a runner legally touches first, second

and third bases and home plate before the third out of an inning. Exceptions:

(1) The base runner placed on second base to begin the tiebreaker is exempt

RULE 6 / THE GAME 43

from touching first base; and (2) with two outs, score any run in which the

base runner is awarded home plate during a live ball even though a trailing

runner is tagged out before the lead runner touches home plate.

6.2.3 No run shall be scored if the third out of an inning is the result of:

6.2.3.1 A batter-runner being called out before reaching first base or any

other base runner forced out because of the batter becoming a batter-

runner.

6.2.3.2 A runner being put out by a tag or live-ball appeal play before the

lead base runner touches home plate.

6.2.3.3 A preceding base runner being declared out during play or as a result

of a successful appeal.

Note: An appeal can be made after the third out.

6.2.4 No run shall be scored by a runner who is ruled out for the fourth out as

a result of an appeal of a base missed or left too soon.

6.3 Winning the Game

The winner of the game shall be the team that scores more runs in a regulation-

length game.

6.3.1 The score of a called regulation game shall be the score at the end of the

last complete inning, unless the home team scores the winning run in its half

inning even though it is an incomplete inning. (See Rule 14.5.1.)

6.3.2 The score of a regulation tie game shall be the tie score when the game

was terminated.

6.3.3 The score of a forfeited game shall be 7-0 in favor of the team not at fault.

Exception: If the game is regulation and the offended team is ahead at the

time of the forfeit, the score and all game stats shall stand and be credited

as played.

6.4 Starting the Game

The game begins when a pitch is thrown. The game shall start on time unless

the host team gives previous notice that the game has been postponed or will

be delayed in starting.

6.5 Positions of the Offensive Team

The offensive team:

6.5.1 Must follow the original batting order throughout the game.

6.5.2 May position a base coach in the coaches’ boxes at first and third bases

during its time at bat.

6.5.3 Must keep all personnel, except the base coaches, batter, base runner(s)

and on-deck batter, in the dugout, bullpen or dead-ball area while the ball

is live.

EFFECT—The umpire shall warn the violator and issue a team warning. If

the violator does not immediately comply, the umpire should eject him

or her. The next violation of this rule by anyone on the warned team

will result in the ejection of the head coach. (Administrative ejection; see

Rule 13.2.1.)

44 RULE 6 / THE GAME

6.5.4 Shall limit on-field warmups at the start of the game, between half innings

and during pitching changes to:

6.5.4.1 Warmup swings on the field of play by the batter who is in foul

territory (provided she is outside the batter’s box) and the on-deck batter

in her team’s on-deck circle.

6.5.4.2 Warmup running in the foul-territory portion of the outfield.

6.5.4.3 A base runner(s) who is on base before a pitching change may lead

off her respective base(s) during pitching warmups.

6.5.5 Must not position any coaches or uniformed team members near or

behind home plate, or behind the backstop, while the pitcher is throwing

warmup pitches or pitching to a batter.

EFFECT—(6.5.4 to 6.5.5)—The umpire shall warn the violator, and if the

violator does not immediately comply, the umpire should eject him or

her. (Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

6.6 Positions of the Defensive Team

At the start of or during a game, all players of the defensive team, except the

catcher, must be in fair territory when the ball is put in play.

6.6.1 Pitcher. See Rules 10.1 and 10.2.

6.6.2 Catcher. The catcher must be within the catcher’s box from the start of

the pitch until the pitch is released. No part of the catcher’s feet may be

outside the lines until the pitch is released. Exceptions: (1) When the umpire

suspends play (no effect); (2) When the batter is positioned in the front of

the batter’s box, the catcher may move closer to the plate without effect. At

all times, the catcher must avoid catcher’s obstruction as the batter legally has

the right to the entire batter’s box.

6.6.3 Infielders/Outfielders. All infielders and outfielders must be in fair

territory from the time the pitcher steps on the pitcher’s plate until the pitch

is released. If a fielder’s feet are touching the line or are in fair territory, she

is considered in the field of play.

EFFECT—(6.6.1 to 6.6.3)—Illegal pitch. (See Rule 10.8.)

6.6.4 A player should not be considered to have changed defensive positions

if she does not exchange her fielding position with another player but only

temporarily stations herself at a different location on the field (for example,

a fourth outfielder or fifth infielder). (See also Rule 8.1.)

6.6.5 All personnel, except the nine defensive players on the field, must remain

in the dugout, bullpen or team area while the ball is in play.

EFFECT—The umpire shall warn the violator, and if the violator does not

immediately comply, the umpire should eject him/her. (Administrative

ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

6.6.6 At the start of the game, between half innings and during pitching

changes, warmups shall be limited to:

6.6.6.1 Pitching from the pitcher’s circle to home plate for not more than five

pitches, or four pitches and one throw to first base, or any combination

that is limited to five throws from the pitcher. Exception: See Rule 6.7.1.

RULE 6 / THE GAME 45

EFFECT—A ball shall be awarded to the next batter(s) faced for each

excessive pitch/throw.

6.6.6.2 Not more than four players and the pitcher throwing and catching

one ball in the infield;

6.6.6.3 Any number of players in the outfield throwing and catching; and

6.6.6.4 Warmup running in the foul-territory portion of the outfield.

Note: Fungo hitting is not permitted on the playing field once the game has begun.

EFFECT—(6.6.6.2 to 6.6.6.4)—The umpire shall warn the violator and her

coach for the first offense in the game. For a second offense in the same

game, a ball is awarded to the batter. For a third offense in the same game,

the head coach is ejected. (Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

6.7 Media Format

The following media format shall be used in televised games, or may be used

by mutual agreement between the two teams or by conference or tournament

policy.

6.7.1 Teams are allowed a maximum of two (2) minutes between innings and

at the start of the game for warm-ups. Rules 6.5.4.1 through 6.5.4.3 and

6.6.6.1 through 6.6.6.4 still apply, except that during this time, the pitcher

is allowed to throw any number of warmup pitches. She may still only throw

to first base once.

6.7.1.1 The time limit may be shortened by mutual agreement between the

two teams or by conference or tournament policy.

6.7.1.2 If a television agreement requires a longer time limit between

innings and at the start of the game, that time will become the maximum

allowable time.

EFFECT—(6.7.1)—At the end of the time limit, if the defensive team is

not ready to play, a ball will be awarded to the batter, and if the offensive

team is not ready to play, a strike will be assessed to the batter.

6.7.2 Each team is allowed seven (7) charged conferences per regulation game.

Each team is allowed one (1) charged conference per half inning for each

extra inning. Any remaining conferences from regulation do not carry over

into extra innings. Rule 6.12 will still apply in all regulation innings, except

that in 6.12.4.1 each additional conference will count against the total of

seven (7) charged conferences.

EFFECT—The team representative(s) or player(s) who initiates an unallowed

charged conference shall be immediately ejected. (Administrative

ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

6.8 Live Ball

When the umpire calls “Play ball,” the ball is live and in play. The ball remains

live and in play until the umpire suspends play by calling “Time” or the ball

becomes dead.

6.9 Dead Ball

6.9.1 A dead ball is a ball that is out of play. It may have become blocked or

ruled dead.

46 RULE 6 / THE GAME

6.9.2 Once a ball is declared dead, it cannot be made live and remains dead until

an umpire indicates resumption of play.

6.9.3 A dead ball is also ruled when a fielder contacts a ball in live-ball territory

when any part of her body is in contact with dead-ball territory. Exception:

A fielder’s foot may be on a line marking dead-ball territory.

6.9.4 No spectator(s) shall reach out of the stands or enter the field and interfere

with a play. The field belongs to the fielder, and the stands belong to the

spectator. Exception: It is not interference if the fielder reaches into the

stands or over a fence.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.12.6.2.

6.9.5 While the ball is dead, no player may be put out, base runners may not

advance and no runs may be scored, except that runners may advance one or

more bases as the result of:

6.9.5.1 Acts that occurred while the ball was live (such as, but not limited

to, an illegal pitch, interference, obstruction, an overthrow into dead-ball

territory, a home run or other fair ball hit out of the playing field); or

6.9.5.2 As a result of a dead-ball appeal.

6.9.6 Between pitches and after a dead ball, each base runner must return to her

base. A base runner who must return to a base while the ball is dead need

not touch intervening bases.

Note: If a fielder steps on the tarp, she will be considered to have entered dead-ball

territory.

6.10 Delayed Dead Ball

A delayed dead ball is a situation in which a violation of a rule occurs and is

recognized by the umpire with a delayed dead-ball signal but not ruled on until

the ball becomes dead.

6.10.1 Delayed dead ball is called under the following circumstances:

6.10.1.1 Detached equipment interference (see Rule 9.3.4); and

6.10.1.2 Plate umpire interference in a steal (see Rule 9.6).

6.10.2 Delayed dead ball with an option for the offended team is called under

the following circumstances:

6.10.2.1 Inaccurate lineup, unreported/misreported substitute, illegal player

(see Rule 8.3);

6.10.2.2 Catcher and fielder obstruction (see Rules 9.5.2 and 9.5.3);

6.10.2.3 Illegal pitch (see Rule 10.8);

6.10.2.4 Batter interference (see Rule 11.20);

6.10.2.5 Runner leaving a base before the release of the pitch (see Rule

12.14.2); and

6.10.2.6 Thrown bat endangering an umpire or player not making a play on

the ball (see Rule 11.20.5.3).

6.10.3 Although not a delayed dead ball, an option is afforded the offended team

when an illegal glove is used to make a play. (See Rules 3.6 and 12.9.3.1.)

6.10.4 In all cases involving an option, the umpires will confer and the plate

umpire will then bring the coaches together to explain the options available

RULE 6 / THE GAME 47

to the offended coach. Once the coach makes a selection, that decision is

final.

6.11 Suspension and Resumption of Play

6.11.1 “Dead Ball” or “Time” shall be called and signaled for the purpose of

suspending play, by any umpire.

6.11.1.1 Before the pitch, the umpire may hold up a hand instructing the

pitcher not to pitch until the batter, catcher and umpire are ready. The

ball is dead, and no other play shall be allowed until the umpire lowers

his or her hand, signifying “Play ball.”

6.11.2 An umpire may temporarily suspend play in the following situations:

6.11.2.1 When, in his or her judgment, conditions justify halting the game.

6.11.2.1.1 Play should be suspended at the end of the half inning

whenever possible (for example, as darkness approaches and there

are no game lights, as an impending storm approaches or as field

conditions begin to deteriorate).

6.11.2.1.2 Play should be suspended immediately without regard to

timing within the inning when spectator or participant safety is

compromised (for example, in the event of lightning detected within

the danger zone, serious injury to a participant or if players’ footing or

grip on the bat or ball is obviously compromised).

6.11.2.2 As noted in the Lightning Policy and Concussions Policy in

Appendixes F and H, respectively (information provided by the NCAA

Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports

regarding concussions, lightning and extreme cold).

6.11.2.3 When he/she leaves his or her position to perform other duties not

directly connected with the calling of plays.

6.11.2.4 When a batter or pitcher steps out of position for a legitimate

reason.

6.11.3 An umpire should not temporarily suspend play in the following

situations:

6.11.3.1 At the request of players or coaches until all action in progress has

been completed or when it is an obvious tactic to delay the game.

6.11.3.2 After the pitcher has started the pitch.

6.11.3.3 While any play is in progress, including when a thrown ball hits

an umpire or in the case of an injury, until a play has been completed

or each runner has been held at her base. Exception: When necessary to

protect a player with a significant injury, the umpire may use discretion

and suspend play immediately and before resumption, award a base(s)

that offensive players would have reached, in the umpire’s judgment, had

play not been suspended.

6.11.3.4 After a base on balls, the umpire shall not suspend play until the

batter-runner has stopped at first base and each other base runner forced

to advance has stopped at her next base.

6.11.4 “No pitch” shall be declared if the pitcher pitches while play is suspended.

48 RULE 6 / THE GAME

6.11.5 A runner, who is stopped at a base when play is suspended, may not

advance nor return during the suspension of play.

6.11.6 After a dead ball, play resumes when the pitcher takes her place on the

pitcher’s plate with the ball in her possession, the catcher is in the catcher’s

box, all base runners have reoccupied the base they occupied at the time of

the pitch and the umpire signals “Play ball.”

6.11.6.1 The pitcher must allow sufficient time for the base runner to return

to her base.

EFFECT—When the base runner is not given sufficient time to return to

a base, she will not be called out for being off base before the pitcher

releases the ball. “No pitch” shall be declared by the umpire.

6.11.6.2 The base runner is obligated to return to her base without undue delay.

EFFECT—After allowing sufficient time for the base runner to reoccupy

her base at the end of playing action, the umpire shall declare the base

runner out.

6.12 Conferences

A charged conference is a delay in the game the umpire grants to allow team

representatives or team representatives and players to confer.

6.12.1 If either team is charged with a conference, both teams may hold

conferences, including with base runners, who are no longer restricted to the

vicinity of their bases.

6.12.2 If the umpire suspends play to allow team personnel to tend to an injured

player, to administer an ejection or to resolve a protest on site, both teams

may hold uncharged conferences, including with base runners, who are no

longer restricted to the vicinity of their bases.

6.12.3 During the suspension of play for the administration of a substitution,

both teams may hold uncharged conferences, but base runners are restricted

to the vicinity of their bases. Exception: Base runners are not restricted to

the vicinity of their bases during warmup pitches.

Note: In all cases, either team may be charged with a conference if not ready to play

after the umpire’s declaration to play.

6.12.4 Charged Defensive Conference. A defensive conference is a meeting

that takes place anytime a defensive team representative(s) delays the game

or requests a suspension of play for any reason and delivers a message (by

any means) to any defensive player, or a fielder leaves her position, goes to

the dugout area, and gives the umpire reason to believe she has received

instruction.

6.12.4.1 The defense is entitled to one conference during the half inning.

Once it is used, one additional conference is allowed for each pitcher

entered into the pitching position who has not yet pitched in that inning.

Exception: See Rule 6.7.2.

6.12.4.2 The plate umpire shall notify the head coach when a defensive

conference has been charged and record the inning on the team’s lineup

card.

RULE 6 / THE GAME 49

6.12.4.3 A charged defensive conference begins when the game is delayed or

suspended to deliver a message to the defense and ends when the team

representative(s) enters dead-ball territory or the player returns to her

position.

EFFECT—(6.12.4 to 6.12.4.3)—The umpire shall not permit more than

the allowable number of defensive conferences per inning. The team

representative(s) or player(s) who initiates another charged conference

shall be immediately ejected. (Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

Exceptions: The following are not charged defensive conferences:

6.12.4.3.1 Giving instructions from the dugout area to the defense

without requesting a suspension of play.

6.12.4.3.2 Requesting a suspension of play in order:

a. To remove the pitcher from the pitching position or to make a

defensive substitution, provided the umpire is informed of the

change before the representative steps over the foul line or consults

with any player(s) and provided the team is ready to resume play

when the umpire has completed recording and announcing the

substitution or, in the case of a pitching change, the pitcher has

completed her warmup pitches.

b. To attend to an obviously incapacitated player.

c. To attend to a potentially sick or injured player. An umpire must

supervise the process.

d. For a defensive player to make an equipment change.

6.12.5 Charged offensive conference. An offensive conference is a meeting

that takes place anytime an offensive team representative(s) delays the game

or requests a suspension of play for any reason and delivers a message (by any

means) to any offensive player and/or team representative.

6.12.5.1 There may be only one charged offensive conference per half inning.

Exception: See Rule 6.7.2.

6.12.5.2 The plate umpire shall notify the head coach when an offensive

conference has been charged and record the inning on the team’s lineup

card.

6.12.5.3 A charged offensive conference begins when the game is delayed or

suspended to deliver a message to the offense (player or coach) and ends

when the team representative(s) returns to the coach’s box or dead-ball

territory.

EFFECT—(6.12.5 to 6.12.5.3)—The umpire shall not permit more than

one offensive conference per inning. The team representative(s) or

player(s) who initiates another charged conference shall be immediately

ejected. (Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

Exceptions: The following are not charged offensive conferences:

6.12.5.3.1 Giving instructions to the offense without requesting a

suspension of play.

6.12.5.3.2 Requesting a suspension of play in order:

50 RULE 6 / THE GAME

a. To make an offensive lineup change, provided the umpire is

informed that a change will be made before any consultation with

a player(s) or team personnel, and provided that the team is ready

to resume play when the umpire has completed recording and

announcing the substitution.

b. To attend to an obviously incapacitated player.

c. To attend to a potentially sick or injured player. An umpire must

supervise the process.

d. For a batter or base runner to make an equipment change.

e. For a base runner to put on a jacket/sweatshirt.

6.12.5.4 When a defensive player requests time to speak to one or more

defensive players, base runners may not abandon the vicinity of their

bases without it being a charged offensive conference.

Notes:

1. If either team is charged with a conference, base runners are no longer restricted

to the vicinity of their bases.

2. If base runners leave the vicinity of their bases, it is a charged offensive conference,

and if the team has already used its charged conference in the inning, the head

coach is ejected. See Rule 13.2.1 (Administrative ejection).

6.13 Doubleheaders and Series

6.13.1 A doubleheader refers to two regularly scheduled games played in

succession on the same day.

6.13.2 A series refers to two or more regularly scheduled games played

consecutively against the same opponent.

6.13.3 The first game of a doubleheader or series must be completed before the

subsequent game(s) may start.

6.13.4 The second game of a doubleheader should start 20 minutes after completion

of the first game, unless otherwise determined by mutual consent.

Note: Weather or darkness may shorten the second game of a doubleheader but not

the first, if both games are played.

6.14 Eight-Run Rule

A regulation eight-run-rule game shall be declared by the plate umpire if one team

is ahead by eight or more runs after five or more equal innings. Complete innings

must be played unless the home team reaches the eight-run lead while at bat in the

last inning. Any hit that results in an eight-run lead by the home team (after 4½

innings) is treated as a game-ending hit. (See Rule 14.5.) Whenever the visiting

team reaches the limit in the fifth or any inning thereafter, the home team must

have its opportunity to bat in the bottom half of the inning.

Note: The eight-run rule may not be set aside by competing teams, league, conference

or tournament rule.

Exception: For NCAA tournament play only, the respective NCAA divisional

softball committees may elect to remove the eight-run rule for games played

between the final two teams of the championship, provided it is formally

declared before the start of the tournament.

RULE 6 / THE GAME 51

6.15 Tie Game (Regulation)

6.15.1 The plate umpire shall declare a regulation tie game if the score is tied

when the game must be called after five or more equal innings, or if the home

team is at bat when the game is terminated and was behind, but has scored in

the incomplete inning the same number of runs as the visiting team.

6.15.2 All individual and team statistics from a tie game shall be incorporated

into the official playing record.

6.15.3 If the competing teams, league, conference or tournament committee

wish not to be bound by the tie-game rule and wish to complete a regulation

tie game from the point at which the game was terminated, they may do so

by formally opting to use the halted-game rule. Otherwise, a game stopped

after five or more innings with the score tied is considered a regulation tie

game, not a halted game, and may not be resumed. Intent to use the halted-

game rule must be declared not later than the pregame meeting.

6.16 Tiebreaker Rule

If, after the completion of at least seven innings of play, the score is tied, the

following tiebreaker may be played to determine a winning team:

6.16.1 Starting with the top of the predetermined inning (it is recommended

for use beginning in the 10th inning) and each half-inning to follow, the

offensive team shall begin its turn at bat with the player scheduled to bat

ninth in that half inning being placed on second base (for example, if the

No. 5 batter is the lead-off batter, the No. 4 batter in the batting order will

be placed on second base). A substitute may be inserted for the base runner.

For scoring, see Rule 14.30.

6.16.2 Whether the tiebreaker procedure will be used, and when it shall be

invoked, must be determined not later than the pregame meeting. Use of the

tiebreaker also can be determined by conference ruling or tournament policy.

6.17 Called Game

6.17.1 The plate umpire shall declare a called game if, after five or more innings

have been completed, he/she terminates play (for reasons such as lightning,

darkness, rain, fire, panic or other causes that place the spectators or players

in danger). The score shall be that of the last equal inning played, except

that in the following circumstances, the score of the game shall be the total

number of runs that each team has scored:

6.17.1.1 If the home team has scored more runs at the end of its fourth

inning than the visiting team has scored in its five offensive half innings.

6.17.1.2 If the home team has scored, in an unequal number of innings,

more runs than the visiting team.

6.17.1.3 If a team is ahead by eight or more runs after five innings, or if the

home team is at least eight runs ahead after 4½ innings.

6.17.2 If the scoring in an incomplete inning has no bearing on which team

wins the contest, all individual and team statistics shall be included and the

score shall consist of all runs to the point the game was called.

52 RULE 6 / THE GAME

6.17.3 After consultation with the on-site administrator, the game may be called

at any time because of facility problems, crowd behavior or other causes that

place the spectators or players in danger.

6.17.4 A travel policy that allows a game to conclude before its actual

completion may be established by conference or tournament policy or agreed

upon by opposing coaches. In the event that team air travel conflicts with

continued play:

6.17.4.1 A forfeit shall not be declared as long as an ending time is

communicated and agreed upon not later than the pregame meeting. The

head coaches are required to agree on either a mandatory drop-dead time

(in which case the playing action ceases the next time the ball becomes

dead and the game outcome is determined as in Rule 6.3 or, if tied, 6.15)

or a time at which no new inning will begin and communicate their

choice to the umpires, on-site administrator and tournament personnel,

if applicable.

6.17.4.2 The game could be a “Called Game” (see Rule 6.17), a “Halted

Game” (see Rule 6.18) or “No Game” (see Rule 6.19).

6.18 Halted and Interrupted Games

6.18.1 The plate umpire shall declare a halted game if play must be temporarily

suspended with the intent that it will be continued at some later time or date.

Whether a halted game will be resumed must be determined at the pregame

meeting. Use of the halted-game rule also can be determined by conference

ruling or tournament policy.

6.18.2 Whether or not the halted-game rule is in effect, play shall be interrupted

in the event of safety concerns for participants or spectators. Concerns

regarding lightning, or deteriorating field or playing conditions that affect

footing or grip on the ball, should be immediately addressed and, with the

help of the on-site administrator, participants and spectators should be

directed to safety. In the event of concern for deteriorating conditions in the

imminent future, every effort should be made to suspend the game at the

end of the next half inning.

6.18.3 Before the restart of a halted or interrupted game, the plate umpire

shall conduct a pregame meeting to verify the lineup information

remains correct (for example, note uniform number changes necessitated

by a change in jerseys, personnel no longer available, etc.). When play

resumes after having been temporarily suspended, it must start at exactly

the point of it being suspended. The lineups and batting orders of both

teams must be exactly the same as they were, subject to the rules of

substitution, and any player who played or was announced as a substitute

before the game was suspended, must be in the lineup when play resumes

or be ineligible for the remainder of the game. Every effort should be

made to continue the game with the plate umpire’s original lineup cards.

6.18.4 During the regular season, if a game is both halted and regulation,

regulation will take precedence assuming the reasonable efforts made to

complete the game have failed.

6.18.5 Halted games of less than regulation length that are not resumed shall

be declared “no game.”

RULE 6 / THE GAME 53

Notes:

1. If the halted-game rule is not used, a game stopped with the score tied is

considered a regulation tie game (if it qualifies under Rules 6.1 and 6.15) or no

game (Rule 6.19), not a halted game, and may not be resumed.

2. See Appendix F for the Lightning Safety regarding weather.

6.19 No Game

The plate umpire shall declare “no game” if play is terminated before each team

has completed five innings or if a halted game of less than five innings is not

resumed.

Exceptions:

6.19.1 If the home team scored more runs at the end of its fourth inning, or

before the completion of its fifth inning, than the visiting team has scored

in its five offensive half innings, the umpire shall award the win to the home

team, and it shall count as a regulation game.

6.19.2 Teams previously have agreed to resume a halted game.

Note: Individual and team statistics from a “no game” shall not be incorporated into

the official playing record.

6.20 Forfeited Game

6.20.1 The plate umpire shall declare the game a forfeit awarded to the offended

team in the following cases:

6.20.1.1 If a team is on site but refuses to begin a game for which it is

scheduled or assigned within five minutes after the umpire has called

“Play ball,” unless such delay in beginning the game is unavoidable.

6.20.1.2 If, after the game has begun, one side refuses to continue to play.

Exception: In the event that team air travel conflicts with continued play,

a forfeit shall not be declared as long as the departure time from the field

is communicated not later than the pregame meeting.

6.20.1.3 If, after play has been suspended by the umpire, one side fails to

resume play within two minutes after the umpire has called “Play ball.”

Note: For Rules 6.20.1.1 to 6.20.1.3, in addition to the forfeit, the head coach shall

be ejected and then suspended from the institution’s next two previously scheduled

and played contests in the traditional season (spring). (Administrative ejection; see

Rule 13.2.1.)

6.20.1.4 If a team employs tactics obviously designed to delay or shorten

the game.

6.20.1.5 If, after an umpire’s warning, any one of the rules of the game is

willfully and persistently violated.

6.20.1.6 If the ejection of a player, coach or team personnel is not obeyed

in a timely manner, and a final 60-second forfeit warning has been issued

and has elapsed.

6.20.1.7 If, because the umpire crew removes players from the game for any

cause, there is an insufficient number of eligible players to fill the lineup.

54 RULE 6 / THE GAME

6.20.1.8 If, after consultation with host institution representatives, the

umpire crew believes student-athletes, game officials, spectators or any

umpire are in danger because of crowd or team behavior.

6.20.1.9 If an ejected or suspended person is discovered to be participating

again.

6.20.2 The score of a forfeited game shall be 7-0 in favor of the team not at fault.

Exception: If the game is regulation and the offended team is ahead at

the time of the forfeit, the score and all game statistics shall stand and be

credited as played.

6.20.3 There shall be no forfeit of a contest until both participating teams

are present and the umpires have assumed jurisdiction of the contest in

accordance with the applicable playing rules.

Notes:

1. All game umpires must concur in order to declare a game forfeited.

2. If the umpire crew declares the game forfeited, the plate umpire is responsible for

submitting an electronic Incident Report to the NCAA softball secretary-rules

editor as soon as possible but not later than 24 hours after the game.

6.21 No Contest (per NCAA Statistics Policies)

“No Contest” is declared when:

6.21.1 A team does not appear for its scheduled game. An institution shall not, for

statistical purposes, declare a forfeit for nonfulfillment of a contract.

6.21.2 A protest is ruled valid but the game is not regulation and not resumed.

6.21.3 Both teams are unable to field teams to continue a game in progress.

RULE 7

Appeals and Protests

7.1 Appeals

7.1.1 An appeal is a play or rule violation on which the umpire responsible for

the play does not make a ruling until requested by a coach or player. The

following may be appealed:

7.1.1.1 Attempting to advance to second base after making the turn at or

overrunning first base. (See Rule 12.10)

7.1.1.1.1 Must be a live-ball appeal.

7.1.1.1.2 Must be made before the batter-runner returns to first base.

7.1.1.2 Missing a base. (See Rule 12.10.)

7.1.1.2.1 May be a live- or dead-ball appeal.

7.1.1.2.2 Must be made before the next pitch.

7.1.1.2.3 Must be made before the pitcher and all infielders have clearly

vacated their normal fielding positions and have left fair territory, and

the catcher has clearly vacated her normal fielding position.

7.1.1.2.4 Must be made before the umpires leave the field of play.

7.1.1.2.5 A runner is assumed to have touched the base and if a proper

appeal is not made, the runner is safe.

a. If a runner misses home plate and the fielder either misses or makes

no attempt to tag the runner, the umpire shall make no signal,

verbal or nonverbal. If a proper appeal is made, by tagging the plate

or runner before the runner returns to the plate, the runner shall be

declared out.

b. If a batter-runner passes first base before the throw arrives, she is

considered to have touched the base unless an appeal play is made

before she returns to first base.

7.1.1.2.6 If a runner misses an intervening base of a base award while

the ball is dead, she may retreat to touch that base as long as she has

not touched the final base of the award. Once she touches the final

base of an award, she may not return and is vulnerable for an appeal.

7.1.1.2.7 If a base runner forced to advance (because the batter became a

batter-runner or due to a one-base award) misses the base to which she

was forced, that appeal is a force out. If a base runner misses a base to

which she was not forced, it is a timing play. (See Rule 6.2.)

7.1.1.3 Leaving a base on a caught fly ball before the ball is first touched.

(See Rules 12.8 and 12.10.)

7.1.1.3.1 May be a live- or dead-ball appeal.

56 RULE 7 / APPEALS AND PROTESTS

7.1.1.3.2 Must be made before the next pitch.

7.1.1.3.3 Must be made before the pitcher and all infielders have clearly

vacated their normal fielding positions and left fair territory, and the

catcher has clearly vacated her normal fielding position.

7.1.1.3.4 Must be made before the umpires leave the field of play.

7.1.1.4 Participation by an improper player (batting out of order, player who

is listed inaccurately on the lineup card, unreported player and illegal

player): (See Rule 8.3 and Appendix B.)

7.1.1.4.1 Must be a dead-ball appeal.

7.1.1.4.2 Must be made before the umpires leave the field of play.

7.1.1.5 Switching base runners on occupied bases. (See Rule 12.8.3.)

7.1.1.5.1 After the ball has been put in play, it may be a dead-ball appeal.

7.1.1.5.2 Must be made before the end of the half inning.

7.1.1.5.3 Must be made before the umpires leave the field.

7.1.2 Appeals may be made when the ball is live or dead. After a request by

a player or coach, the umpire responsible for the play may solicit needed

information from other members of the crew before ruling on the appeal.

7.1.2.1 Live-ball appeal:

7.1.2.1.1 A live-ball appeal is made by a fielder, who is holding the

ball securely in hand/glove, touching the base the runner missed or

left before a fly ball was first touched or by tagging the runner who

committed the violation, provided she is still on the playing field and

has not returned to that base, and indicating to the umpire what is

being appealed (if necessary).

7.1.2.1.2 Runners may advance during the live-ball appeal play.

7.1.2.1.3 A live-ball appeal can be made after a play on a runner.

7.1.2.1.4 When the ball goes out of play, a live-ball appeal cannot be

made.

7.1.2.2 Dead-ball appeal:

7.1.2.2.1 Once a live ball has been returned to the infield and time has

been called or the ball has become dead, a coach or any fielder (with

or without the ball) may ask the umpire to make a decision on the

appealed play.

7.1.2.2.2 Runners may not advance as the ball remains dead until the

next pitch.

7.1.2.2.3 When the ball goes out of play, all runners must be given an

opportunity to complete their base running responsibilities (advancing

or returning), as determined by the umpire. Once a runner has been

given sufficient time to advance or return and shows no immediate

intention of doing so, a dead-ball appeal can be made. (See also Rule

7.1.4.)

7.1.2.2.4 If the pitcher has possession of the ball and is in contact with

the pitcher’s plate when making a verbal appeal, no illegal pitch is

called.

RULE 7 / APPEALS AND PROTESTS 57

7.1.2.2.5 When “Play ball” has been declared by the plate umpire and the

pitcher, coach or a fielder then requests an appeal, the umpire would

again call “Time” and allow the appeal process.

7.1.3 At the end of an inning, appeals must be made immediately after the

third out. At the completion of the game, the umpires shall give the teams

reasonable time for a possible appeal play. Once the umpire crew has exited

the field, an appeal or protest cannot be considered.

7.1.4 A runner may not return to touch a missed base or one left before a fly

ball was first touched when:

7.1.4.1 She has left the field of play.

7.1.4.2 A following runner has scored.

7.1.4.3 She is standing on a base beyond the base she missed or left before a

fly ball was first touched, and the umpire suspends play.

7.1.4.4 The ball is put back into play after having been dead.

7.1.4.5 On a dead-ball base award, she has touched the final base of the base

award.

Exception: If the runner is between any two bases and attempting to return

to the base missed or left before a fly ball was first touched, she can continue.

7.2 Protests

7.2.1 A protest is the formal inquiry into an umpire’s decision and shall be

allowed in the following cases:

7.2.1.1 Failure to apply the correct rule to a situation.

7.2.1.2 Failure to impose the correct effect for a given violation.

7.2.1.3 Misapplication of a playing rule.

7.2.2 Protests will not be received or considered if they are based solely on

a decision involving the accuracy of judgment of an umpire. Examples of

protests that will not be considered are:

7.2.2.1 Whether a batted ball was fair or foul.

7.2.2.2 Whether a runner was safe or out.

7.2.2.3 Whether a pitch was a ball or strike.

7.2.2.4 Whether a pitch was legal or illegal.

7.2.2.5 Whether a runner did or did not touch a base.

7.2.2.6 Whether a base runner did or did not leave her base before a fly ball

was first touched.

7.2.2.7 Whether a fly was or was not caught legally.

7.2.2.8 Whether a fly was or was not an infield fly.

7.2.2.9 Whether there was or was not interference or obstruction.

7.2.2.10 Whether the field was or was not fit to continue or resume play.

7.2.2.11 Whether there was or was not sufficient light to continue play.

7.2.2.12 Whether a player or live ball did or did not enter a dead-ball area

or touch some object or person in dead-ball territory.

7.2.2.13 Whether a batted ball did or did not clear the fence in flight.

58 RULE 7 / APPEALS AND PROTESTS

7.2.2.14 Whether a batted ball was or was not touched by a fielder before

clearing the fence in flight.

7.2.3 Protests may involve both a matter of judgment and the misinterpretation

of a rule.

7.2.4 Any game started on a nonregulation field shall not be protested for that

reason.

7.2.5 During regular-season play, the coach shall immediately notify the plate

umpire of his or her intent to protest before the next pitch. If the game ends

(legal contest) in a situation that can be protested, the offended team must

voice its protest intentions before umpires exit the field. All intents to protest

must be made to the plate umpire. When a coach claims that an umpire’s

decision violates NCAA rules, the following steps shall be taken:

7.2.5.1 The protesting coach shall first identify the alleged failure to apply

the correct rule, effect or misapplication of the rule. The opposing coach

then may provide input followed by the crew privately collaborating to

attempt to settle the dispute. These steps should be done in a timely,

professional and nonconfrontational manner using an NCAA Softball

Rules Book. Lastly, the crew brings both coaches together to explain

its ruling with one final opportunity to use a rules book or to call the

secretary-rules editor to determine the on-field resolution.

7.2.5.2 If the resolution of the above meeting is unsatisfactory, the protesting

coach has the right to continue the game under protest and submit a

protest using the electronic Protest Form to the NCAA softball secretary-

rules editor.

7.2.5.3 If the protesting coach decides to continue the game under protest:

7.2.5.3.1 The plate umpire must announce this to the opposing coach

and the scorekeepers, and ask the public-address announcer to

announce the game will be resumed under protest.

7.2.5.3.2 The plate umpire and the protesting coach must note and

record the relevant information, including:

a. The opponent, date, time and place of the game.

b. The names and contact information of the umpires and official

scorer.

c. The rule and section of the official rules, or a copy of the ground

rule, under which the protest is made.

d. The essential facts, details and conditions pertinent to the protested

decision.

7.2.5.3.3 If the protesting team wins the game, a written protest is not

filed. However, if the protesting team loses the game, at the conclusion

of the game and as soon as possible, the plate umpire will notify the

NCAA softball secretary-rules editor of the protest. Within 24 hours,

the opposing coach, the plate umpire and the protesting coach must

each complete an electronic Protest Form to the NCAA softball

secretary-rules editor. If pertinent institutional video is available, it

shall be made available to the NCAA softball secretary-rules editor at

the time of the reports.

RULE 7 / APPEALS AND PROTESTS 59

7.2.5.3.4 The decision rendered on a protested game must result in one

of the following:

a. The protest is considered to be invalid, and the game score stands

as played.

b. The protest is considered valid, the decision will be corrected,

and the game shall either be replayed from the point at which the

incorrect decision was made, or declared a “no contest.” (See Rule

6.21.)

Notes:

1. Each conference is responsible for determining if conference games shall be

replayed from the point of protest or declared “no contest.” The competing teams

are responsible for arranging to complete the protested game.

2. For nonconference games, competing teams are responsible for determining if the game

shall be replayed from the point of protest or declared “no contest.” The competing

teams are responsible for arranging to complete the protested game.

7.2.5.3.5 When a protest is upheld and a game is rescheduled:

a. The same lineup card shall be used when the game is resumed, a

pregame meeting shall be held to verify accuracy (such as changed

jersey numbers), and substitutions may be placed legally into the

lineups at this time.

b. If a player was ejected in the original game after the protest

was filed, that player may legally play in the rescheduled game

because she was legally in the game at the time of the protest,

unless the ejection also drew a suspension that has not yet been

served.

Note: If the ejection resulted in suspension, the player shall serve the suspension

during the first previously scheduled and played game(s) after the ejection. The

suspension shall not be deferred waiting for the resolution of the protest.

c. The game is resumed at the exact point and in the exact situation

at which the mistaken ruling was made.

7.2.6 During play that determines an NCAA qualifier and during NCAA

championship play itself, the coach shall immediately notify the plate umpire

of his or her intent to protest before the next pitch. If the game ends (legal

contest) in a situation that can be protested, the offended team must voice

its protest intentions before the umpires exit the field. All intents to protest

must be made to the plate umpire. When a coach claims that an umpire’s

decision violates NCAA rules, the following steps shall be taken:

7.2.6.1 The protesting coach must first identify the alleged failure to apply

the correct rule, effect or misapplication of a rule. The opposing coach

then may provide input followed by the crew privately collaborating to

attempt to settle the dispute. These steps should be done in a timely,

professional and nonconfrontational manner using an NCAA Softball

Rules Book. Lastly, the crew brings both coaches together to explain

its ruling with one final opportunity to use a rules book or to call the

secretary-rules editor to determine the on-field resolution.

60 RULE 7 / APPEALS AND PROTESTS

7.2.6.2 If the resolution of the above meeting is unsatisfactory, the protesting

coach has the right to submit a written protest to a protest committee

composed of the “off” umpire, the umpire in chief (if not involved with

the call) and an additional member (chair) who is:

7.2.6.2.1 Predetermined by the conference for a conference championship;

7.2.6.2.2 The NCAA representative for regional or super regional play; or

7.2.6.2.3 A designated member of the softball championship committee

for the NCAA national championship.

7.2.6.3 If the protesting coach proceeds with the protest:

7.2.6.3.1 The plate umpire must announce this to the opposing coach and

the scorekeepers, and ask the public-address announcer to announce,

that the game is being suspended pending the results of the protest.

7.2.6.3.2 The protesting coach must complete the electronic Protest

Form to the NCAA softball secretary-rules editor and state the rule

in question at the time of the action or incident that caused the

protest.

7.2.6.3.3 All protests must be ruled upon immediately by the protest

committee. The committee shall confer with the umpires and the

NCAA softball secretary-rules editor, if available, before making its

decision, and the protest committee chair shall make a written report

to the chair of the respective softball committee and the NCAA

softball secretary-rules editor.

7.3 Umpire’s Judgment

7.3.1 No umpire has the authority to set aside decisions made by another

umpire within the limits of his or her respective duties as outlined in these

rules.

7.3.2 Under no circumstances will any umpire seek to reverse a judgment

decision made by an associate(s), unless asked to do so.

7.3.3 An umpire may, but is not required to, consult his or her associate(s) upon

the request of a head coach; however, the final decision will rest with the

calling umpire. Exceptions: (1) On a decision regarding a checked swing,

when asked by the catcher, the plate umpire must seek a decision from the

appropriate base umpire. Such a request may be made only when the plate

umpire has called the pitch a ball; and (2) On a decision regarding a pick-

off, when asked by either coach, the base umpire must confer with his/her

associate(s).

7.3.4 Any umpire’s decision that involves judgment may, under certain

circumstances, be reviewed, but is never subject to protest (see Rule 7.2.2).

Decisions rendered by any umpire should be reversed when the umpire is

convinced the decision is in violation of one of these rules. In case the head

coach or captain of either team does seek reversal of a decision based solely

on a point of rules, the umpire whose decision is in question will, if in doubt,

confer with his or her associate(s) before taking any action, but under no

circumstances will any player or person other than the coach of either team,

have any grounds to protest any decision and seek its reversal on a claim that

it is in conflict with these rules.

RULE 7 / APPEALS AND PROTESTS 61

7.3.5 The umpires may rectify any situation in which the reversal of an umpire’s

decision or a delayed call by an umpire on a live ball places a batter, batter-

runner, a base runner or the defensive team in jeopardy or prevents her/them

from making the appropriate play. This correction is not possible after one

legal or illegal pitch has been thrown or after the pitcher and all infielders

have clearly vacated their normal fielding positions and have left fair territory.

RULE 8

Players and

Substitutes

8.1 Players on a Team

8.1.1 Number of Players. Each team shall have at least nine eligible players in

the game at all times. The players and the defensive positions by which they

are identified are as follows:

8.1.1.1 Without a designated player—nine positions: pitcher (1), catcher

(2), first baseman (3), second baseman (4), third baseman (5), shortstop

(6), left fielder (7), center fielder (8), right fielder (9).

Note: If a team starts a game with nine players, a designated player may not be used.

8.1.1.2 With a designated player—10 positions: designated player (DP) plus

nine positions, one of which shall be occupied by the flex: pitcher (1),

catcher (2), first baseman (3), second baseman (4), third baseman (5),

shortstop (6), left fielder (7), center fielder (8), right fielder (9).

EFFECT—(8.1.1.1 and 8.1.1.2)—A forfeit shall be declared in favor of the

team with sufficient players in the event one team is no longer able to

field a full team of eligible players. In the event neither team can field

a team, the game is declared “No Contest” (see Rule 6.21) unless the

failure of one of the teams to field a team is as a result of a misconduct

suspension(s). (See Rules 13.3 and 13.4.)

8.1.2 Players and Responsibilities.

8.1.2.1 Starter refers to the first nine or 10 (if a designated player is used)

players listed on the lineup card submitted to the umpire before the start

of the game. Each starter is entitled to be replaced and to reenter one

time as long as she assumes her original spot in the batting order. (See

Rule 8.4.)

Note: For statistical purposes, the starting pitcher is the player who throws the first

pitch of the game.

8.1.2.2 Substitute refers to a player not listed on the lineup card as a starter

but who may legally replace one of the first nine or 10 (if a designated

player is used) players listed on the lineup card submitted to the umpire

before the start of the game. A substitute who is replaced may not reenter

the game at any time for any reason. (See Rule 8.5.)

8.1.2.3 Catcher. The defensive player to whom the pitcher throws when

pitching to a batter.

RULE 8 / PLAYERS AND SUBSTITUTES 63

8.1.2.4 Designated Player (DP). The player who is initially listed on the

lineup card in the team’s batting order but not in the defensive lineup.

(See Rule 8.2.)

8.1.2.5 Fielders. The nine players on the defensive team who take positions on

the field and attempt to stop the offensive team from scoring.

8.1.2.6 Flex. The player who is initially listed in the 10th spot on the lineup

card who may play any defensive position and may only enter the game

on offense in the designated player’s spot in the batting order. (See Rule

8.2.)

8.1.2.7 Offense Player (OP). The player in the batting order who is not

playing defense because the DP has entered to play defense.

8.1.2.8 Pinch Hitter. A player inserted into the lineup in the place of the

batter. The pinch hitter stays in the lineup until she is replaced by the

player for whom she batted or another substitute.

8.1.2.9 Pinch Runner. A player inserted into the lineup in the place of a base

runner. The pinch runner stays in the lineup until she is replaced by the

player for whom she ran or another substitute.

8.1.2.10 Pitcher. The defensive player designated to deliver pitches to

batters.

8.1.2.11 A defensive player is entitled to change to a different defensive

position at any time as long as the change is reported to the plate umpire.

The plate umpire shall report the change to the official scorer and to the

opposing coach before the next pitch. (See also Rule 6.6.4.)

EFFECT—Failure to report defensive changes to the plate umpire renders

the player unreported. (See Rule 8.3.3.)

8.2 Designated Player/Flex

The following regulations govern the use of a designated player (DP) and the

flex.

8.2.1 If the DP/Flex is to be used, they must be different players, the DP must

be listed in the batting order and the flex must be listed in the 10th spot on

the lineup card at any defensive position (see Rule 8.1.1.2) presented at the

pregame meeting.

EFFECT—A lineup card is subject to Inaccurate Lineup Card effects if

reported to the plate umpire. See Rule 8.3.2.

8.2.2 The flex is designated to play defense and may not play offense only. If the

flex is to play offense, it must only be in the DP position in the batting order,

at any time and any number of times, and it must be reported to the plate

umpire each time. Only one (the DP or the flex) may play offense at a time.

8.2.3 The DP is designated to play offense for the flex and may not play defense

only. However, both the DP and the flex may play defense at the same time

by having the DP replace any other defensive player on the field (that player

remains in her spot in the batting order and is known as the OP) at any time,

any number of times and for any number of players, provided it is reported

to the plate umpire each time.

64 RULE 8 / PLAYERS AND SUBSTITUTES

8.2.4 The player(s) in the DP spot is charged with a substitution only when

she is withdrawn from the batting order and the player(s) in the flex spot

is charged with a substitution only when she is no longer listed as playing

defense.

8.2.5 The DP position may be substituted for any number of times:

8.2.5.1 By an eligible substitute player off the bench (see Rule 8.5) keeping

the number of players in the lineup at 10; or

8.2.5.2 By the player in the flex position who must assume the DP spot in

the batting order and play offense and any defensive position, reducing

the number of players in the lineup to nine and making the DP option

inactive. If the DP option is not used again, the game may legally end

with nine players.

8.2.5.2.1 The player in the flex position may move into the DP spot in

the batting order (nine players in the lineup), and back to the flex

position if the DP option is used again (10 players in the lineup) any

number of times and it does not count as a substitution for the flex

player, provided each movement is reported to the plate umpire.

8.2.6 The flex position may be substituted for any number of times:

8.2.6.1 By an eligible substitute player off the bench (see Rule 8.5) keeping

the number of players in the lineup at 10; or

8.2.6.2 By the player in the DP position who must remain in the DP spot

in the batting order and play offense and any defensive position, reducing

the number of players in the lineup to nine and making the flex option

inactive. If the flex option is not used again, the game may legally end

with nine players.

8.2.6.2.1 The player in the DP position may play offense and defense for

the flex position (nine players in the lineup), and return to playing

offense only or also playing defense for an OP (10 players in the

lineup) any number of times and it does not count as a substitution

for the DP player, provided each movement is reported to the plate

umpire.

EFFECT—(8.2.2 to 8.2.6)—Each change must be reported to the plate

umpire or be subject to Unreported/Misreported Player effects (see Rule

8.3.3). Exception: If the flex plays offense in a batting order position

other than that of the DP, she is considered an illegal player. (See Rule

8.3.4.)

8.2.7 After being charged with a substitution as in Rule 8.2.4, the starting DP

and flex players may reenter one time, but substitutes may not reenter.

8.2.8 The starting DP reentering or a substitute DP entering the game must be

placed in the DP spot in the batting order. She must play offense for the flex

but may also play defense for any player (flex or OP). If she also plays defense

for the flex, the lineup is again reduced to nine players.

8.2.9 The starting flex reentering or a substitute flex entering the game may be

placed in the lineup as follows:

8.2.9.1 In the 10th spot in the lineup and play defense only, anywhere on

the field; or

RULE 8 / PLAYERS AND SUBSTITUTES 65

8.2.9.2 In the DP spot in the batting order and play both offense and

defense, as in Rule 8.2.5.2. The player currently occupying the DP spot

must be withdrawn from the lineup (nine players in the lineup).

8.2.9.3 If the flex spot is inactive and there are nine players participating in

the game as in Rule 8.2.6.2, a substitute flex player may be entered in the

10th spot in the lineup without first reentering the starting flex player.

8.2.10 The DP position listed on the pregame lineup must retain the same spot

in the batting order throughout the entire game.

EFFECT—(8.2.7 to 8.2.10)— A player who illegally entered or reentered

the game is subject to ejection (Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

and illegal player effects if reported to the plate umpire (see Rule 8.3.4).

8.3 Improper Player

8.3.1 Batting Out of Order. (See Rule 11.9.)

8.3.2 Inaccurate Lineup Card. A lineup card is considered inaccurate when

eligible starting players and substitutes are listed incorrectly, such as an

inaccurate or omitted first name, number or position. (See also Appendix B.)

Note: A player’s name supersedes a listed uniform number. (See Rule 5.7.)

EFFECT—(a) If reported by the offensive team, or if the defensive team is

in violation but the player has not made a play, or after the offending

player has made a play on defense but after a pitch has been delivered to

the following batter, or before the pitcher and all infielders clearly have

vacated their normal fielding positions and have left fair territory, the

coach may correct the error without penalty by reporting the correct first

name, position or uniform number to the umpire.

Note: If the player in violation is the pitcher or catcher, delivering or receiving a

pitch is considered making a play.

(b) If reported by the offensive team immediately after the offending player

makes a play on defense, and before the next pitch, the lineup card shall

be corrected, and the offensive coach shall have the option to:

(1) Nullify the play. The batter assumes the ball and strike count she

had before the infraction was reported and continues her turn at

bat. Each base runner returns to the last base legally occupied at

the time of the pitch.

(2) Take the results of the play and disregard the violation.

at bat:

(1) The error may be corrected without penalty.

(2) All runs scored and bases run shall be legal.

(3) The lineup card shall be corrected.

(d) If reported by the defensive team while the offending player is on

offense, after she has completed her turn at bat and before a pitch

has been delivered to the following batter or before the pitcher and

all infielders clearly have vacated their normal fielding positions and

have left fair territory:

(1) The offending player shall be called out.

66 RULE 8 / PLAYERS AND SUBSTITUTES

(2) All results from a ball batted by the offending batter or because

of the improper batter’s advance to first base as a result of

obstruction, an error, a hit batter, walk, dropped third strike or a

base hit, shall be nullified.

(3) The next batter is the player whose name follows that of the

offending player.

(4) The lineup card shall be corrected.

(e) If reported by the defensive team, while the offending player is on

offense, after she has completed her turn at bat and a pitch has been

delivered to the following batter or after the pitcher and all infielders

clearly have vacated their normal fielding positions and have left fair

territory:

(1) The turn at bat is legal.

(2) All runs scored and bases run shall be legal.

(3) The lineup card shall be corrected.

(f) If reported by the defensive team, while the offending player is on

offense as a pinch runner or the tiebreaker base runner, and it follows

a pitch in which the base runner has advanced one or more bases and

before the next pitch has been thrown.

(1) The offending player shall be called out.

(2) Any advance by other base runners is nullified.

(3) The lineup card shall be corrected.

(g) In all other cases regarding base runners who have not batted but are

base runners, the error is correctable without penalty.

8.3.3 Unreported/Misreported Players. An unreported/misreported player is

one who has a right to change defensive position, enter or reenter the game

but has not been reported or has been inaccurately reported to the umpire

before her participation. The following regulations govern unreported/

misreported substitutions, players, defensive changes and reentries: (See also

Appendix B.)

8.3.3.1 If the coach in violation informs the plate umpire before the offended

team’s challenge, there is no penalty regardless of the length of time

the unreported/misreported player was in the game. The unreported/

misreported player shall be declared officially in the game.

8.3.3.2 If an unreported/misreported player is reported to the plate umpire

by the opposing team before a pitch is made, there is no penalty. The

unreported/misreported player shall be declared officially in the game.

8.3.3.3 If the unreported/misreported player is reported by the defense

before the offensive coach in violation informs the umpire and:

8.3.3.3.1 A pitch has been thrown, but the unreported/misreported

player still is at bat.

EFFECT—The unreported/misreported player is called out and declared

officially in the game. All other play while the unreported/misreported

player was at bat is legal.

RULE 8 / PLAYERS AND SUBSTITUTES 67

8.3.3.3.2 The unreported/misreported player has completed her turn at

bat, but the next pitch has not yet been thrown, or the pitcher and all

infielders clearly have not vacated their normal fielding positions and

have not left fair territory.

EFFECT—The unreported/misreported player is called out and declared

officially in the game. All other play as a result of the unreported/

misreported player becoming a batter-runner is nullified.

8.3.3.3.3 The unreported/misreported player has completed her turn at

bat, but a pitch (legal or illegal) has been thrown to the next batter, or

the pitcher and all infielders clearly have vacated their normal fielding

positions and have left fair territory.

EFFECT—The unreported/misreported player is declared officially in the

game. In addition, the unreported/misreported player, if on base, is

declared out. All other play while the unreported/misreported player was

at bat or due to her becoming a batter-runner is legal.

8.3.3.4 If the unreported/misreported player is the base runner placed on

second base in the tiebreaker or is a pinch runner, and a pitch has been

thrown and:

8.3.3.4.1 The unreported/misreported player is on her original base when

the violation is reported by the defensive team.

EFFECT—“No pitch” is declared. The unreported/misreported player shall

be called out and declared officially in the game.

8.3.3.4.2 The unreported/misreported player advances at least one base

and before a pitch is thrown after the advance when the violation is

reported by the defensive team.

EFFECT—“No pitch” is declared. The unreported/misreported player is

called out and declared officially in the game. All other play is nullified.

8.3.3.4.3 The unreported/misreported player advances at least one base

and a pitch has been thrown after the advance when the violation is

reported by the defensive team.

EFFECT—“No pitch” is declared. The unreported/misreported player is

declared officially in the game. In addition, the unreported/misreported

player, if on base, is declared out. All other play stands.

8.3.3.5 If the unreported/misreported player is reported by the offense before

the defensive coach in violation informs the umpire, and:

8.3.3.5.1 The unreported/misreported player has made a play, but the

next pitch has not yet been thrown, the pitcher and all infielders

clearly have not vacated their normal fielding positions and have not

left fair territory, or it is the last play of the game, and the umpires have

not yet left the field.

EFFECT—The unreported/misreported player is declared officially in the

game. The offensive team has the option of taking the result of the play

or having the last batter return and assume the ball and strike count she

had before the report of the unreported/misreported player with each

base runner returning to the base legally occupied at the time of the last

pitch.

68 RULE 8 / PLAYERS AND SUBSTITUTES

8.3.3.5.2 The unreported/misreported player has made a play, and the

next pitch has been thrown, or the pitcher and all infielders have

clearly vacated their normal fielding positions and have left fair

territory.

8.3.3.5.3 The unreported/misreported player has not made a play, and a

pitch has been thrown.

EFFECT—(8.3.3.5.2 and 8.3.3.5.3)—The unreported/misreported player

is declared officially in the game, and all play will stand.

Notes:

1. If an unreported/misreported player is also an illegal player, the penalty for an

illegal player applies.

2. Violation of the unreported/misreported player rule may be reported to the umpire

at any time as long as the player is still in the game.

3. If the player in violation is the pitcher or catcher, delivering or receiving a pitch

is considered making a play.

8.3.4 Illegal Player(s). (See also Appendix B.)

8.3.4.1 Players who compete in the game in a way in which they are not

entitled to play include:

8.3.4.1.1 An ejected or suspended player entered or reentered the game.

EFFECT—A forfeit in favor of the offended team. See Rule 6.20.

8.3.4.1.2 A starter who has entered or reentered the game in a position to

which she is not entitled.

8.3.4.1.3 A nonstarter who has entered the game a second time.

8.3.4.1.4 A player who is not listed on the lineup card.

8.3.4.1.5 A player rendered ineligible under Rules 13.2 and 13.3.

8.3.4.1.6 In the tiebreaker, a base runner other than the player scheduled

to bat ninth in the inning or her substitute (reported or unreported)

who is placed on second base.

8.3.4.1.7 The flex entered the game on offense in a batting-order spot

other than that of the DP.

8.3.4.2 The following regulations govern illegal players, as described in Rules

8.3.4.1.2 through 8.3.4.1.7:

8.3.4.2.1 If the coach in violation informs the plate umpire before the

offended team’s challenge.

EFFECT—The illegal player is ejected. (Administrative ejection; see Rule

13.2.1.) Any advance made immediately before the report shall stand

regardless of the length of time the illegal player was in the game.

8.3.4.2.2 If the illegal player is reported to the plate umpire by the

opposing team before a pitch is thrown.

EFFECT—The illegal player is ejected. (Administrative ejection; see Rule

13.2.1.)

8.3.4.2.3 If the illegal player is reported by the defense before the

offensive coach in violation informs the umpire and:

a. A pitch has been thrown, but the illegal player is still at bat.

RULE 8 / PLAYERS AND SUBSTITUTES 69

b. The illegal player has completed her turn at bat, but a pitch has

not been thrown to the next batter, or the pitcher and all infielders

clearly have not vacated their normal fielding positions and have

not left fair territory.

EFFECT—(8.3.4.2.3a and 8.3.4.2.3b)—The illegal player is called out and

ejected. (Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.) Any advance by the

runners on the pitch immediately before the report shall be nullified.

Any advance on previous pitches shall be legal.

c. The illegal player has completed her turn at bat, but a pitch has

been thrown to the next batter, or the pitcher and all infielders

clearly have vacated their normal fielding positions and have left

fair territory.

EFFECT—The player is called out if on base and ejected. (Administrative

ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.) Any advance by base runners while the illegal

player was at bat because of her becoming a batter-runner is legal.

d. The illegal player is the base runner placed on second base in the

tiebreaker or is a pinch runner, a pitch has been thrown and:

(1) The illegal player is on her original base when the violation is

reported by the defensive team.

EFFECT—“No pitch” is declared. The illegal player is out and ejected.

(Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

(2) The illegal player advances at least one base, and before a pitch

(legal or illegal) is thrown after the advance, the violation is

reported by the defensive team.

EFFECT—“No pitch” is declared. The illegal player is out and ejected.

(Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.) Any advance by other base

runners is nullified.

(3) The illegal player advances at least one base, and a pitch has

been thrown after the advance when the violation is reported by

the defensive team.

EFFECT—“No pitch” is declared. The illegal player is ejected. (Administrative

ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.) In addition, the illegal player, if on base, is

declared out. Any advance by other base runners stands.

8.3.4.2.4 If the illegal player is reported by the offense before the

defensive coach in violation informs the umpire and:

a. The illegal player has made a play, but the next pitch has not

yet been thrown, or the pitcher and all infielders clearly have

not vacated their normal fielding positions and have not left fair

territory.

EFFECT—The player is ejected. (Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

The offensive team has the option of:

(1) taking the result of the play; or

(2) nullifying the play and having the last batter return and assume the

ball and strike count she had before the report of the illegal player and

each base runner on base at the time of the report is awarded one base.

70 RULE 8 / PLAYERS AND SUBSTITUTES

b. The illegal player has made a play, and the next pitch has been

thrown in the half inning.

c. The illegal player has not made a play, and the next pitch has been

thrown in the half inning.

EFFECT—(8.3.4.2.4b and 8.3.4.2.4c)—The player is ejected, and all play

will stand. (Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

Notes:

1. Violation of the illegal-player rule may be reported to the plate umpire at any

time.

2. If the player in violation is the pitcher or catcher, delivering or receiving a pitch

is considered making a play.

8.4 Starting Player

8.4.1 Starting players and substitute players are listed on the official lineup card

submitted to the plate umpire at the pregame meeting (see Rule 5.7). A

listed starter and substitute may exchange roles at the pregame meeting and

would then take on their respective new participation opportunities (that

is, a starting player becomes an available substitute and a previously listed

substitute becomes a starter who then has reentry rights).

8.4.2 Each starter is entitled to be replaced and to reenter the game one time

as long as she assumes her original spot in the batting order. Exception: The

flex may reenter either in the designated player’s spot in the batting order or

in her original (10th, nonbatting) spot in the lineup.

8.5 Substitute Player

8.5.1 Player substitutions. Player substitutions shall be governed by the

following:

8.5.1.1 Any player may be substituted for at any time when the ball is dead.

8.5.1.2 Substitutes shall be considered officially in the game when the

substitution is reported to and accepted by the plate umpire and recorded

on the official lineup card. The plate umpire shall then announce the

substitution to the opposing coach, the official scorer and the public-

address announcer (if applicable).

8.5.1.3 A coach may make substitutes by notifying the plate umpire of the

forthcoming changes. Substitutes are not required to enter the game

at the time the substitution is reported to the plate umpire. Projected

reentries are not allowed.

8.5.1.4 The plate umpire shall record all substitutions on the lineup card and

announce immediately, or cause to be announced, any such substitutions.

8.5.1.5 The plate umpire shall report the change to the opposing coach, the

official scorer and the public-address announcer (if applicable) before the

next pitch.

8.5.1.6 The substitute must take the place of the replaced player on the

team’s lineup card.

8.5.1.7 When two or more substitute players of the defensive team enter the

game simultaneously, the coach shall immediately designate to the plate

umpire the spot of each in the team’s batting order.

RULE 8 / PLAYERS AND SUBSTITUTES 71

8.5.1.8 The batter may be removed before having received a pitch, whether

or not she has completed her turn at bat and whether or not the side has

been retired.

Note: It is the responsibility of both the reporting coach and the plate umpire to

ensure the substitution is recorded on the lineup card as stated by the coach.

8.5.2 Pitcher substitution. A pitching substitution shall be governed by the

following:

8.5.2.1 The pitcher may be removed from the pitching position before

having delivered a pitch, whether or not the first batter facing her has

completed her turn at bat and whether or not the side has been retired.

8.5.2.2 After a pitching change, a relief pitcher may throw not more than five

pitches/throws between innings. Play shall be suspended during this time.

EFFECT—A ball shall be awarded to the next batter(s) for each warmup

pitch/throw in excess of the limit. Exception: This penalty does not

apply if the pitching change is necessitated by an injury to the replaced

pitcher.

8.5.2.3 A pitcher is not entitled to warmup pitches if she returns to pitch in

the same half inning.

EFFECT—A ball shall be awarded to the next batter(s) for each warmup

pitch.

8.5.2.4 A pitcher is considered to be in the game when the conditions of

Rule 8.5.1.2 have been satisfied and she throws a warmup pitch or a pitch

to the first batter she faces if she is not entitled to warmup pitches.

8.5.3 Injured-player substitutions. The following regulations govern

substitutions for an injured player:

8.5.3.1 Substitutes for an injured player must be allowed adequate time to

warm up. Play shall be suspended during this time.

8.5.3.2 If an injury to a runner prevents her from proceeding to an awarded

base, the ball is dead and substitution may be made. The substitute

must legally touch all awarded or missed bases not previously touched.

8.6 Reentry

Any of the starting players, including a designated player and the flex, may be

withdrawn and reentered once, providing players occupy the same batting spots

whenever in the order. The starting player and her substitute(s) may not be in

the lineup at the same time. A substitute who is withdrawn may not reenter.

EFFECT—A player who illegally reentered the game shall be ejected and

subject to illegal-player penalties. (Administrative ejection; see Rule

13.2.1.)

Notes:

1. Violation of the reentry rule may be reported to the umpire at any time.

2. If a substitution violates both the reentry and the player-substitution rules, the

illegal/unreported player shall be ejected and subject to illegal-player penalties.

(Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

3. Projected reentries are not allowed. (See Rule 8.5.1.3.)

RULE 9

Defense

9.1 No Huddle Defense

After an out, the defense is allowed to throw the ball around the infield, but

then must throw the ball directly to the pitcher. A team cannot huddle at the

pitcher’s circle or elsewhere.

EFFECT—The umpire shall warn the violator and her coach for the first

offense in the game. For any subsequent offense by any member of the

warned team in the same game, a ball shall be awarded to the batter.

9.2 Catch

9.2.1 A catch is the act of a fielder who, with her hand(s) and/or glove/mitt,

securely gains possession of a batted, pitched or thrown ball. In establishing

the validity of the catch, the fielder must hold the ball long enough to

prove she has control of the ball and that her release of the ball is voluntary

and intentional. When the fielder has made the catch but drops the ball in

making a secondary move such as transferring it to the throwing hand or in

making a throw, the ball shall be ruled caught.

9.2.2 For a legal catch:

9.2.2.1 A fielder must catch and have secure possession of the ball before

stepping, touching or falling into a dead-ball area.

9.2.2.2 A fielder who falls over or through the fence after making a catch

shall be credited with the catch.

9.2.2.3 A fielder does not need to reestablish herself in live-ball territory

after contacting dead-ball territory before contact with the ball as long as

she maintained contact with live-ball territory and is no longer in contact

with dead-ball territory.

9.2.2.4 A fielder must reestablish herself with both feet in live-ball territory

after entering dead-ball territory before contact with the ball if she did not

maintain contact with the ground in live-ball territory.

9.2.2.5 A fielder may leave live-ball territory and be airborne at the time of

a catch.

EFFECT—(9.2.2.1 to 9.2.2.5)—The ball is live until the defender carries

the ball into dead-ball territory. (See Rule 9.4.) The batter is out, but

base runners may advance with liability to be put out while the ball is

live.

9.3 No Catch

A catch shall not be credited when:

RULE 9 / DEFENSE 73

9.3.1 A fielder catches a batted, pitched or thrown ball with any part of her body

or properly worn equipment other than her hand(s) or a glove/mitt.

9.3.2 Immediately after a catch, the fielder collides with another player, umpire

or fence, or falls to the ground and fails to maintain possession of the ball.

EFFECT—(9.3.1 and 9.3.2)—The ball is live, the batter-runner and base

runners may advance with liability to be put out.

9.3.3 The fielder contacts a fly batted ball in live-ball territory, but before securing

possession of the ball, steps into dead-ball territory and bobbles the ball.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. No catch is ruled and a foul ball assessed.

9.3.4 The fielder intentionally uses any equipment or part of her uniform that

is detached from its proper position.

EFFECT—See Rule 9.5.4.

9.3.5 The only part of the foot that is in contact with the ground is touching

dead-ball territory at the time of the catch.

EFFECT—The ball is dead, a foul ball is declared if the ball was foul and

a home run is awarded if the dead-ball territory is beyond the home run

fence in fair territory.

9.3.6 The batted ball strikes anything or anyone other than another defensive

player(s) while it is in flight.

EFFECT—The ball is live and treated as a ground ball, if fair. The batter-

runner and base runners may advance with liability to be put out. If the

contact is in foul territory, the ball is dead, and base runners must return

to the last bases occupied.

9.3.7 The fielder is standing on the fence as it is lying on the ground beyond the

original plane of the home run fence when she catches the ball.

EFFECT—The ball is dead, the batter is entitled to a home run, and each

other base runner is awarded home plate.

9.3.8 The fielder traps the ball. A batted fly ball or line drive is considered trapped

if it hits the ground or a fence on a short hop before being caught. A thrown

ball is considered trapped if it is caught but the ball is on the ground and the

glove/mitt/hand is over, rather than under, it and the fielder does not have

secure possession. A pitch is considered trapped if it is a strike but touches the

ground on a short hop before being caught by the catcher.

A ball prevented from hitting the ground by a player’s equipment

(providing it is in its proper place) or body shall not be ruled caught until

the ball is securely held in the player’s hand(s) or glove/mitt.

EFFECT—The ball is live and treated as a ground ball if batted and treated

as an incomplete catch if thrown.

9.4 Catch and Carry

A fielder may not catch or field a live thrown or batted ball and carry it into

dead-ball territory. See Rule 14.20.10 for scoring.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. The batter and each base runner are awarded

one base, without liability to be put out, from the last base legally

touched at the time the fielder entered dead-ball territory. Exception: If

the ball is a legally caught fly ball, the batter is out.

74 RULE 9 / DEFENSE

If, in the umpire’s judgment, a fielder intentionally carries, kicks,

pushes, pitches or throws a live ball from playable territory into dead-

ball territory, the ball is dead, and each runner is awarded two bases

from the last base legally touched at the time the ball entered dead-ball

territory.

Notes:

1. When a line is used to determine dead-ball territory, the line is considered in play.

2. If a fielder’s foot is touching the line or is in live-ball territory, she is considered

in the field of play and legally may field, catch or throw the ball with no effect.

3. If a fielder’s entire foot or the entire portion of the foot that is in contact with the

ground is beyond the line and touching dead-ball territory at the time she catches,

fields or throws the ball, she has entered dead-ball territory, the ball is dead and

no play is allowed.

4. If a fielder has one foot in play and the other foot in the air, she legally may

catch, field or throw the ball until and unless her entire foot contacts the ground

in dead-ball territory, at which time the ball becomes dead and catch and carry

applies.

5. If a fielder contacts dead-ball territory with any part of her body, including her

entire foot or the entire portion of her foot that is in contact with the ground, she

is considered out-of-play. No subsequent play is allowed and if a play ends with

the fielder contacting dead-ball territory, catch and carry applies.

9.5 Obstruction

9.5.1 Obstruction occurs when a defensive player, not in possession of the ball

nor in the act of fielding a batted ball, impedes a batter’s attempt to make

contact with a pitch or impedes the progress of any runner who is legally

running bases on a live ball. It can be intentional or unintentional. It is

obstruction if a defensive player is blocking the whole base/plate or base path

without the ball and/or the runner does not have a path to the base/plate.

(See also Rule 12.13.)

Notes:

1. Once in possession of the ball, the defensive player can be positioned between the

runner and the base/plate.

2. Obstruction may be ruled even though there is no physical contact.

3. The runner may still be called out if she was clearly beaten by the throw.

4. In past years, coaches taught their players to block the base, catch the ball and

make the tag. Now defensive players must catch the ball, block the base and make

the tag.

5. Obstruction can occur on a force or tag play.

9.5.2 Catcher Obstruction. The catcher shall not obstruct, hinder or prevent

the batter’s attempt to make contact with a pitch.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled.

If the batter contacts the ball and reaches first base safely and each other

base runner has advanced at least one base on the batted ball, catcher

obstruction is canceled. All action as a result of the batted ball stands.

RULE 9 / DEFENSE 75

Once a base runner has passed a base, she is considered to have reached

that base, even if she missed it.

If the batter does not reach first base safely or if one of the other base

runners does not advance at least one base, the coach of the offensive

team has the option of taking the result of the play. If the coach does not

take the result of the play:

(a) The batter is awarded first base and an error is charged to the catcher.

(b) If forced, each base runner advances one base with no liability to

be put out. If not forced, each base runner returns to the base legally

occupied at the time of the pitch. Exception: If the catcher steps on or in

front of home plate or touches the batter or her bat while a pitch is on

the way to the plate and there is a base runner on third base attempting

to score on a squeeze play, each base runner advances one base without

liability to be put out whether forced or not.

On a pitch that has not reached home plate, if the catcher prevents the

batter from having a reasonable opportunity to contact the pitch, the

ball is dead, and the batter and each base runner are awarded one base

(whether forced or not).

Notes:

1. If a batter, during preliminary loosening-up swings, hits the catcher or the

catcher’s glove/mitt, the umpire should immediately suspend play and then reset

without consequence. The pitch or swing should not be allowed since the batter’s

concentration or rhythm could be affected. Catcher’s obstruction involving a

batter should be called only on the batter’s attempt to make contact with the

pitch, not on contact during preliminary swings.

2. If an umpire requests a catcher to move farther away from the batter to avoid

injury or obstruction, the catcher must comply.

9.5.3 Fielder Obstruction.

9.5.3.1 A fielder who is not in possession of the ball nor in the act of fielding

a batted ball shall not impede the runner.

9.5.3.2 A fielder shall not intentionally alter the course of a fair ball with the

intent to cause the ball to go foul (for example, blow on a rolling ball or

dig in the dirt).

9.5.3.3 A fielder shall not position herself in the base runner’s line of vision

to obviously prohibit her from seeing the first touch of a fly ball.

9.5.3.4 A fielder in the act of fielding a batted ball shall not intentionally

alter her motion to obstruct the batter-runner or base runner.

9.5.3.5 A fielder shall not fake a tag on a runner advancing or returning

to a base. A fake tag occurs when a fielder, not in possession of the ball,

pretends to have the ball and simulates a tag, which causes the runner to

slow down or stop.

9.5.3.6 A fielder shall not at any time obstruct a runner from her base path

during a rundown and prohibit her from advancing or returning to a base.

EFFECT—(9.5.3.1 to 9.5.3.6)—Whenever obstruction occurs, whether a

play is being made on a runner, obstruction shall be called and a delayed

dead ball is signaled.

76 RULE 9 / DEFENSE

If the obstructed player safely reaches the base she should have reached

had there been no obstruction or she is put out at a base beyond the

base she should have reached had there been no obstruction, no further

action occurs.

If the obstructed player is not put out and does not reach the base she

should have had there been no obstruction, at the end of playing action

she is awarded the appropriate base(s).

If the obstructed player is put out before reaching the base she should have

reached had there not been obstruction, a dead ball is called at the time

of the apparent putout and the obstructed player and each other runner

affected by the obstruction will be awarded the base(s) she/they should

have reached, in the umpire’s judgment, had there not been obstruction.

Subsequent violation by the same individual may, at the discretion of

the umpire, result in a one-base award to the obstructed player and each

other base runner forced to advance.

If the runner collides flagrantly, the ball is dead, and although the

runner is declared safe on the obstruction call, she is ejected. (Behavioral

ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

Notes:

1. If other runners are advancing and an umpire suspends play after an out on an

obstructed runner (who did not reach the base she would have reached, in the

umpire’s judgment, had she not been obstructed), the other runners would be

awarded the next base provided they had advanced more than halfway to the

next base. If not, they must return to the previous base unless forced to advance.

2. If a runner is obstructed while a batted ball is fair but subsequently becomes

a foul ball, obstruction is nullified. If the violation is a rounding or returning

obstruction, a warning will still be issued.

3. Base awards should be made even after the third out of an inning and if an

obstructed base runner would have scored before the third out, the run would

score on the base award.

9.5.3.7 A fielder shall not at any time obstruct a runner rounding a base.

9.5.3.8 A fielder shall not at any time obstruct a runner returning to or leading

off a base. If a play is being made on the runner, the fielder may be charged

with obstruction with no warning issued.

9.5.3.9 A fielder shall not use force to push a runner off the base she possesses

in order to put her out. (See Rule 9.5.5.2 if excessive force is used.)

9.5.3.10 A fielder shall not position herself in the base runner’s line of vision

to obviously distract her or intentionally prohibit her from seeing the

release of the pitch.

EFFECT—(9.5.3.7 to 9.5.3.10)—Delayed dead ball is signaled. The umpire

shall issue a warning to the offending individual and notify her coach.

Subsequent violation of the same rule by the same individual shall result

in a one-base award to the obstructed base runner and each other base

runner forced to advance. The awards shall be to the base beyond the

base where obstruction occurred unless the base runner safely advances

farther on her own, in which case no award is given.

RULE 9 / DEFENSE 77

9.5.3.11 A fielder shall not position herself in the batter’s line of vision or act

in a manner to distract the batter.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled. If the batter contacts the ball and

reaches first base safely and each other base runner has advanced at least

one base on the batted ball, all action as a result of the batted ball stands.

Once a runner has passed a base, she is considered to have reached that

base, even if she missed it.

If the batter does not reach first base safely or if one of the other base

runners does not advance at least one base, the coach of the offensive

team has the option of taking the result of the play or awarding a ball to

the batter and advancing each other base runner one base. If the pitch is

“Ball four” or hits the batter, the batter is awarded first base, and each

base runner is awarded one base.

The pitch does not have to be released.

The umpire shall issue a warning to the offending individual and notify

her coach. Subsequent violation by the same individual shall result in a

behavioral ejection. (See Rule 13.2.1.)

9.5.3.12 On a pitch that has not reached home plate, a fielder shall not prevent

the batter from having a reasonable opportunity to contact the pitch.

EFFECT—The ball is dead and the batter and all base runners are awarded

one base (whether forced or not).

9.5.4 Equipment Obstruction. A fielder shall not intentionally contact or

catch a fair batted, thrown or pitched ball with any equipment or any part of

her uniform that is detached from its proper place on her person.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled.

If equipment obstructs a fair batted ball or with a batted foul ball that,

in the opinion of the umpire, might become fair, the batter-runner and

each other base runner are awarded three bases from the base legally

occupied at the time of the pitch but may advance farther with liability

to be put out.

If the illegal catch or touch is made on a fair hit ball that, in the

judgment of the umpire, would have cleared the home run fence in

flight, the batter-runner is entitled to a home run, and each base runner

is awarded home plate. The ball may have been prevented from going

over the fence by detached player equipment that is thrown, tossed,

kicked or held by a fielder.

If equipment obstructs a thrown ball, the batter-runner and each other

base runner are awarded two bases from the last base legally touched at

the time of the throw but may advance farther with liability to be put

out. Exception: If no play is apparent, there is no penalty.

If equipment obstructs a pitch, the base runner(s) is awarded one base

from the base occupied at the time of the pitch but may advance farther

with liability to be put out. Exception: If no play is apparent, there is no

penalty.

9.5.5 Flagrant Player Obstruction.

78 RULE 9 / DEFENSE

9.5.5.1 The fielder shall not at any time flagrantly (with excessive force)

impede the batter, batter-runner or base runner.

9.5.5.2 The fielder shall not attempt to put out a runner occupying a base by

using excessive force to push her off the occupied base.

EFFECT—(9.5.5.1 and 9.5.5.2)—Delayed dead ball is signaled. The

appropriate obstruction effect is applied, and in addition, the offender

shall be ejected without warning. (Behavioral ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

9.5.6 An obstructed runner is still required to touch all bases in proper order, or

she could be called out on a proper appeal by the defensive team.

9.5.7 An obstructed runner may not be called out between the two bases where

she was obstructed unless one of the following occurs:

9.5.7.1 The obstructed runner, after being obstructed, safely obtains the base

she would have been awarded, in the umpire’s judgment, had there been

no obstruction and there is a subsequent play on a different runner. The

obstructed runner is no longer protected if she leaves the base.

9.5.7.2 When another violation is being played upon.

9.5.7.3 The obstructed runner commits an act of interference.

9.5.7.4 The obstructed runner passes another runner.

9.5.7.5 A proper appeal is made for leaving a base before a fly ball was first

touched.

9.5.7.6 A proper appeal is made for missing a base.

9.5.7.7 When a batter hits a fly ball that is caught or an infield fly is declared

and the batter-runner is subsequently obstructed running to first base.

9.5.7.8 The umpire determines the runner is clearly beaten by the throw.

9.5.8 If an obstructed runner is awarded a base she would have made had

there been no obstruction and a preceding base runner is on that base, the

obstructed runner will be awarded that base, and the preceding base runner

shall be entitled to the next base without liability to be put out.

9.5.9 If an obstructed base runner is awarded a base she would have made

had there been no obstruction and a trailing runner is on that base, the

obstructed base runner will be awarded the base and the trailing runner will

be returned to the preceding base unless forced to advance because of the

actions of the batter-runner.

9.5.10 If the obstructed runner attempts to advance past the base she would

have reached had there not been obstruction or past the base she would have

been awarded for the obstruction, she is running with liability to be put out

unless she is between the two bases where obstruction occurred. If she is put

out, she remains out. The ball remains live.

9.5.11 Should an act of interference occur after any obstruction, enforcement

of the interference effect takes precedence provided both violations involve

the same runner.

9.6 Umpire Interference

9.6.1 Umpire interference occurs:

9.6.1.1 When a fair, untouched batted ball strikes the umpire or his/her

attached equipment or clothing before passing a fielder (other than the

RULE 9 / DEFENSE 79

pitcher), or after passing a fielder (including the pitcher) but another

fielder had a reasonable chance to make a play.

9.6.1.2 When a fair, untouched batted ball strikes the umpire or his/her

attached equipment or clothing before touching a fielder (including the

pitcher).

EFFECT—(9.6.1.1 and 9.6.1.2)—The ball is dead. The batter-runner is

awarded first base. If the official scorer judges the batted ball would

have been a hit, the batter is credited with a hit, but, if not, it is scored

as a fielder’s choice. If forced, each base runner advances one base with

no liability to be put out. If not forced, each base runner must return

to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch. Exception: It is not

interference and the ball remains in play, if the ball: (1) hits the umpire

after passing a fielder other than the pitcher, and no other fielder has a

reasonable chance to make a play; or (2) hits the umpire after touching

a fielder (including the pitcher).

Note: When said ball touches the umpire while still in flight, it shall be considered

a ground ball. It cannot be caught as a fly ball.

9.6.1.3 When the plate umpire or his/her clothing interferes with the catcher’s

attempt to throw out a base runner on a pickoff or steal attempt.

EFFECT—If the base runner is ruled out as a result of the catcher’s

initial throw, the ball remains live, and there is no interference. If the

base runner is not out on the initial throw by the catcher, the ball is

immediately dead and the base runner must return to the base legally

occupied at the time of the pitch even if the base runner is caught off

base and an opportunity for an out via rundown exists.

Note: It is not interference if a pitched or thrown ball strikes an umpire or if there’s

contact between an umpire and a runner or an umpire and a fielder playing a

batted ball. The ball is live, and each runner is entitled to advance with liability

to be put out.

9.7 Equipment Blocked Ball

9.7.1 No loose equipment (that is, gloves/mitts, hats, helmets, jackets, balls,

on-deck batter’s bats), miscellaneous items, or detached parts of a player’s

uniform, other than that being legally used in the game at the time,

should be within playable territory as it could cause a blocked ball. Official

equipment that may be within playable territory with no effect includes

the batter’s bat, the catcher’s mask or helmet, umpire paraphernalia, and

any helmet that has inadvertently fallen off an offensive or defensive player

during the course of play.

9.7.2 When a ball becomes lodged in an umpire’s or offensive player’s attached

equipment or clothing.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.12.6.3.

9.7.3 When a ball becomes lodged in a defensive player’s attached equipment

or clothing.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.12.6.4.

80 RULE 9 / DEFENSE

9.8 Foul Batted Blocked Ball

A foul batted ball becomes blocked when it contacts game or non-game

personnel or loose equipment belonging to either team.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. A foul ball is called. Each base runner must

return to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

9.9 Fair Batted Blocked Ball

A fair batted ball becomes blocked:

9.9.1 When it contacts loose equipment belonging to the defense.

9.9.2 When it bounces over, wedges under, or passes through a fence or any

designated boundary of the playing field; or lodges in the fence, in shrubbery

or in the vines on the fence.

9.9.3 When it deflects off a defensive player and crosses into dead-ball territory

(excluding a ball deflected over the home run fence in fair territory); or passes

an infielder (excluding the pitcher), deflects off a base runner or umpire, and

crosses into dead-ball territory, provided no other infielder has a chance to

make a play.

EFFECT—(9.9.1 to 9.9.3)—See Rule 12.12.3.

9.10 Live Thrown Blocked Ball

A live thrown ball becomes blocked:

9.10.1 When it is thrown and crosses into dead-ball territory whether the ball

rebounds onto playable territory or not.

9.10.2 When it contacts loose defensive equipment not involved in the game,

but on the playing field.

EFFECT—(9.10.1 and 9.10.2)—See Rule 12.12.8.3.

9.10.3 When it contacts loose offensive equipment not involved in the game,

but on the playing field.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.17.3.6.

9.11 Pitched Blocked Ball

A pitch becomes blocked when it lodges, wedges or gets stuck in or goes under,

over or through the backstop or into dead-ball territory.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.12.7.2.

9.12 Game Personnel in Unauthorized Areas

A fair batted or thrown ball becomes blocked when it contacts game personnel in

unauthorized areas (for example, outside the dugout but in the field of play).

9.12.1 When a fair batted ball or live thrown ball contacts a member of the

offensive team.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.17.3.5.

9.12.2 When a fair batted ball contacts a member of the defensive team.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.12.3.6.

9.12.3 When a live thrown ball contacts a member of the defensive team.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.12.8.3.

RULE 10

Pitching

10.1 Pitching Position Required for a Legal Pitch

10.1.1 The pitcher is considered to be in the pitching position when she has her

hands apart, her pivot foot in contact with the pitcher’s plate, both feet on

the ground within the 24-inch length of the pitcher’s plate, the hips in line

with first and third bases, and the catcher in position to receive the pitch.

10.1.2 In distinguishing the pitcher’s feet:

10.1.2.1 The pivot foot is the one that maintains contact with the pitcher’s

plate, absorbs the body’s weight, pushes off against the plate during the

initial step phase of the pitch, and drags along the ground during the final

phase of the pitch.

10.1.2.2 The stride foot is the one that starts on or behind the pitcher’s plate

and extends forward toward home plate as the pitcher steps to deliver the

pitch to the batter. The stride foot must land on or within the lines of

the pitcher’s lane.

10.1.3 The pitcher may not take the pitching position on the pitcher’s plate

without being in possession of the ball, and she may not simulate the

pitching position with or without the ball when near the pitcher’s plate.

EFFECT—(10.1.1 to 10.1.3)—Delayed dead ball is signaled and illegal

pitch enforced. (See Rule 10.8.)

10.2 Taking the Signal

10.2.1 Before starting a pitch, the pitcher must comply with the following:

10.2.1.1 Be in the proper pitching position required for a legal pitch (see Rule

10.1.1), including any part of each foot in contact with the ground or

pitcher’s plate completely within the 24-inch length of the pitcher’s plate.

10.2.1.2 The stride foot may be on or behind the pitcher’s plate as far back as

desired. Once the pitcher initially sets the toe of her stride foot, she may

not step back any farther to increase the distance behind the pitcher’s plate.

10.2.1.3 Hands must be separated.

10.2.1.4 The ball must be held and remain in one hand, either bare or gloved,

in front of, at the side of or behind the body.

Notes:

1. Rolling (not tossing) the ball is legal as long as contact is maintained with the

hand (including the wrist).

2. A ball dropped by the pitcher before her hands have come together and then separated

shall be live and the base runner(s) may advance with liability to be put out.

82 RULE 10 / PITCHING

10.2.2 While in the pitching position and taking the signal, the pitcher must

take or appear to take a signal. The signal need not come from the catcher.

EFFECT—(10.2.1 and 10.2.2)—Delayed dead ball is signaled and illegal

pitch enforced. (See Rule 10.8.)

10.2.3 After receiving the signal, the pitcher’s hands must come together in view

of the plate umpire for not more than five seconds.

Note: The hands do not have to come to a complete stop and, therefore, may be

moving during the touch.

EFFECT—The ball is dead and a ball is awarded to the batter if the hands

come together for more than five seconds. (See Rule 10.18.) Delayed

dead ball is signaled and illegal pitch enforced if the pitcher does not

bring her hands together at all. (See Rule 10.8.)

10.3 Start of the Pitch

The pitch officially begins and cannot be discontinued once the hands have

separated after coming together. The pitching motion consists of the start of the

pitch, windup, step/stride, and delivery. (See diagram at end of rule.)

10.4 The Windup

The windup phase of the pitch begins when the hands come together and ends

when the hands separate. The pitcher may use any windup desired providing she

does not, after having taken the signal and bringing her hands together:

10.4.1 Make any motion to pitch without immediately delivering the ball to

the batter.

10.4.2 Separate her hands and then return the ball to both hands.

10.4.3 Stop and change direction more than twice.

EFFECT—(10.4.1 to 10.4.3)—Delayed dead ball is signaled and illegal

pitch enforced. (See Rule 10.8.)

10.5 Step/Stride

10.5.1 The pitcher must take only one step/stride forward toward home plate

as she delivers the pitch.

10.5.2 A portion of the stride foot must remain in contact with the ground at

all times before beginning the forward step.

Note: Once the pitcher has established her stride foot, simply dropping or rocking

onto her heel is not a violation.

10.5.3 It is legal to slide the pivot foot forward or across the pitcher’s plate

provided contact with the pitcher’s plate is maintained. Exception:

Physical contact with the pitcher’s plate may be lost if all of the following

apply:

10.5.3.1 The pivot foot is in contact with the pitcher’s plate when the pitcher

turns, twists or bends her pivot foot;

10.5.3.2 If the pivot foot has not reduced the distance to home plate; and

10.5.3.3 The pivot foot must remain in contact with the ground; however,

rocking onto either the toe or heel is allowed.

RULE 10 / PITCHING 83

10.5.4 Leaping is not allowed. The pitcher may not become airborne on the

initial drive from the pitcher’s plate. The pivot foot must slide/drag on the

ground.

10.5.5 The pitcher is not allowed to hop or drag to a replant (crowhop), gain a

second starting point and push off her pivot foot. Once having lost contact

with the pitcher’s plate, the pivot foot may trail on the ground but may not

bear weight again until the pitch is released.

EFFECT—(10.5.1 to 10.5.5)—Delayed dead ball is signaled and illegal

pitch is enforced. (See Rule 10.8.)

10.6 Delivery

The delivery phase of the pitch begins when the hands separate and ends with

release of the pitch. In delivering the ball to the batter, the pitcher must comply

with the following:

10.6.1 Once the hands have separated and the pitching arm begins the

clockwise motion that will result in the release of the pitch, not more than

1½ revolutions of the pitching arm may occur.

10.6.2 The pitcher’s step/stride to the batter must be continuous.

10.6.3 The pitch shall be released underhand and the hand shall travel below

the hip.

10.6.4 The release of the pitch and follow-through of the hand and wrist must

be forward.

10.6.5 The pitcher may not make another arm revolution after releasing the ball.

EFFECT—(10.6.1 to 10.6.5)—Delayed dead ball is signaled and illegal

pitch is enforced. (See Rule 10.8.)

10.7 Ball Dropped During Pitch

The effect for a pitch dropped during its delivery varies based on when it happens.

10.7.1 When the pitcher drops the ball before her hands have come together

and then separated.

EFFECT—The ball is live. There is no penalty. The base runner(s) may

advance with liability to be put out.

10.7.2 When the ball accidentally slips from the pitcher’s hand during the act

of delivering the pitch.

EFFECT—If the batter does not have a reasonable opportunity to hit the

pitch, a defensive player may retrieve it, the ball is live, a ball is awarded

to the batter, and the base runner(s) may advance with liability to be put

out. If the batter would have had a reasonable opportunity to hit the

pitch but the defensive player retrieves it, obstruction is ruled, the ball

is dead and the batter and all other base runners are awarded one base

(whether forced or not).

10.7.3 The pitcher shall not deliberately drop, roll or bounce the ball in order

to prevent the batter from hitting the pitch.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled and illegal pitch is enforced. (See

Rule 10.8.)

84 RULE 10 / PITCHING

10.8 Illegal Pitch

An illegal pitch is a pitch that violates the pitching rules or is an effect for a rule

violation. When an illegal pitch occurs, it shall be called immediately by the

plate or base umpire.

EFFECT—If the pitch is released, the umpire calls “Illegal” loud enough

for nearby players to hear. If an illegal pitch occurs but the pitch is not

released, it is a dead ball. Failure of players to hear the call shall not void

the call.

Simultaneously, the umpire gives the delayed dead-ball signal and waits

to suspend play until the non-contacted pitch has reached the plate, or

the play has been completed. Assuming no other violation has occurred

(for example, leaving early):

(1) If the batter does not reach first base safely or if any runner fails to

advance at least one base, the coach of the offensive team may choose the

result of the play or the standard effect for an illegal pitch, which is that

a ball is awarded to the batter.

(2) If the batter reaches first base safely and each other base runner

advances at least one base, the play stands, and the illegal pitch is

canceled. Once a runner has passed a base, she is considered to have

reached the base, even if she missed it.

(3) If the batter is hit by an illegal pitch not swung at, the batter is

awarded first base, and other base runners advance one base, only if

forced.

(4) If ball four is an illegal pitch, the batter is awarded first base, and

other base runners advance one base, only if forced.

Note: The umpire who called the illegal pitch shall explain the violation to both the

pitcher and her coach, if requested.

10.9 Quick Pitch

A quick pitch, intended to catch the batter off balance or otherwise unprepared

to bat, shall be ruled to be “No pitch.”

EFFECT—The ball is dead, and all subsequent action on that pitch is

canceled.

10.10 No Pitch

“No pitch” shall be declared when:

10.10.1 The pitcher pitches while play is suspended.

10.10.2 A base runner is legitimately off base (namely, after a foul ball), and the

pitcher fails to allow sufficient time for the base runner to return.

10.10.3 The pitcher delivers a quick pitch.

10.10.4 If a player violates the time-between-pitch rule (see Rule 10.18) and

that causes her opponent to also violate the rule.

10.10.5 The batter is hit by a pitch that has not yet reached the front line of the

batter’s box, assuming she did not swing or attempt to bunt.

EFFECT—(10.10.1 to 10.10.5)—The ball is dead, and all subsequent

action on that pitch is canceled.

RULE 10 / PITCHING 85

10.10.6 A base runner is called out for leaving her base before release of the pitch.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled. At the conclusion of the play, if

the defensive head coach does not select the result of the play, “No Pitch”

is declared, the offending base runner is out, the batter is returned to the

batter’s box and other base runners returned to the bases occupied at the

time of the pitch.

10.10.7 The pitcher stops or hesitates in her delivery as a result of the batter

stepping out of the box, holding up her hand or using any other action as if

requesting time.

EFFECT—“No pitch” is declared.

10.10.8 A player or coach commits any act (that is, calls “Time” or employs

any similar word or phrase) while the ball is live and in play for the obvious

purpose of trying to make the pitcher deliver an illegal pitch.

EFFECT—“No pitch” is declared and a warning is given to the offending

team. A repeat of any such act by any member of the team that has

been warned shall result in the violator(s) being ejected from the game.

(Behavioral ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

10.11 Discontinuing a Pitch/Stepping Off the Pitcher’s Plate

10.11.1 The pitch officially begins and cannot be legally discontinued once the

hands have separated after coming together.

10.11.2 The pitcher may not remove herself from the pitching position by

stepping forward or sideways off the pitcher’s plate before the start of the

pitch. She must step backward. See Rule 10.3.

EFFECT—(10.11.1 and 10.11.2)—Delayed dead ball is signaled and illegal

pitch is enforced. (See Rule 10.8.)

10.12 Ball Rotation

10.12.1 As a general rule, the current game ball is in play until such time as it

leaves the playing field or is rejected by an umpire because it is discolored,

scuffed or otherwise unsuitable for play. However, each pitcher shall have a

choice of game balls at the start of her respective half-inning and may request

a different ball at any time.

10.12.2 If the pitcher does not like the ball she has, she must return it to the

plate umpire before receiving a different ball.

10.12.2.1 The pitcher may not hold more than one ball at a time for trial

purposes.

10.12.2.2 The game shall not be unduly delayed (for example, to retrieve a

particular ball that has been fouled away from the playing field).

EFFECT—(10.12.1 to 10.12.2.2)—The plate umpire shall control ball

rotation and not allow a violation of the rule.

10.13 Substance on the Ball/Items on Pitcher

10.13.1 Under the supervision and within view of the umpire, a resin (a drying

agent) may be used on the pitcher’s hand/fingers. Any substance (including

resin, dirt or saliva) applied to the pitcher’s hands and fingers must be wiped

off if it would transfer to the ball.

86 RULE 10 / PITCHING

10.13.2 No player or other team personnel may apply moisture or any substance

to the ball or into a glove that will then contact the ball or do anything else

to deface the ball. Exception: All new game balls shall be sufficiently rubbed

up so as to remove the manufacturer’s gloss before being put in play by the

umpire.

EFFECT—(10.13.1 and 10.13.2)—The ball is a delayed dead ball. For the

first offense, a ball shall be awarded to the batter and a warning shall be

issued to the pitcher when the substance comes in contact with the ball.

For the second offense, the pitcher shall be ejected. (Behavioral ejection;

see Rule 13.2.1.)

10.13.3 The pitcher who brings a resin bag to the pitching circle is responsible

for removing it each half inning as she leaves the field.

10.13.4 The pitcher shall not wear any item on the pitching fingers, hand,

wrist, forearm or thighs that an umpire considers distracting. This includes

a batting glove, sweatband and loose lacing on a glove, or ball-colored logos.

Exception: The pitcher’s fingers, hand, wrist, forearm or elbow may be taped

for injury, providing such tape is a neutral color.

10.13.5 Pitchers may wear braces, casts, elbow guards, prostheses or splints on

their pitching arms. (See Rule 3.8.1 for additional restrictions.)

EFFECT—(10.13.3 to 10.13.5)—The pitcher shall remove the item upon

request of the umpire or be ejected from the game. (Administrative

ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

10.14 Intentionally Pitching at a Batter or Umpire

10.14.1 The pitcher shall not intentionally attempt to hit the batter with a

pitch.

EFFECT—If, in the umpire’s judgment, such a violation has occurred, the

umpire shall warn the pitcher, catcher and the head coach that future

violations by any pitcher from his/her team will be cause for immediate

ejection of the pitcher, catcher and the head coach. If, in the umpire’s

judgment, the situation warrants drastic action to diffuse a potentially

volatile situation, the umpire may eject the pitcher and catcher without

warning. The head coach of the offending team also may be ejected at

this time if the umpire believes it is appropriate. A warning may be

issued to one or both teams before the start of the game or at any time

during a game if the umpire believes it to be appropriate. (Behavioral

ejections; see Rules 13.2.1 and 13.7.) If the batter is hit by the pitch, the

effect for hit by pitch also applies. (See Rule 11.13.)

10.14.2 The pitcher shall not intentionally attempt to hit an umpire with a

pitch.

EFFECT—If, in the umpire’s judgment, such a violation has occurred, the

umpire shall eject the pitcher, catcher and the head coach. (Behavioral

ejections; see Rules 13.2.1 and 13.7.) In addition, the head coach shall

be suspended from the institution’s next two previously scheduled and

played contests in the traditional season (spring).

RULE 10 / PITCHING 87

10.15 Intentional Base on Balls

If the pitcher purposely throws ball four to a batter, it is scored an intentional base

on balls. All pitches must be legally pitched to the catcher.

EFFECT—The ball is live. The batter is awarded first base. If forced,

other base runners advance one base without jeopardy of being put

out but may advance further at their own risk. If not forced, other

base runners may advance at the risk of being put out. Not delivering

each pitch legally to the catcher is an illegal pitch. (See Rule 10.8.)

Exception: Intentionally violating the rule in order to walk the batter

without pitching shall not result in a ball being awarded to the batter,

but each runner shall advance one base without liability to be put out.

10.16 Returning a Pitched Ball to the Pitcher

The catcher must return the ball directly to the pitcher after a foul tip and each

pitch not contacted.

Exceptions:

1. To play on a base runner.

2. When the batter becomes a base runner.

3. After a strikeout.

4. After a putout or an attempted putout made by the catcher.

5. When “no swing” is ruled and help is requested on a checked swing, which

might be strike three.

6. When the batter is not entitled to first base but runs anyway.

7. An errant throw intended for the pitcher.

EFFECT—The ball is dead, and base runners may not advance. A ball shall

be awarded to the batter.

In addition, on the first offense, the offending player shall be warned.

On subsequent offenses, the offender shall be ejected from the game.

(Behavioral ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.) Exception: Intentionally violating

the rule in order to walk the batter without pitching shall not result in a

ball being awarded to the batter.

10.17 Throwing to a Base From the Pitcher’s Plate

The pitcher shall not throw to a base during a live ball while her foot is in contact

with the pitcher’s plate after she has taken the pitching position. If the throw from

the pitcher’s plate occurs during a live-ball appeal play, the appeal(s) is canceled.

(See Rule 10.11.1.)

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled and illegal pitch is enforced. (See

Rule 10.8.)

10.18 Time Allowed Between Pitches

The pitcher must be on the pitcher’s plate, the catcher in the catcher’s box and

the batter in the batter’s box within 10 seconds after the pitcher receives the ball

in preparation to pitch or after the umpire calls, “Play ball.” After the pitcher,

catcher and batter are in position, the pitcher has 10 seconds to bring her hands

together. The pitcher then has not more than five seconds to deliver the pitch.

88 RULE 10 / PITCHING

EFFECT—The ball is dead. If the batter is in violation of the timing, a

strike is assessed. If the pitcher or catcher is in violation of any part of

the timing sequence, a ball shall be awarded to the batter. Exception:

Intentionally violating the rule in order to walk the batter without

pitching shall not result in a ball being awarded to the batter, but each

base runner shall advance one base without liability to be put out. In

addition, on the first offense, the umpire shall issue a warning to the

offending player. On the second offense, the offending player shall be

ejected from the game. (Behavioral ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

10.19 Warmup Pitches Allowed

10.19.1 A warmup pitch is any pitch delivered to home plate during a

suspension of play.

10.19.2 At the start of the game and beginning of each half-inning, the pitcher

of record may throw not more than five pitches or four pitches and one

throw to first base or any combination that is limited to five throws from the

pitcher. Play shall be suspended during this time. Exception: See Rule 6.7.1.

Note: If the catcher is the third out or on base when the third out is made, the

offensive team should have someone ready to warm up the pitcher.

10.19.3 After a pitching change, a relief pitcher may throw not more than five

pitches or four pitches and one throw to first base or any combination that

is limited to five throws from the pitcher. Play shall be suspended during this

time. A pitcher shall not be allowed warmup pitches if returning to pitch in

the same half inning.

EFFECT—(10.19.1 to 10.19.3)—A ball shall be awarded to the next

batter(s) faced for each excessive warmup pitch/throw.

10.19.4 A player other than the pitcher of record throws a warmup pitch.

EFFECT—For a first violation, the umpire shall issue a warning to the

offending coach. Subsequent violation by the same team shall result in

ejection of the head coach. (Administrative ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

10.19.5 After injury to a pitcher, the relief pitcher must be allowed adequate

time to warm up. Play shall be suspended during this time.

10.19.6 The pitcher shall be given adequate time to warm up after any

substantial delay caused by inclement weather, injury or delayed play by the

umpire.

RULE 10 / PITCHING 89

Straight Backswing

Straight Upswing

Rocker Windmill

Pendulum Windmill

Legal Pitching Motions

RULE 11

Batting

The batter is entitled to one unobstructed swing at each pitch from the time it

leaves the pitcher’s hand until it is contacted by the catcher.

At the start of the game and between innings, warmup swings on the field of

play shall be limited to the batter (provided she is in foul territory and outside

the batter’s box) and the on-deck batter (provided she is in the on-deck circle).

11.1 On-Deck Batter

11.1.1 The on-deck batter is restricted to the on-deck circle nearest her dugout

for warmup swings.

11.1.1.1 She may leave the on-deck circle to take her turn in the batter’s box,

to direct a teammate attempting to score or to avoid interfering with a

defensive player’s opportunity to make a play.

EFFECT—(11.1.1.1)—See Rule 11.19.

11.1.2 The on-deck batter may not have more than two bats in the on-deck

circle  one or two official softball bats; one approved warmup bat that

meets specifications in Rule 3.5; or one official softball bat and one approved

warmup bat.

EFFECT—See Rule 3.5.

11.2 Legal Position in the Batter’s Box

11.2.1 The batter must be within the batter’s box, the catcher within the

catcher’s box, and the pitcher must be in contact with the pitcher’s plate

within 10 seconds after the pitcher receives the ball in preparation to pitch

or after the umpire calls, “Play ball.” After the pitcher, catcher and batter

are in position, the pitcher has 10 seconds to bring her hands together. The

pitcher has not more than five seconds to deliver the pitch.

EFFECT—If the batter does not comply, the ball is dead. A strike is called,

and if this pitch is the third strike, the batter is declared out on strikes. If

the pitcher or catcher is in violation of any part of the timing sequence,

a ball shall be awarded to the batter. (See Rule 10.18.)

11.2.2 The batter shall not leave her position within the batter’s box when

the pitcher is in pitching position in contact with the pitcher’s plate unless

permission is granted by the umpire.

EFFECT—The batter leaves the batter’s box at the risk of having a strike

delivered, unless she requests and is granted a suspension of play from

the plate umpire. If the plate umpire does not suspend play as requested

by the batter and the pitcher legally delivers the pitch, it shall be called a

ball or strike, depending upon the location of the pitch. The ball remains

live.

RULE 11 / BATTING 91

11.2.3 Any part of each foot in contact with the ground must be completely

within the lines of the batter’s box until the pitch is released.

EFFECT—If the umpire sees a line violation before the start of the pitch,

the umpire shall suspend play and direct the batter to get into the box. If

the batter fails to comply within 10 seconds, a strike is called. No pitch

has to be thrown. The ball is dead.

11.2.4 Once the pitcher has taken (or appeared to take) a signal, both hands

have touched in view of the plate umpire and the hands have separated,

she must deliver the pitch, and the batter shall not leave her position in the

batter’s box.

EFFECT—If the batter steps out of the box, holds up her hand or uses any

other action as if requesting time and the pitcher legally delivers the ball,

it shall be called a ball or strike, depending upon the location of the

pitch. The ball remains live.

If the pitcher stops or hesitates in her delivery as a result of the batter

stepping out of the box, holding up her hand or using any other action as

if requesting time, it shall not be an illegal pitch. Since both the pitcher

and batter have violated the rule, “No pitch” shall be declared.

If the umpire judges the batter’s action to be a deliberate attempt to

create an illegal pitch, the ball is dead, “No pitch” is called, and all

subsequent action on that pitch is canceled. A warning shall be issued to

the batter and to the offending team. A repeat of this type of act by any

member of the team warned shall result in the offender being ejected

from the game. (Behavioral ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

11.2.5 At the moment of bat-ball contact, the batter may not contact the pitch

when any part of her body is touching the ground outside the lines of the

batter’s box.

EFFECT— The ball is dead. The batter shall be declared out immediately,

whether the ball is fair or foul.

Notes:

1. The batter’s hands may leave the bat before bat-ball contact.

2. In cases in which there are no batter’s box lines evident, good judgment must be

used, and the benefit of any doubt must go to the batter.

11.3 Balls and Strikes

11.3.1 Strike zone. The zone is the area above home plate between the bottom

of the batter’s sternum and the top of her knees when she assumes her natural

batting stance. The top of the ball must be on or within the horizontal plane,

and either side of the ball must be on or within the vertical plane of the strike

zone to be a strike unless the ball touches the ground before reaching home

plate. (See diagrams at the end of this rule.)

11.3.1.1 The pitch shall be judged to be a strike or a ball as it crosses home

plate, not where it is caught by the catcher, and in relation to the batter’s

natural position as the pitch crosses home plate.

11.3.2 Called ball. A ball is awarded to the batter:

92 RULE 11 / BATTING

11.3.2.1 When a legal pitch that is not struck at by the batter does not enter

the strike zone on the fly, touches the ground before reaching home plate

or touches home plate.

Note: If a pitch strikes the ground in front of the batter and the batter swings at it,

the ball is in play if hit and a strike if missed.

EFFECT—The ball is live, and base runners may advance with liability to

be put out.

11.3.2.2 When an illegal pitch is called and the pitch is not contacted, swung

at or, if hit, the team does not elect to take the results of the play.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled and illegal pitch is enforced. (See

Rule 10.8.)

11.3.2.3 When the pitcher fails to deliver the ball to the batter within the

allowable time.

EFFECT—See Rule 10.18.

11.3.2.4 For each excessive warmup pitch. Exception: See Rule 6.7.1.

EFFECT—See Rule 10.19.

11.3.2.5 When the catcher fails to return the ball directly to the pitcher after

a foul tip and each pitch not contacted. See Rule 10.16 for exceptions.

EFFECT—See Rule 10.16.

11.3.2.6 When a team representative, personnel or player of the defense

intentionally removes, or covers with infield material, any required lines

on the field or intentionally covers the pitcher’s plate or home plate.

EFFECT—See Rule 2.20.3.

11.3.3 Called strike. A strike is charged to the batter:

11.3.3.1 For each legally pitched ball that enters the strike zone without first

touching the ground.

11.3.3.2 For each legally pitched ball that is swung at by the batter and missed.

11.3.3.3 For each foul tip.

EFFECT—(11.3.3.1 to 11.3.3.3)—The ball is live, and each base runner

may advance with liability to be put out. The batter is out if it is the

third strike.

11.3.3.4 For each foul ball when the batter has fewer than two strikes.

EFFECT—The ball is dead, and each base runner must return, without liability

to be put out, to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

11.3.3.5 When the batter bunts foul after the second strike.

EFFECT—If the bunt attempt is caught in the air, the ball is live. If the

bunt attempt results in a foul ball not legally caught, the ball is dead,

the batter is out, and each base runner must return to the base legally

occupied at the time of the pitch.

11.3.3.6 For each pitch that touches any part of the batter’s person as she

swings and misses.

11.3.3.7 For each batted ball that touches any part of the batter or her

clothing when she is in the batter’s box and has fewer than two strikes.

11.3.3.8 For each pitch that hits the batter while the ball is in the strike zone.

RULE 11 / BATTING 93

EFFECT—(11.3.3.6 to 11.3.3.8)—The ball is dead, and base runners may

not advance. Each base runner must return to the base legally occupied

at the time of the pitch.

11.3.3.9 When the batter fails to take her position in the batter’s box within

10 seconds after being directed to by the plate umpire.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. No pitch has to be thrown. Each base runner

must remain on the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

11.3.3.10 When a team representative, personnel or player of the offense

intentionally removes, or covers with infield material, any required lines

on the field or intentionally covers the pitcher’s plate or home plate.

EFFECT—See Rule 2.20.3.

11.4 Fair Ball

A legally batted ball that:

11.4.1 Settles on or is touched on or over fair territory between home plate and

first base, or between home plate and third base.

11.4.2 While on or over fair territory, touches a player, umpire, or their attached

equipment or clothing.

11.4.3 Touches first, second or third base, unless a fielder or runner previously

touched it while the ball was in foul territory.

11.4.4 Bounces over or past first base or third base regardless of where the ball

hits after passing the base.

11.4.5 First falls or is first touched on or over fair territory beyond first or third

base.

Note: Beyond first or third base is determined by the baseline between first and

second base and the baseline between second and third base (see diagram at the end

of Rule 2).

11.4.6 While in flight, hits the foul pole or while over fair territory, passes out

of the playing field beyond the home run fence.

Note: When a batted ball hits the top of the home run fence while in fair territory

and then deflects over the fence, it is a home run.

11.4.7 Is in fair territory when a runner, who is in fair territory, interferes with

a defensive player’s attempt to field a batted ball.

11.4.8 Shall be judged according to the relative position of the ball and the

foul line, including the foul pole, and not with respect to the position of the

fielder (on fair or foul ground) at the time the ball is contacted.

EFFECT—(11.4.1 to 11.4.8)—The ball is live. The batter and base runners

advance with liability to be put out.

Note: A batted ball signaled fair may be changed to foul if additional information

provided to the calling umpire is accepted.

11.5 Foul Ball

11.5.1 A legally batted ball that:

11.5.1.1 Accidentally touches the batter, or touches the dirt, pitcher’s plate

or home plate and then the batter, while she is still in the batter’s box.

94 RULE 11 / BATTING

11.5.1.2 Accidentally touches the bat a second time, whether or not the

batted ball first touches the dirt, pitcher’s plate or home plate, while the

bat is still in the batter’s possession and she is still in the batter’s box.

11.5.1.3 Accidentally comes into contact with the batter-runner or her bat

(held or discarded) whether or not the batted ball first touches the dirt,

pitcher’s plate or home plate, while the ball is in foul territory and judged

by the umpire as not having a chance to become fair.

11.5.1.4 Settles untouched on, or first touches/is touched by (1) a fielder

or umpire, (2) either of their attached equipment or clothing, (3)

accidentally by a base runner or her equipment/clothing, or (4) any object

foreign to the natural playing surface on or over foul territory between

home plate and first base or home plate and third base, even if the batted

ball first rolled against the discarded bat (see Rule 11.12.1) or hit the

ground in fair territory including the pitcher’s plate and home plate.

11.5.1.5 Bounces or rolls past first base or third base on or over foul territory.

11.5.1.6 First falls or is touched on or over foul territory beyond first or third

base.

Note: Beyond first or third base is determined by the baseline between first and second

base and the baseline between second and third base (see diagram at the end of Rule 2).

11.5.1.7 Is in foul territory when a base runner interferes with a defensive

player’s reasonable chance to make a play on the ball.

11.5.1.8 Goes directly from the bat to any part of the catcher or her

equipment other than her hand or gloved hand.

11.5.1.9 Shall be judged according to the relative position of the ball and the

foul line, including the foul pole, and not with respect to the position of

the fielder at the time the ball is contacted.

EFFECT—(11.5.1.1 to 11.5.1.9)—The ball is dead, it is a strike on the

batter if she has fewer than two strikes or is attempting a bunt, and base

runners must return to the bases held at the time of the pitch, if not

called out for interference. Exception: In 11.5.1.4 and 11.5.1.6 if the first

touch is by a fielder on a ball in flight that is legally caught according to

Rules 9.2 and 9.3, the ball is live, the batter is out and base runners may

advance with liability to be put out after tagging up.

11.5.2 A legally batted ball that is declared foul cannot be changed regardless of

additional information that might be made available to the calling umpire.

Exception: Dead-ball awards (i.e., out-of-the-park home run, ground-rule

double, and hit by pitch).

11.6 Foul Tip

11.6.1 A ball that travels sharply and directly from the bat to the catcher’s hand

or glove/mitt and is legally caught unassisted by the catcher.

Note: Any batted ball that travels directly from the bat, to any part of the catcher

or her equipment other than the hand(s) or glove/mitt, is a foul ball and dead. It is

not a foul tip.

11.6.2 A base runner may advance on a foul tip without tagging. The foul tip

is treated as a noncontacted pitch.

RULE 11 / BATTING 95

EFFECT—(11.6.1 and 11.6.2)—The ball is live, a strike is charged to the

batter, and each base runner may advance with liability to be put out.

The batter is out if it is the third strike.

11.7 Hits, Bunts, Slaps

11.7.1 Hit. A hit is a legally batted fair ball.

11.7.1.1 No intent to contact the ball is necessary.

11.7.1.2 The batter becomes a batter-runner as soon as she legally hits a fair

ball.

11.7.1.3 The ball is live.

11.7.1.4 The batter is liable to be put out.

11.7.1.5 Base runners advance with liability to be put out, whether forced

or not.

11.7.1.6 If a fair-hit ball should touch a base runner or umpire while still in

flight, it shall be considered a ground ball. It cannot be caught as a fly ball.

11.7.2 Bunt. A bunt is a legally batted ball not swung at but intentionally

tapped into the infield with the bat.

11.7.2.1 Holding the bat in the strike zone is considered a bunt attempt.

In order to take a pitch, the bat must be withdrawn — pulled backward

away from the ball.

11.7.2.2 On a missed bunt attempt with two strikes, the dropped third-

strike rule applies.

11.7.2.3 If, with fewer than two strikes, the batter’s attempt to bunt results

in a foul ball not legally caught, it is a strike, and the ball is dead. With

two strikes, the batter is declared out, and the ball is dead.

11.7.2.4 A bunt that is caught in the air remains live and in play, regardless

of the number of strikes on the batter, and whether it is fair or foul.

11.7.3 Slap. A slap hit is a batted ball that has been struck with a short, chopping

motion rather than with a full swing. A ball that is slapped foul is treated like any

other foul ball and shall not result in an out unless caught in flight.

11.8 Batting Order

The batting order that is delivered to the plate umpire must be followed

throughout the game, except that a starting player may be replaced by a

substitute who must take the place of the starting player in the batting order.

In addition, the flex may replace the designated player on offense. The

first batter listed on each team’s lineup card shall lead off her respective

team’s half of the first inning. After the first inning, the first (lead-off)

batter in each inning shall be the player whose name follows that of the

last batter who completed her full turn at bat in the preceding inning.

If the third out in an inning is made before a batter completes her turn at

bat, she shall be the first batter in the next inning, and she shall start with

a 0-0 count.

11.9 Batting Out of Order (See also Appendix B)

11.9.1 A player is batting out of order when she fails to bat in proper sequence

as listed on the official lineup card.

96 RULE 11 / BATTING

11.9.2 Batting out of order is an appeal play that may be made only by the

defensive team. The defensive team forfeits its right to appeal batting out

of order when one pitch has been made to the following batter or when the

pitcher and all infielders have clearly vacated their normal fielding positions

and have left fair territory.

11.9.3 The effect for batting out of order varies depending upon when the

infraction is reported to the plate umpire.

EFFECT—(11.9.1 to 11.9.3)—If the error is reported while the improper

batter is at bat, the correct batter may take her place and legally assume

any balls and strikes. Any runs scored or bases advanced while the

improper batter was at bat shall be legal.

Note: The offensive team may correct an improper batter at home plate with no

effect.

If the error is reported after the incorrect batter has completed her turn

at bat and before a pitch has been delivered to the following batter, or

before the pitcher and all infielders clearly have vacated their normal

fielding positions and have left fair territory: (a) the player who should

have batted is out; (b) all results because of a ball batted by the improper

batter or because of the improper batter’s advance to first base as a result

of obstruction, an error, a hit batter, walk, dropped third strike or a base

hit shall be nullified; (c) the next batter is the player whose name follows

that of the player called out for failing to bat; (d) if the batter declared

out under these circumstances is the third out, the correct batter in the

next inning shall be the player whose name follows that of the player

called out for failing to bat; and (e) if the third out is made on a player

before the report of the infraction, an appeal may still be made in order

to reinstate the correct batting order.

If the error is reported after the first pitch to the next batter or after

the pitcher and all infielders clearly have vacated their normal fielding

positions and have left fair territory: (a) the turn at bat of the improper

batter is legal; (b) all runs scored and bases run are legal; and (c) the next

batter is the player whose name follows that of the player who batted out

of order.

Notes:

1. Players who have not batted and who have not been called out have lost their

turn at bat until reached again in the regular order.

2. No base runner shall be removed from the base she is occupying to bat in her

proper place (except the batter who has been taken off the base by the plate umpire

as in the effect above). She merely misses her turn at bat with no effect. The batter

following her in the batting order becomes the legal batter.

3. The public-address announcer shall announce the players as listed on the lineup

card. The public-address announcer, umpires or official scorer shall not call

attention to the improper batter. If this occurs, the plate umpire shall warn the

public-address announcer and/or the official scorer that on the next infraction,

he/she will be removed from that position.

RULE 11 / BATTING 97

11.10 Checked Swing

11.10.1 A checked swing is the restraining action a batter takes to stop an attempted

hit or slap that puts the batter in jeopardy of a strike being assessed. If the batter

is attempting to avoid being hit by a pitch rather than attempting to contact it,

checked swing does not apply.

11.10.2 A pitch should be called a strike when it is in the strike zone, regardless

of whether the batter checked her swing.

11.10.3 A pitch should be called a ball when:

11.10.3.1 The swing is checked (resulting in no swing) and the pitch did not

enter the strike zone or did not contact the bat.

11.10.3.2 The plate umpire is in doubt regarding a checked swing or blocked

out.

11.10.4 If the plate umpire calls the pitch a ball and the defense requests help,

the plate umpire shall ask for help. If anyone else (on either offense or

defense) asks for help, the umpire may (but is not required) to ask for help.

11.10.5 If an out is made on the bases in addition to an out on a properly

appealed checked swing, the checked swing out is assessed before the out

on the bases.

Note: As a general rule, there are four factors when determining if a batter has swung

at the ball or checked the swing: (1) Did she make an attempt to hit/bunt/slap the

pitch? (2) Was the barrel of the bat out in front of her front hip? (3) Did she roll her

wrists? (4) Did she swing through the ball and bring the bat back or draw the bat

back before the pitch arrived?

11.11 Dropped Third-Strike Rule

11.11.1 A dropped third strike is called anytime there are two outs or with fewer

than two outs and first base unoccupied and the catcher fails to catch a third

strike before the ball touches the ground.

EFFECT—The ball is live, the batter becomes a batter-runner with liability

to be put out. Base runners may advance with liability to be put out.

11.11.2 When the batter is entitled to attempt first base on a dropped third strike

and the pitch rebounds off the catcher and rolls against the discarded bat.

EFFECT—The ball is live. The batter-runner and base runners are entitled

to advance with liability to be put out.

Note: When the catcher fails to catch a third strike before the ball touches the ground

with fewer than two outs and first base is occupied, the batter is automatically out,

the ball is live, and each base runner may advance with liability to be put out.

11.12 Hitting Ball a Second Time

11.12.1 The batter may not, after contacting a fair ball, contact the ball with the

bat a second time in fair territory.

EFFECT—If the bat is still in the batter’s hand(s) when the ball is contacted

a second time and the batter is in the batter’s box, the ball is dead, a

foul ball is ruled, and each base runner must return to the base legally

occupied at the time of the pitch.

98 RULE 11 / BATTING

If the bat is still in the batter’s hand(s) when the ball is contacted a

second time and the batter is out of the batter’s box, the ball is dead,

the batter is out, and each base runner must return to the base legally

occupied at the time of the pitch.

If the bat is out of the batter’s hand(s) (on the ground), the ball rolls

against the dropped bat in fair territory and, in the umpire’s judgment,

there was no intent to interfere with the course of the ball, the ball is live.

If it stops or is touched in fair territory, it is a fair ball. If the ball touches

the dropped bat in fair territory and then rolls to foul ground and stops,

it is a foul ball. If the ball rolls against the dropped bat in foul territory,

it is a foul ball regardless.

If the bat is out of the batter’s hand(s) (dropped or thrown) and it hits the

ball in fair territory, the ball is dead, the batter is out, and each base runner

must return to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

Hitting the Ball a Second Time

Batter Bat Batted Ball Effect

In box In hands Fair or foul Foul ball

Out of box In hands Fair Batter out

Out of box In hands Foul (accidental) Foul ball

Out of box In hands Foul (intentional) Batter out

In/out of box Out of hands (ball hits bat) Fair Live

In/out of box Out of hands (ball hits bat) Foul Foul ball

In/out of box Out of hands (bat hits ball) Fair Batter out

In/out of box Out of hands (bat hits ball) Foul (accidental) Foul ball

In/out of box Out of hands (bat hits ball) Foul (intentional) Batter out

Notes:

1. If the bat breaks and a part of it is hit by the batted ball in fair territory or a

part of it hits a base runner or a fielder, the ball remains live, and there is no

interference.

2. If a part of the bat is touched by the batted ball in foul territory, it is a foul ball.

3. If the batter simply drops her bat and the catcher trips over it, no interference is

called.

11.12.2 The batter may not intentionally make contact with a ball in foul

territory or intentionally interfere with the catcher’s attempt to field a third

strike.

EFFECT—The ball is dead, the batter is out, and each base runner must

return to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

11.12.3 The batter may not swing and miss a pitch and then accidentally hit it

on the follow-through or after it bounces off the catcher or her glove/mitt.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. The pitch is a strike. The batter is declared out

if the pitch was a third strike; otherwise, she remains at bat. Each base

runner must return to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

11.12.4 The batter may not swing and miss a pitch and then intentionally hit

it on a second swing or after it bounces off the catcher or her glove/mitt.

RULE 11 / BATTING 99

EFFECT—The ball is dead, the batter is declared out, and each base runner

must return to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

11.13 Hit Batter (by Pitch)

11.13.1 A batter is awarded first base when a pitch, neither swung at nor called a

strike, is entirely within the batter’s box and it strikes the batter or her clothing.

No attempt to avoid being hit by the pitch is required; however, the batter may

not obviously try to get hit by the pitch. (See Rule 11.13.3.1.)

11.13.2 A batter is awarded first base when a pitch neither swung at nor called a

strike touches any part of the batter or her clothing while she is in the batter’s

box, except as noted in Rule 11.13.3 that follows.

EFFECT—(11.13.1 and 11.13.2)—The ball is dead. The batter is entitled

to first base without liability to be put out. Base runners may not

advance unless forced.

Notes:

1. It does not matter if the ball strikes the ground before hitting the batter.

2. The batter’s hands are not considered part of the bat.

3. If a batter swings and the ball hits her hands sending it into fair or foul territory,

the ball is dead and a strike is called on the batter. If it is strike three, the batter

is out.

11.13.3 The hit batter shall not be awarded first base under the following

circumstances:

11.13.3.1 The batter made no attempt to avoid the pitch (which is not

entirely in the batter’s box) or she obviously tried to get hit by the pitch

(regardless of its location).

EFFECT—The ball is dead. The pitch is a ball or strike (depending on its

location), and the batter remains at bat, except the batter is declared out

if the pitch was a third strike or the batter is awarded first base if the

pitch was “Ball four.” Base runners advance if forced.

Note: The benefit of any doubt must go to the batter and could include a batter

freezing and unable to move due to the unusual movement or speed of the pitch.

11.13.3.2 The batter is hit by a pitch in the strike zone.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. The pitch is a strike. The batter is declared

out if the pitch was a third strike; otherwise, she remains at bat. Each

base runner must return to the base legally occupied at the time of the

pitch.

11.13.3.3 The pitch touches any part of the batter, including her hands or

clothing, as she swings and misses for a third strike.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. The batter is declared out, and each base runner

must return to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

11.13.3.4 The batter is hit by a pitch that has not yet reached the front line

of the batter’s box, assuming she did not swing or attempt to bunt.

EFFECT—“No Pitch.” See Rule 10.10.

100 RULE 11 / BATTING

11.14 Batted Ball Off Batter, Attached Equipment, Clothing

The effect for a batted ball that hits the batter (including her clothing and attached

equipment) or hits the dirt, home plate or pitcher’s plate, and then hits the batter

(including her clothing and attached equipment) varies depending on the location

of the batter.

EFFECT—In all cases, the ball is dead. If the batter is in the batter’s box,

a foul ball is called, a strike is charged to the batter if she has fewer

than two strikes, and each base runner must return to the base legally

occupied at the time of the pitch.

If the batter is out of the batter’s box and the ball is considered fair, the

batter is declared out, and each base runner must return to the base

legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

If the batter is out of the batter’s box and the ball is considered foul,

a foul ball is called, a strike is charged to the batter if she has fewer

than two strikes, and each base runner must return to the base legally

occupied at the time of the pitch.

When the batter is: And the batted ball is: The effect is:

In the box Fair or foul Foul ball

Out of the box Foul Foul ball

Out of the box Fair Batter out

11.15 Illegally Batted Ball

An illegally batted ball occurs when the batter contacts the pitch and:

11.15.1 Any part of her body is touching the ground outside the lines of the

batter’s box.

Note: In cases in which there are no batter’s box lines evident, good judgment must

be used, and the benefit of any doubt must go to the batter.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. The batter shall be declared out immediately,

whether the ball is fair or foul. Each base runner must return to the base

legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

11.15.2 An inappropriate bat is used.

EFFECT—See Rule 3.4.

11.16 Infield Fly Rule

The infield fly rule is in effect when declared by the umpire because the batter

hits a fair fly ball (not including a line drive or an attempted bunt) that can be

caught by an infielder with ordinary effort when first and second base or all

three bases are occupied, and there are fewer than two outs.

EFFECT—The ball is live. The batter-runner is out if the batted ball is fair.

Each base runner may tag up and advance with the liability to be put

out once the batted ball is touched (before it is caught), the same as on

any caught fly ball. If a declared infield fly is dropped intentionally or

allowed to fall untouched, the ball is live, the batter-runner is out, which

removes all force plays, and each base runner may advance with liability

to be put out. A base runner need not retouch her base(s).

Notes:

RULE 11 / BATTING 101

1. If the ball is near the foul line, the umpire shall declare, “Infield fly, the batter is

out if fair.”

2. The infield fly is ruled when the ball reaches its highest point and based on the

position of the closest infielder, regardless of who makes the play.

3. Any defensive player who positions herself in the infield at the start of the pitch

shall be considered an infielder for the purpose of this rule.

4. An outfielder may catch an infield fly in the outfield provided an infielder could

have caught the ball with ordinary effort.

5. If a declared infield fly becomes a foul ball, it is treated the same as any foul.

6. If a declared infield fly ball falls untouched to the ground in foul territory and

rolls into fair territory before passing first or third base, it is an infield fly.

7. If interference occurs during the flight of a potential infield fly, the ball is

immediately dead and the plate umpire shall judge if the ball is in fair or foul

territory. If fair, the batter shall be declared out and if foul, infield fly would not

have applied so the batter is returned to the batter’s box and a foul ball assessed to

her count. In any case, the violator is out and runners return to the bases occupied

at the time of the pitch.

8. Failure of players and coaches to hear the call shall not void the call.

11.17 Intentionally Dropped Fair Fly Ball

11.17.1 An intentionally dropped ball is a batted ball that is legally and actually

caught and then deliberately dropped. A ball that is trapped or guided to the

field shall not be considered as having been intentionally dropped.

11.17.2 An infielder may not intentionally drop a fair fly ball, a line drive or a

bunt when there are fewer than two outs and base runners are on first base;

first and second bases; first and third bases; or first, second and third bases.

EFFECT—(11.17.1 and 11.17.2)—The ball is dead, the batter is declared

out, and each base runner must return to the base legally occupied at

the time of the pitch. Exception: The batter is not out if the infielder

permits the ball in flight to drop untouched to the ground, except when

the infield fly rule applies. (See Rule 11.16.) If an infield fly is ruled, it

has precedence over an intentionally dropped ball.

11.1 Interference

Interference is an act that denies a defensive player a reasonable opportunity

to make a play (field/throw) anywhere on the playing field. The act may

be intentional or unintentional, and the ball must have been playable.

Interference may be caused by individual offensive players (batter, on-deck

batter, runner), coaches, umpires, nongame personnel or spectators, and by

the offensive team as a whole or by loose equipment that belongs to them.

EFFECT—As a general rule, when batter interference occurs: (1) the ball

becomes a delayed dead ball, (2) an out is called, and (3) each base

runner must return to the last base that, in the umpire’s judgment, was

legally touched at the time of the interference, except when forced to go

to the next base because the batter became a batter-runner. If the batter-

runner has not touched first base at the time of the interference, each

base runner shall return to the base legally occupied at the time of the

102 RULE 11 / BATTING

pitch. When a base runner(s) is called out for interference, the batter-

runner is awarded first base. If the official scorer judges the batted ball

would have been a hit, the batter is credited with a base hit, but if not, it

is scored as a fielder’s choice.

11.19 Interference by On-Deck Batter or Offensive Team Personnel

The on-deck batter or offensive team personnel may not interfere with the

defensive player’s reasonable opportunity to make a play on a batted ball. This

would include offensive team personnel reaching out of the dugout or entering

the field.

EFFECT—If the interference is with a defensive player attempting to

make a play on a batted ball, the ball is dead, the batter is out, and

each base runner must return to the base legally occupied at the time

of the pitch. Exception: For interference by base runners, see Rule

12.17.2.

11.20 Interference by Batter

Batter interference occurs while the batter is at bat and before she completes

her turn at bat.

11.20.1 The batter shall not step from one batter’s box, directly in front of the

catcher, to the other batter’s box while the pitcher is in position ready to

pitch.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled. The defensive team shall choose

either the result of the play or the batter is out and each base runner

must return to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

11.20.2 The batter shall not hinder the catcher or any other fielder from

catching or throwing the ball by stepping out of the batter’s box, or

intentionally hinder a player (for example, on a steal/pickoff throw or a play

at home plate) while standing within the batter’s box.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled. The defensive team shall choose

either the result of the play or the batter is out and each base runner

must return to the last base that, in the umpire’s judgment, was legally

touched at the time of the interference. Exceptions: (1) If a base runner is

advancing to home plate and there are fewer than two outs, the base runner,

instead of the batter, is out. (2) If the batter strikes out and, while still in

the batter’s box, interferes with the catcher’s attempt to throw out a base

runner, the base runner also is out. (3) If the catcher is not making a play

on a base runner but the batter or umpire interferes with the catcher’s

return throw to the pitcher and the base runner, consequently, advances

safely, the umpire should suspend play and return each base runner to

the base occupied at the time of the accidental interference.

Notes:

1. The batter’s box is not a sanctuary for the batter when a play is being made at

home plate.

2. If the catcher or her throw to a base hits the batter or her bat while the batter is

in the batter’s box, the ball is live and there is no interference unless the contact

is intentional and initiated by the batter.

RULE 11 / BATTING 103

11.20.3 The batter, after being declared out, may not interfere with a defensive

player’s opportunity to make a play on another runner.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled. The defensive team shall choose

either the result of the play or the base runner closest to home plate

at the time of the interference shall also be declared out. In addition,

each other base runner must return to the last base legally touched at

the time of the interference. Exception: If the batter struck out and is

still in the batter’s box when she interferes with the catcher’s attempt

to throw out a base runner, the ball is dead and the base runner being

played on, not the runner closest to home plate, is also out.

11.20.4 The batter may not swing and miss a pitch and then intentionally hit

it on a second swing or after it bounces off the catcher or her glove/mitt.

EFFECT—The ball is dead, the batter is out, and each base runner must

return to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

Note: If the batter swings and misses the pitch but accidentally hits it on the follow-

through, it is a dead-ball strike and all base runners must return to the base legally

occupied at the time of the pitch.

11.20.5 The batter may not release the bat in such a manner that it:

11.20.5.1 Hits the catcher and prevents her from making a play.

Note: If the batter merely drops her bat and the catcher trips over it, there is no

interference.

11.20.5.2 Is thrown (that is, discarded with force) into fair or foul territory,

whether intentional or not, and it interferes with a defensive player

attempting to make a play; interference shall be called.

EFFECT—(11.20.5.1 and 11.20.5.2)—Delayed dead ball is signaled. The

defensive team shall choose either the result of the play or the batter is

out and each base runner must return to the base legally occupied at the

time of the pitch. If, in the umpire’s judgment, interference prevented a

double play, two outs may be declared.

11.20.5.3 Is thrown into fair or foul territory, whether intentional or not,

and it has the potential to endanger anyone who is not making a play on

the ball; interference shall be called.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled. For a first violation, the offending

team is warned. For any subsequent violation by the same team, the

offended coach is given the option of either the results of the play or

the batter being declared out and base runners shall return to the last

base occupied at the time of the pitch. If, in the umpire’s judgment,

interference prevented a double play, two outs may be declared.

11.21 Batter is Out

The batter is out when:

11.21.1 The on-deck batter or any other member of the team at bat, excluding

base runners, interferes with a defensive player attempting to field a fly ball.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. Each base runner must return to the base legally

occupied at the time of the pitch. (See Rule 12.17.2 for interference by

base runners.)

104 RULE 11 / BATTING

11.21.2 The batter enters the batter’s box with or is discovered using an

inappropriate bat.

EFFECT—See Rule 3.4.

11.21.3 The offense bats out of order, and the defense challenges the action

after the improper batter has completed her turn at bat and before a pitch

has been made to the following batter or before the pitcher and all infielders

clearly have vacated their normal fielding positions and have left fair territory.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.9.

11.21.4 Any part of the batter’s body is touching the ground outside the lines

of the batter’s box at the moment of bat-ball contact, whether the ball is fair

or foul.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.15.1.

11.21.5 Any part of the batter’s body is touching home plate at the moment of

bat-ball contact, whether the ball is fair or foul.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.15.1.

11.21.6 The batter throws the whole bat into fair territory, whether intentionally

or not, and it interferes with a defensive player attempting to make a play.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.20.5.2.

11.21.7 A batted ball hits the batter, or hits the dirt or home plate and then

hits the batter when the batter is out of the batter’s box, and the batted ball

is considered fair.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. Each base runner must return to the base

legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

11.21.8 The batter hits a fair ball with the bat a second time in fair territory.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.12.

11.21.9 The batter swings and misses a pitch and then intentionally hits it on a

second swing or after it bounces off the catcher or her glove/mitt.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.12.4.

11.21.10 The batter bunts foul after the second strike.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.3.3.5.

11.21.11 The batter’s third strike is a foul tip.

EFFECT—The ball is live. Base runners may advance without tagging but

with liability to be put out.

11.21.12 A called or swinging third strike is legally caught by the catcher.

11.21.13 The catcher fails to catch a third strike before the ball touches the

ground when there are fewer than two outs, and first base is occupied.

EFFECT—(11.21.12 and 11.21.13)—The ball is live. Base runners may

advance with liability to be put out.

11.21.14 A pitch touches any part of the batter’s person, including her hands or

clothing, as she swings and misses for a third strike.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.13.3.3.

11.21.15 The batter, with two strikes, is hit by a pitch in the strike zone, makes

no attempt to avoid a pitch in the strike zone or obviously tries to get hit by

a pitch in the strike zone.

RULE 11 / BATTING 105

EFFECT—See Rule 11.13.3.1.

11.21.16 The batter hinders the catcher or any fielder from catching or

throwing the ball by stepping out of the batter’s box, or intentionally hinders

a player (for example, on a steal/pickoff throw or a play at the plate) while

standing within the batter’s box.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.20.2.

11.21.17 The batter steps from one batter’s box to the other while the pitcher is

in the position ready to pitch.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.20.1.

106 RULE 11 / BATTING

RULE 11 / BATTING 107

108

RULE 12

Base Running

Note: As defined in Rule 1.19, the term “runner” includes batter-runner and base

runner.

12.1 Batter Becomes a Batter-Runner, and Base Runner(s) May

Advance with Liability to be Put Out

The batter becomes a batter-runner and a runner(s) may advance with liability

to be put out:

12.1.1 After a legally batted fair ball that is not blocked.

12.1.2 Because of a dropped third strike as defined in Rule 11.11.

12.1.3 When a fair batted ball unavoidably strikes a base runner (not in contact

with a base) or an umpire, including the attached equipment or clothing of

either, after touching a fielder (including the pitcher). (See Rule 11.7.1.6.)

12.1.4 When a fair untouched batted ball unavoidably strikes a base runner

(not in contact with a base) or an umpire, including the attached equipment

or clothing of either, after passing a fielder (other than the pitcher), and no

other fielder had a chance to make a play. (See Rule 11.7.1.6.)

12.1.5 When a base runner is unintentionally hit by a fair untouched batted

ball while in contact with a base, and the closest defensive player is in front

of that base.

12.1.6 When a fair batted ball becomes lodged in a defensive player’s uniform

or equipment. (See Rule 9.7.3.)

EFFECT—(12.1.1 to 12.1.6)—The ball is live. The batter becomes a batter-

runner and advances with liability to be put out. Each base runner may

advance with liability to be put out, unless she is forced, in which case

she must advance.

12.2 Runner(s) May Advance With Liability to Be Put Out

A runner(s) may advance with liability to be put out:

12.2.1 When she legally overruns or overslides first base, but attempts to

advance further.

12.2.2 After reaching the final base of a delayed dead ball award or live ball (base

on balls) award. (See Rule 12.12.)

12.2.3 When a thrown ball hits an umpire.

12.2.4 When a thrown ball enters foul territory but is not blocked.

12.2.5 When a thrown ball becomes lodged in a defensive player’s uniform or

equipment.

EFFECT—(12.2.1 to 12.2.5)—The ball is live. Each runner may advance

with liability to be put out.

RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING 109

12.3 Base Runner(s) May Advance With Liability to be Put Out

A base runner(s) may advance with liability to be put out:

12.3.1 When a pitch leaves the pitcher’s hand (whether pitched or dropped).

12.3.2 When a legally caught fly ball is first touched.

12.3.3 When a pitch hits an umpire.

12.3.4 When a pitch enters foul territory but is not blocked.

12.3.5 When a foul tip is legally caught.

12.3.6 When an infield fly is not caught.

Note: No tag-up is necessary.

12.3.7 When unavoidably struck by an untouched fair batted ball over foul

territory and, in the umpire’s judgment, no fielder had a reasonable chance to

make a play.

EFFECT—(12.3.1 to 12.3.7)—The ball is live. Base runners may advance

with liability to be put out.

12.4 Runner is Out

The runner is out:

12.4.1 When, on a play where she is not forced, a fielder legally tags her as in

Rule 12.9.1.

12.4.2 When, on a force play, a fielder puts her out as in Rule 12.9.2.

12.4.3 When she physically passes (that is, completely overtakes) a preceding

runner before that runner has been put out, unless the passed runner (1)

was obstructed or (2) was tagging up on a fly foul ball that is ultimately

uncaught.

Notes:

1. If this was the third out of the inning, any runs scoring before the out for passing

a preceding runner would count.

2. Runners are returned to proper order as soon as the ball is declared dead.

12.4.4 When a coach or anyone other than another runner who has not yet

crossed the plate physically assists her while she is actively running the bases

and the ball is in play.

EFFECT—(12.4.1 to 12.4.4)—The ball is live. Each other runner may

advance with liability to be put out.

12.4.5 When she is running to any base in regular or reverse order, and she

attempts to avoid or delay a tag by running out of the base path.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.10.5.

12.4.6 When she commits an act of interference.

EFFECT—See Rules 12.17.1 and 12.17.2.

12.4.7 When a member of the offense or offensive team personnel interferes

with:

12.4.7.1 The defensive team’s opportunity to make a play on a runner.

12.4.7.2 A runner(s) who is legally running the bases on a dead-ball award

until the player(s) contacts home plate.

12.4.7.3 The umpire’s ability to see that all bases are properly touched.

110 RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING

EFFECT—See Rule 12.17.3.

12.4.8 When base coach interference is ruled.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.17.4.

12.4.9 When she violates the look-back rule.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.16.

12.4.10 When, once she returns to a base for any reason, she leaves the base,

unless:

12.4.10.1 A play is made on her or another runner; or

12.4.10.2 The pitcher no longer has possession of the ball within the

pitcher’s circle.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.14.1.

12.4.11 When she abandons her base or her effort to run the bases.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.11.

12.5 Batter-Runner is Out

The batter-runner is out:

12.5.1 When she hits a fair ball and is legally put out before reaching first base.

12.5.2 When she hits a fair or foul ball, other than a foul tip, and it is legally

caught by a fielder before it touches the ground, or any object or person

other than a defensive player.

12.5.3 When she is legally put out before reaching first base after a dropped

third strike as in Rule 11.11.

EFFECT—(12.5.1 to 12.5.3)—The ball is live. Each base runner may

advance with liability to be put out, whether forced or not.

12.5.4 When she hits an infield fly, and the infield fly rule is in effect.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.16.

12.5.5 When either of her feet is completely outside the runner’s lane, in contact

with the ground, and, in the judgment of the umpire, she interferes with the

fielder taking the throw at first base. Exceptions: She may run outside the

runner’s lane: (1) if she has not yet reached the start of the runner’s lane; (2)

to avoid a fielder attempting to field a batted ball; or (3) if she leaves the lane

on her last stride in order to touch first base.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.17.1.5.2.

12.5.6 When an umpire judges an intentionally dropped fair fly ball.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.17.2.

12.5.7 When she steps back toward home plate to avoid or delay a tag by a

fielder.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.10.4.

12.5.8 When the immediate preceding base runner who is not yet out

intentionally interferes, in the umpire’s judgment, with a fielder who is

attempting to catch a thrown ball or throw a ball in an attempt to complete

a play.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.17.2.4.

RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING 111

12.5.9 When she runs the bases in reverse order, runs intentionally into the

outfield between bases or runs through first base unnecessarily into the

outfield on a walk, dropped third strike or any batted ball either to confuse

the fielders or to make a travesty of the game.

Note: Retreating to a base during a rundown is not considered running the bases in

reverse order.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.10.3.

12.6 Base Runner Is Out

The base runner is out:

12.6.1 When she leaves the base she is occupying before the pitch is released and

the defensive coach does not take the result of the play.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.14.2.

12.6.2 When she uses a running start (from a position behind and not in

contact with the base) to tag up on a caught fly ball.

EFFECT—The ball is live. Base runners may advance with liability to be

put out.

12.7 Runner is Out After a Proper Appeal

The runner is out after a proper appeal as described in Rule 7.1 when she fails

to touch each base (including home plate) in order when advancing or returning

to a base.

EFFECT—The ball may be live or dead at the time of the appeal. The

runner is out after a proper appeal without effect on other runners.

12.8 Base Runner Is Out After a Proper Appeal

The base runner is out after a proper appeal as described in Rule 7.1:

12.8.1 When she fails to retouch her base before a fielder tags her or the base,

after a fair or foul fly ball is legally caught.

12.8.2 When she leaves her base to advance to another base before a caught fly ball

first touches the fielder.

Note: Bases left too soon on a caught fly ball must be retouched before advancing to

awarded bases.

EFFECT—(12.8.1 and 12.8.2)—The ball may be live or dead at the time of

the appeal. The base runner is out after a proper appeal without effect

on other base runners.

12.8.3 When, after a conference, base runners switch positions on the bases

they occupied, the ball has been put back in play, and before the end of the

half inning.

EFFECT—Each base runner on the improper base shall be declared out and

ejected. In addition, the head coach shall be ejected for unsportsmanlike

behavior. (Behavioral ejections; see Rule 13.2.1.)

12.8.4 When, after play has resumed, she fails to return to touch the base she

previously occupied, and the defensive team makes a proper appeal.

EFFECT—The ball is live. Each other base runner may advance with

liability to be put out.

112 RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING

12.9 Tag and Force Plays

12.9.1 Tag Play: A runner is considered tagged out if the ball is in play and she

is not in contact with a base when she is legally touched by the ball securely

held in the hand(s) or legal glove/mitt of a fielder. It is sufficient for the

runner to be touched with the hand(s) or legal glove/mitt holding the ball.

Exceptions: (1) A batter-runner who initially reaches first base safely and

then overruns or overslides it may immediately return without liability to be

put out provided she does not feint or attempt to advance to second base.

(See Rule 12.10.8.) (2) When a batter-runner passes first base before the

throw arrives, she is considered to have touched the base unless an appeal

play is made. (See Rule 12.10.13.) (3) When a runner dislodges a base from

its proper position and does not attempt to advance. (See Rule 12.10.7.)

(4) A runner may overrun or overslide home plate after legally touching

it without liability to be put out. (See Rule 12.10.10.) (5) A runner is not

considered tagged out on a force play. (See Rule 12.9.2.1.1.)

12.9.1.1 A runner is not out when she is tagged while off a base:

12.9.1.1.1 With a ball not securely held by a fielder.

Note: The ball is not considered securely held if it is juggled or dropped after the

touch unless the runner deliberately knocks the ball from the hand(s)/glove/mitt of

the fielder.

12.9.1.1.2 With a hand or legal glove/mitt of a defensive player when the

ball is in the player’s other hand.

EFFECT—(12.9.1.1.1 to 12.9.1.1.2)—The ball is live.

12.9.1.1.3 By a fielder who, by using force, pushes a runner off the base

she possesses.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled. See Rule 9.5.3.9 (Fielder

Obstruction) or 9.5.5.2 (Flagrant Player Obstruction).

12.9.2 Force Play: A force play occurs when a base runner loses her right to

occupy a base because the batter becomes a batter-runner and the batter-

runner or a trailing runner who is also forced has not yet been put out. When

a forced base runner, after touching the next base, retreats for any reason

toward the base she last occupied, the force play is reinstated.

12.9.2.1 A runner is considered forced out if she must advance to the next

base or to home plate in order to make room for another runner, but:

12.9.2.1.1 She is legally tagged as in Rule 12.9.1 before she reaches the

forced base.

12.9.2.1.2 The fielder, while having and maintaining possession of the

ball in her hand(s) or legal glove/mitt, contacts the base in advance of

the runner.

12.9.2.1.3 The fielder touches the ball, held in her hand(s) or legal glove/

mitt, to the forced base in advance of the runner.

Note: There cannot be a force play if the batter does not become a batter-runner.

12.9.3 The runner is not out:

12.9.3.1 When played on by a fielder using an illegal glove/mitt, unless the

offensive coach opts to take the result of the play.

RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING 113

EFFECT—See Rule 3.6.

12.9.3.2 When a fielder uses any equipment or part of her uniform that is

detached from its proper position to catch or contact:

12.9.3.2.1 A batted fair ball or a batted foul ball that, in the opinion of

the umpire, might become fair.

EFFECT—See Rules 12.12.4 and 12.12.5.

12.9.3.2.2 A thrown ball.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.12.8.5.

12.9.3.2.3 A pitched ball.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.12.7.6.

12.9.3.3 When an improper live-ball appeal is made. (See Rule 7.1.)

EFFECT—An appeal will not be accepted.

12.10 Running the Bases, Missing a Base, Tagging Up after a Caught

Fly Ball

12.10.1 A runner must touch each base in order (first, second, third and home

plate) when she is advancing and the ball is in play or dead. All awarded bases

also must be touched, and in legal order.

Note: Obstructed runners are still required to touch all bases in legal order, or they

could be called out on a proper appeal by the defensive team.

12.10.2 A runner who must return to a base while the ball is in play or dead must

retouch the base(s) in reverse order. Exception: A runner, who must return to a

base after an uncaught foul fly ball, need not touch intervening bases.

EFFECT—(12.10.1 and 12.10.2)—For failure to touch a base when

advancing or returning while the ball is in play, the runner is out if,

before she reaches each untouched base, she is legally tagged or if the

ball is held by a fielder on the base she failed to touch, including home

plate (live-ball appeal). If the appealed runner is the batter-runner at

first base, or any other base runner forced to advance, this is a force

out and no runs would score if it was the third out. It is still a force out

when a base runner misses a base to which she was forced to advance

and is subsequently appealed after the batter-runner or a trailing base

runner has been retired. Any runner who misses the first base to which

she is advancing and who is later called out shall be considered as having

advanced one base.

12.10.3 A runner shall not run bases in reverse order or intentionally run into

the outfield between bases either to confuse the fielders or to make a travesty

of the game.

Note: Retreating to a base during a rundown is not considered running the bases in

reverse order.

EFFECT—The ball is dead, the runner is out, and each other base runner

must return to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

12.10.4 The batter-runner may not step back toward home plate to avoid or

delay a tag by a fielder.

EFFECT—The ball is dead, the batter-runner is out, and each base runner

must return to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

114 RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING

12.10.5 When she is running to any base in regular or reverse order, the runner

may not attempt to avoid or delay a tag by running out of the base path.

(See also Rule 2.6.)

EFFECT—The ball is live. The runner is out if she deviates from the base

path when the fielder is attempting to put her out, but each other runner

may continue to advance with liability to be put out. Exceptions: (1)

A base runner is not out when she runs behind or in front of a fielder

and outside the base line in order to avoid interfering with the fielder

attempting to field the batted ball in the base path; and (2) The runner

is not out when she fails to run in a direct line to a base, provided the

fielder in the direct line does not have the ball in her possession.

12.10.6 The runner shall not slide out of the baseline nor outside her reach of

the base she is attempting to slide into in order to slide directly at a fielder.

EFFECT—The ball is dead, the offending runner is out and ejected, and

each other runner shall return to the last base legally touched at the time

of the infraction. (Behavioral ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

12.10.7 When a runner dislodges a base from its proper position, neither she

nor the trailing runner(s) in the same series of plays is compelled to follow

the base out of position. The base is considered to have followed the runner.

EFFECT—The ball is live, and the runner may stay where she is without

liability to be put out, or she may attempt to advance with liability to

be put out. Each other runner may advance with liability to be put out.

Each runner who attempts to advance to or past the dislodged base

must touch the spot where the base belongs. At the conclusion of play,

play is suspended, and the dislodged base shall be returned to its proper

position.

12.10.8 The batter-runner may legally overrun/overslide first base after initially

reaching it safely, but if she feints or makes an attempt to advance to second,

she may be tagged out (while she is off base) by a defensive player with the

ball.

Note: A batter who is entitled to advance after a walk or dropped third strike is

treated the same as if she batted the ball.

12.10.9 A runner who overruns or overslides a base and loses contact with it is

in jeopardy of being put out, except as noted in Rules 12.10.8 and 12.10.10.

EFFECT—(12.10.8 and 12.10.9)—The ball is live. The runner is out if

tagged while not in contact with the base.

12.10.10 A runner may overrun or overslide home plate after legally touching

it without liability to be put out.

Note: For scoring purposes, a runner who overslides a base and is tagged out, whether

attempting to return or advance, is not credited with attaining that base. If a batter-

runner, she is credited with not more than a triple. If a base runner attempting to

steal, charge her with caught stealing. For all other purposes, the player is considered

to have attained the base.

12.10.11 A runner, in the course of running the bases, is considered to have

acquired the base if she touches the base or passes the base (within a body’s

length). If she passes the base but has failed to touch it, she is considered to

RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING 115

have touched it until the defense appeals she has missed the base. See Rule

7.1.1.

12.10.12 If a runner misses home plate and the fielder either misses or makes

no attempt to tag the runner, the umpire should make no signal, verbal or

nonverbal. If an appeal play is made (that is, by tagging either the runner or

home plate), the umpire should then make a decision on the appeal.

12.10.12.1 If a runner misses home plate, she is considered to have scored

on a timing play. If she returns and touches home plate, the time is

established upon contact with home plate. If she does not return, the time

is established at the time she passes home plate.

12.10.13 If a batter-runner passes first base before the throw arrives, she is

considered to have touched the base unless an appeal play is made.

12.10.14 A base runner must return to her base or remain in contact with her

base until a batted fly ball (fair or foul) is first touched by a fielder. The initial

contact of the ball by a fielder releases the base runner(s) from the base(s)

occupied at the time of the pitch.

12.10.14.1 If a base runner leaves a base too soon on a legally caught fly ball,

she may return in an attempt to retag with liability to be put out. Either

the base runner or the base may be tagged by the defender in advance of

the base-runner’s return. This is considered a timing play and not a force

out.

EFFECT—The ball is live (live-ball appeal). The base runner is out if she

fails to retouch the base occupied at the time of the pitch before a fielder

tags her or the base. If the appeal is the third out, all runs scored in

advance of the appeal would count.

12.10.15 During a dead ball, a runner may return to a missed base or a base she

left illegally even though she is awarded bases by the umpire. If she fails to

legally touch the appropriate base, a proper appeal may result in the runner

being ruled out.

EFFECT— An appeal must be honored even if the base missed or left too

soon on a caught fly ball was before or after an award. Bases missed or

left too soon on a caught fly ball must be retouched before advancing to

awarded bases.

12.10.16 A runner may not return to touch a missed base or a base left too soon

on a caught fly ball if:

12.10.16.1 She has left the field of play;

12.10.16.2 A trailing runner has scored;

12.10.16.3 She is standing on a base beyond the base she missed or left too

soon, and play is suspended;

12.10.16.4 The ball is put back into play after having been dead; or

12.10.16.5 On a dead-ball base award, she has touched the final base of the

base award.

Note: If the runner is between any two bases and is attempting to return to the base

missed, she can continue.

12.10.17 The failure of a preceding base runner to touch or retouch a base

or to legally tag up on a caught fly ball (and who is declared out) does not

116 RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING

affect the status of a trailing runner who touches each base in proper order.

However, after two are out, a trailing runner cannot score a run when a

preceding runner is declared out for failing to touch a base in regular order

or to legally tag up on a caught fly ball.

12.10.18 Between pitches and after a dead ball, each base runner must return to

her base. The pitcher is obligated to allow sufficient time for the base runner

to return to her base, and the base runner is obligated to return to her base

without undue delay.

EFFECT—When the ball is live and the base runner is not given sufficient

time to return to a base, she will not be called out for being off base

before the pitcher releases the ball as in Rule 12.14.2. “No pitch” shall

be declared and the runner is directed to return to her base.

When the ball is dead, the ball will not be put in play until each base

runner has retouched her base. However, a base runner may be declared

out if, after being allowed a reasonable amount of time, she fails to

retouch the base.

12.10.19 Should play be suspended while a base runner is standing on a base,

she may not advance.

12.11 Abandoning a Base or Effort to Run the Bases

No runner may abandon a base or effort to run the bases by:

12.11.1 Not proceeding to first base after a fair batted ball, a base on balls or a

dropped third strike.

EFFECT—The ball is live. The batter-runner shall be declared out if she is

touched while off base, the base is touched before she reaches it, or she

leaves the field of play. Each base runner may advance with liability to

be put out.

12.11.2 Not proceeding to first base after being hit by a pitch.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. The batter-runner should proceed directly to

first base; however, if she requires medical treatment, she may receive it

before proceeding to first base without being declared out. Each base

runner must return to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch

unless forced.

12.11.3 Not proceeding to first base after catcher obstruction. (See Rule 9.5.2.)

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled. The offensive coach may elect

to take the result of the play or to take the result of enforced catcher

obstruction, in which case, the batter-runner is awarded first base, and

each base runner may advance only if forced.

12.11.4 After reaching a base safely, the runner abandons her base (for example,

obviously heads toward her position or the dugout believing she was put

out, the batted ball was foul, etc.), or leaves the field of play for any reason.

EFFECT—The ball is live. The batter-runner or base runner(s) is out. Each

other runner may advance with liability to be put out.

12.11.5 Regarding the scoring of runs when, with two out, the runner does not

proceed to a base to which she is forced to advance.

RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING 117

EFFECT—The ball is live and the runner is out. Whether or not a run

scores is determined by the defense. If the runner is declared out for

abandonment, it is a timing play and the run would score if another

runner touched home plate before the offending runner is declared out.

If the defense puts the runner out by force out (tagging her or playing

the ball to the base to which the runner was forced), the run would not

score.

12.12 Base Awards

12.12.1 In general, an offensive player who is entitled to advance because of a

base award is not in jeopardy of being put out. However, upon proper appeal

by the defense, she may be called out for a base-running violation.

Notes:

1. If a base runner touches the next base and returns to her original base, the original

base she left is considered the last base touched for the purpose of an award.

2. If forced, each base runner must advance one base with no liability to be put out.

In addition to any special ground rules established, the following awards are

in effect:

12.12.2 First base. The batter is awarded first base with no liability to be put

out:

12.12.2.1 After a base on balls.

EFFECT—The ball is live unless blocked. The batter may advance beyond

first base with liability to be put out. If forced, each base runner must

advance one base with no liability to be put out. If not forced, each base

runner may advance with liability to be put out.

12.12.2.2 After catcher obstruction.

EFFECT—See Rule 9.5.2.

12.12.2.3 After being hit by a pitch.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.13.

12.12.2.4 When a fair, untouched batted ball strikes an umpire or his/her

attached equipment or clothing before touching a fielder (including the

pitcher) or before passing a fielder (other than a pitcher).

12.12.2.5 When a fair, untouched batted ball strikes an umpire or his/her

attached equipment or clothing after passing a fielder (including the

pitcher), but another fielder had a chance to make a play.

EFFECT—(12.12.2.4 and 12.12.2.5)—The ball is dead, and the batter is

awarded first base. If the official scorer judges the batted ball would have

been a hit, the batter is credited with a hit, but, if not, it is scored as a

fielder’s choice. Each base runner not forced by the batter-runner must

return to the base legally occupied at the time of the interference.

12.12.2.6 When runner interference is ruled and the effect does not include

the batter-runner being called out.

EFFECT—See Rules 12.17.2 and 12.17.3.

12.12.3 Second base. The batter is awarded second base with no liability to be

put out:

118 RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING

12.12.3.1 When a fair batted ball touches loose equipment belonging to the

defense.

12.12.3.2 When a fair batted ball bounces over, wedges under or passes

through a fence or any designated boundary of the playing field, or

becomes blocked.

12.12.3.3 When a fair batted ball lodges in the fence, or in shrubbery or

vines on the fence.

12.12.3.4 When a fair batted ball deflects off a defensive player and crosses

into dead-ball territory (excluding a ball deflected over the home run

fence in fair territory), or passes an infielder (excluding the pitcher),

deflects off a base runner or umpire, and crosses into dead-ball territory,

provided no other infielder has a reasonable chance to make a play.

12.12.3.5 When a fair batted ball deflects off a fence and then off a fielder

before going over the home run fence.

12.12.3.6 When a fair batted ball deflects off a member of the defensive team

in an unauthorized area.

12.12.3.7 When a fair batted fly ball clears a home run fence as noted in

Rule 2.22.2.

EFFECT—(12.12.3.1 to 12.12.3.7)—The ball is dead. The batter is

awarded second base and is credited with a two-base hit (double). Each

other base runner is awarded two bases from the base legally occupied at

the time of the pitch.

12.12.4 Third base. The batter is awarded third base with no liability to be

put out:

12.12.4.1 When a fielder intentionally contacts or catches a fair batted ball

with her cap, helmet, mask, chest protector, glove/mitt or any part of her

uniform that is detached from its proper place on her person.

12.12.4.2 When an illegal catch or touch is made on a batted ball that, in

the opinion of the umpire, might become fair.

EFFECT—(12.12.4.1 and 12.12.4.2)—Delayed dead ball is signaled. The

batter is awarded third base and credited with a three-base hit (triple),

but may advance farther with liability to be put out. Each other base

runner is awarded home plate.

12.12.5 Home plate. The batter is awarded home plate with no liability to be

put out:

12.12.5.1 When a fair batted fly ball strikes the foul pole above the fence

level or leaves the playing field in fair territory without being caught,

touching the ground or going through the fence.

12.12.5.2 When a fair batted fly ball is deflected by a fielder or fielders over

the home run fence in fair territory.

12.12.5.3 An illegal catch or touch is made on a fair hit ball that, in the

judgment of the umpire, would have cleared the home run fence in

flight.

Note: The ball may have been prevented from going over the fence by a spectator

or by detached player equipment that is thrown, tossed, kicked or held by a fielder.

RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING 119

EFFECT—(12.12.5.1 to 12.12.5.3)—The ball is dead. The batter-runner is

entitled to a home run, and each other base runner is awarded home plate.

12.12.6 Judged bases. A batter, batter-runner or runner is entitled to advance

the number of bases that the umpire judges to be appropriate:

12.12.6.1 When a fielder, not in possession of the ball nor in the act of

fielding a batted ball, fakes a tag without the ball or otherwise impedes

her.

EFFECT—See Rule 9.5.3.5.

Notes:

1. A base runner(s) may advance farther with liability to be put out.

2. An obstructed runner may not be called out between the two bases where she was

obstructed. For exceptions, see Rule 9.5.7.

12.12.6.2 When a spectator reaches out of the stands or enters the field

and interferes with a play. The field belongs to the fielder and the stands

belong to the spectator, except that a fielder may reach into the stands or

over a fence to attempt to catch a batted fly ball, and interference would

not be ruled.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. The umpire shall award the offended team the

appropriate compensation (for example, extra bases, an out) that, in his

or her opinion, would have resulted had interference not taken place.

If the act clearly prevented a fielder from catching a fly ball in the field

of play, the ball is dead, the batter is out, and the umpire shall award the

appropriate compensation (for example, return base runners to bases, an

out or advance a runner) that, in his or her opinion, would have resulted

had interference not taken place.

12.12.6.3 When a ball becomes lodged in an umpire’s or offensive player’s

attached equipment or clothing.

EFFECT—The ball is dead; the batter and each base runner are awarded the

bases they would have reached had the ball not become lodged.

12.12.6.4 When a ball becomes lodged in a defensive player’s attached

equipment or clothing.

EFFECT—The ball is live until it is judged by the umpire to no longer be

playable, at which time it is declared dead. The batter-runner and base

runners are awarded the bases that would have been reached, in the

umpire’s judgment, had the ball not become lodged.

12.12.6.5 When an umpire suspends play to protect a player who was

seriously injured.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. The batter, batter-runner and base runners are

awarded the appropriate bases.

12.12.7 One base. A base runner is entitled to advance one base with no

liability to be put out:

12.12.7.1 If forced to vacate a base because of a one-base award to the

batter.

120 RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING

EFFECT—The ball is live unless blocked. Each base runner advances one

base if forced and may advance farther with liability to be put out. If

unforced, each base runner may advance with liability to be put out.

12.12.7.2 When a pitch is blocked (that is, it lodges in or goes under, over

or through the backstop or into dead-ball territory).

EFFECT—The ball is dead. The batter is awarded first base only on the

fourth ball or on a dropped third strike as in Rule 11.11. Each base

runner is awarded one base from the base legally occupied at the time

of the pitch.

12.12.7.3 When a live ball is unintentionally carried by a fielder from

playable territory into dead-ball territory. (See Rule 9.4.)

EFFECT—The ball is dead. Each base runner is awarded one base from the

last base legally touched at the time the fielder entered dead-ball territory.

12.12.7.4 When a fielder loses possession of the ball, such as on an attempted

tag, and the ball enters dead-ball territory or becomes blocked.

12.12.7.5 When a fielder legally catches the ball but it falls into dead-

ball territory.

EFFECT—(12.12.7.4 and 12.12.7.5)—The ball is dead. Each base runner

is awarded one base from the last base legally touched at the time the ball

entered dead-ball territory.

12.12.7.6 When a fielder intentionally contacts or catches a pitched ball

with any equipment or any part of her uniform that is detached from

its proper place.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled. Each base runner is awarded one

base from the base occupied at the time of the pitch but may advance

farther with liability to be put out. If the pitch resulted in a base on balls

or a dropped third strike as in Rule 11.11, the batter-runner is awarded

first base, but may advance farther with liability to be put out. Exception:

If no play is apparent, there is no penalty.

12.12.8 Two bases. A runner is entitled to advance two bases with no liability

to be put out:

12.12.8.1 If forced to vacate a base because of a two-base award to the batter.

EFFECT—The ball is live unless blocked. Each base runner advances two

bases if forced and may advance farther with liability to be put out. If

unforced, each base runner may advance with liability to be put out.

12.12.8.2 When the batter is awarded second base as in Rule 12.12.3.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. The batter-runner and each other base runner

are awarded two bases from the base legally occupied at the time of the

pitch.

12.12.8.3 When a live thrown ball crosses into dead-ball territory (whether

the ball rebounds onto playable territory or not), deflects off a member

of the defensive team in an unauthorized area, or contacts loose defensive

equipment not involved in the game, but on the playing field.

EFFECT—The ball is ruled blocked and dead. Each runner is awarded

two bases from the last base legally touched when the ball left the

fielder’s hand. If two runners are between the same bases, the award is

RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING 121

based on the position of the lead runner. Exceptions: (1) When a fielder

loses possession of the ball. (See Rule 12.12.7.4.) (2) If the ball becomes

blocked because of offensive equipment not involved in the game, see Rule

12.17.3.6.

12.12.8.4 If, in the judgment of the umpire, a fielder intentionally carries,

kicks, pushes or throws a live ball from playable territory into dead-ball

territory.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. Each runner is awarded two bases from the last

base legally touched at the time the ball enters dead-ball territory.

12.12.8.5 When a fielder intentionally contacts or catches a thrown ball with

any equipment or part of her uniform that is detached from its proper

place.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled. Each runner is entitled to advance

two bases from the time of the throw but may advance farther with

liability to be put out. Exception: If no play is apparent, there is no

penalty.

Notes:

1. The direction that a runner is headed when any of Rules 12.12.8.3 to 12.12.8.5

occurs has no bearing on the award. When a runner is returning to a base, she is

awarded two bases from that base. For example, if she was returning to first base

and a throw left the fielder’s hand before the runner got back to first base, the

runner would be awarded third base.

2. When a runner touches the next base and returns to her original base, the original

base she left is considered the last base touched for the purpose of an award.

3. If two runners are between the same bases, the award is based on the position

of the lead runner (that is, two runners between first and second bases will be

awarded second and third bases; however, if two runners are between second and

third bases, both will be awarded home plate).

12.12.9 Three Bases. A fielder shall not intentionally contact or catch a fair

batted ball or with a batted foul ball, which might become fair, with her cap,

helmet, mask, chest protector, glove/mitt or any part of her uniform that is

detached from its proper place or her person.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled. The batter-runner and each base

runner are entitled to advance three bases from the time of the pitch but

may advance farther with liability to be put out.

12.12.10 Home Plate. A runner is entitled to advance to home plate with no

liability to be put out if forced to vacate a base because of a three- or four-

base award to the batter.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled. The batter-runner and each base

runner are entitled to advance to home plate.

12.13 Collisions

The rules committee is concerned about unnecessary and violent collisions with

the catcher at home plate and with infielders at all bases. The intent of this rule

is to encourage runners and defensive players to avoid such collisions whenever

possible.

122 RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING

12.13.1 When there is a collision between a runner and a fielder who is in clear

possession of the ball:

12.13.1.1 If the defensive player blocks the base (plate) or baseline, the

runner may slide into the base and make contact with the fielder as long

as the runner is making a legitimate attempt to reach the base (plate). A

legitimate attempt is making contact with the ground before reaching the

base or fielder.

12.13.1.2 The runner must make an actual attempt to reach the base (plate).

12.13.1.3 The runner may not attempt to dislodge the ball from the fielder.

Contact above the waist shall be judged by the umpire as an attempt by

the runner to dislodge the ball.

12.13.1.4 The runner must attempt to avoid a collision if she can reach the

base without colliding.

12.13.1.5 The runner must be called out if she remains on her feet and

deliberately, with great force, collides into a defensive player holding the

ball and waiting to apply a tag.

EFFECT—(12.13.1.1 to 12.13.1.5)—The ball is dead. The runner is called

out for deliberately crashing into a fielder, even if the ball is dislodged. If

the runner deliberately crashed into a fielder holding the ball before she

was put out and, in the umpire’s judgment, it was an attempt to break

up an obvious double play, the offender and player being played on shall

both be declared out. If the deliberate crash occurs after the runner was

called out, the runner closest to home plate will also be declared out. If

an obstructed runner deliberately crashes into a fielder holding the ball,

the obstruction call will be ignored, and the runner will be called out. If

the act is determined to be flagrant, the offender will be ejected without

warning. (Behavioral ejection; see Rule 13.2.1.)

12.13.2 To prevent a deliberate collision ruling, the runner can slide, jump over

the top of the defender holding the ball, go around the defender or return to

the previous base touched.

12.13.3 Simply because there is contact between the defensive and offensive

player does not mean that obstruction or interference has occurred.

Note: The first fielder fielding a batted ball is protected from obstruction, but

thereafter, if both the fielder and the runner are acting appropriately, neither player

shall be penalized for the incidental contact.

12.13.4 The runner, although not required to slide to avoid contact with the

defensive player, slides in a manner that, in the umpire’s judgment, was

malicious (for example, spikes up).

12.13.5 The runner shall not slide out of the baseline nor outside her reach of

the base she is attempting to slide into in order to slide directly at a fielder.

EFFECT—(12.13.4 and 12.13.5)—The ball is dead, the offending runner

is out and ejected, and each other runner shall return to the last base

legally touched at the time of the infraction. (Behavioral ejection; see

Rule 13.2.1.)

RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING 123

12.14 Leaving A Base

12.14.1 A runner may not leave the base she attained at the conclusion of play

once the ball is in the pitcher’s possession in the pitcher’s circle.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. The violator is called out at the moment she

loses contact with the base. Exceptions: (1) a play is made on her or

another runner, or (2) the pitcher does not have possession of the ball

within the pitcher’s circle. (See Rule 12.16.)

12.14.2 A base runner may not leave the base she attained until the pitcher

releases the pitch to the batter. A base runner must be in contact with her

base at the time a pitch leaves the pitcher’s hand. Exception: When the

pitcher (1) does not allow sufficient time for a base runner to return to a base

or (2) delays her release in order to deceive the runner into leaving early, the

base runner shall not be called out for being off the base before the pitcher

releases the pitch.

EFFECT—Delayed dead ball is signaled. At the conclusion of the play, the

coach of the defensive team shall have the option of (1) taking the result of

the play or (2) “No pitch” is declared, the batter is returned to the batter’s

box and the offending base runner is out. Each other base runner must

return to the base legally occupied at the time of the pitch.

Notes:

1. In determining the result of play, ignore the leaving-early violation and apply the

effects for any other rule violations in the order in which they occurred. That end

result becomes the first option.

2. The second option is the traditional effect for the leaving-early violation and is

applied with no regard for any action that follows the pitcher’s windup.

12.15 Occupying Bases

A runner acquires the right to a base by touching it before being put out and

is entitled to hold the base until she has legally touched the next base in order

or is forced to vacate it for a trailing runner. Two runners may not occupy the

same base simultaneously.

EFFECT—The runner who first legally occupied the base is entitled to it, unless

forced to advance. The other runner may be put out by being touched with

the ball securely held in the hand(s) or glove/mitt of the fielder.

Note: If a runner is being run down between bases and the trailing runner occupies

the same base the first runner has left, the trailing runner cannot be put out while

occupying said base. If the first runner, however, returns safely to the base she left and

both runners then are occupying the same base, the trailing runner is out if touched

with the ball.

12.16 Look-Back Rule

12.16.1 The look-back rule is in effect when the ball is live, the batter-runner has

touched first base and the pitcher has possession (for example, has the ball in

her hand or glove, under her arm or chin, or between her legs) and control

of the ball within the pitcher’s circle. The pitcher is considered to be in the

pitcher’s circle when both her feet are within the circle or on the lines.

124 RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING

12.16.2 When a runner is legally off her base after a pitch or as a result of

a batter completing her turn at bat and she is in motion as the pitcher

takes possession of the ball within the pitcher’s circle, the runner may

continue moving forward in the direction she is going without stopping;

or she may immediately and directly go back in the other direction.

If the runner is stopped as the pitcher takes possession of the ball within

the pitcher’s circle, the runner must immediately and directly go forward

or back. A base on balls or a dropped third strike is treated as a base hit as

long as the batter-runner continues past first base.

12.16.3 When the pitcher takes possession of the ball within the pitcher’s circle:

12.16.3.1 A runner standing off her base must immediately return to the

base she last occupied or advance to the next base.

12.16.3.2 A runner who starts back to the base she last occupied or starts

forward toward the next base shall not stop or reverse direction.

12.16.3.3 A runner may not step off any base after stopping at it.

12.16.3.4 The batter-runner, after overrunning first base, may not retouch

the base and advance toward second base.

12.16.3.5 The batter-runner, after overrunning first base, must immediately

return nonstop to first base or, if she does not retouch first base, must

make an attempt to advance to second. If after passing the base, the

batter-runner is heading back toward first base within the baseline

extended, she may make a decision to go to either base. However,

stepping beyond the extended baseline in foul territory commits her to

first base while stepping beyond the baseline toward the second-base side

commits her to second base.

12.16.3.6 The batter-runner may round first base, stop, and make an

immediate decision to advance or return without again stopping or

reversing direction.

12.16.4 Once the runner has determined a direction, she may not reverse

direction unless the pitcher:

12.16.4.1 Throws the ball from within the pitcher’s circle.

12.16.4.2 Carries the ball outside the pitcher’s circle.

12.16.4.3 Has one foot completely outside the pitcher’s circle, on the

ground, while in possession of the ball.

12.16.4.4 Sets the ball on the ground or no longer has the ball in her

possession and control (including handing it to another player).

12.16.4.5 Makes a play on the runner or another runner.

Note: When the pitcher’s circle is not visible, the umpire must use good judgment in

determining if she would or would not be in the circle.

12.16.5 The pitcher is considered to have made a play if:

12.16.5.1 She fakes a throw.

Note: Raising the throwing arm into throwing position is considered a fake throw

regardless of whether the pitcher’s arm moves forward.

12.16.5.2 She makes any aggressive body movement toward the runner (for

example, steps toward the runner, head and body fakes toward the runner).

RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING 125

12.16.6 There is no obligation on the part of the pitcher to look, fake or

throw in order to force the runner to comply with the look-back rule. The

obligation to comply rests solely with the runner.

EFFECT—(12.16.1 to 12.16.6)—The ball is dead, the offending runner is

out, and each other runner must return to the last base legally touched at

the time of the infraction. If two runners are off base and both are called

out, the umpires must determine which runner was called out first as it

is not possible to obtain more than one out under the look-back rule.

The ball is dead when the first runner is called out, and the other runner

must return to the base last touched at the time of the infraction.

12.17 Interference

Interference is an act that denies a defensive player a reasonable opportunity

to make a play (field/throw) anywhere on the playing field. The act may be

intentional or unintentional, and the ball must have been playable. Interference

may be caused by individual offensive players (batter, on-deck batter, batter-

runner, base runner), coaches, umpires, nongame personnel or spectators, by

the offensive team as a whole or by loose equipment that belongs to them.

EFFECT—As a general rule, when on-deck batter, batter, batter-runner,

base runner or coach interference occurs: (1) the ball becomes dead, (2)

an out is called, and (3) each base runner must return to the last base

that, in the umpire’s judgment, was legally touched at the time of the

interference, except when forced to go to the next base because the batter

became a batter-runner. If the batter-runner has not touched first base

at the time of the interference, each base runner shall return to the base

legally occupied at the time of the pitch. When a runner(s) is called out

for interference with a batted ball, the batter-runner is awarded first base.

If the official scorer judges the batted ball would have been a hit, the

batter is credited with a base hit, but if not, it is scored as a fielder’s choice.

12.17.1 Interference by Batter-Runner

12.17.1.1 The batter-runner may not contact the ball with the bat a second

time in fair territory.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.12.1.

12.17.1.2 The batter-runner may not throw the whole bat into fair territory and

thereby interfere with a defensive player attempting to make a play.

EFFECT—See Rule 11.20.5.2.

12.17.1.3 The batter-runner may not interfere with a fielder attempting to

field a batted ball. For example:

12.17.1.3.1 She may not make contact with a fair batted ball before

reaching first base.

12.17.1.3.2 She may not intentionally make contact with a ball in foul

territory.

12.17.1.3.3 She may not interfere with a fielder attempting to field a fair

ball or foul ball that might become fair.

12.17.1.4 The batter-runner may not interfere with the catcher’s attempt to

field a third strike.

126 RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING

Note: If both players’ actions are appropriate to the situation and contact could not

be avoided, it is incidental contact and neither interference nor obstruction.

12.17.1.5 The batter-runner may not interfere with a fielder’s attempt to

throw or to receive a thrown ball. For example:

12.17.1.5.1 The batter-runner may not slide into first base to interfere

with the play whether on her or another runner.

12.17.1.5.2 The batter-runner may not run outside the runner’s lane and,

in the umpire’s judgment, interfere with the fielder taking the throw at

first base. Exception: The batter-runner may run outside the runner’s

lane: (1) if she has not yet reached the start of the runner’s lane; (2) to

avoid a fielder attempting to field a batted ball; or (3) if she leaves the

lane on her last stride in order to touch first base.

Notes:

1. The batter-runner has not interfered if a fielder does not throw, hesitates before

throwing or makes an errant throw.

2. The batter-runner is considered outside the runner’s lane if either foot is in contact

with the ground and is completely outside either line. It does not matter if the ball

hits her or where the ball hits her body.

12.17.1.6 The batter-runner may not intentionally interfere with a thrown

ball while out of the batter’s box.

Note: A batter-runner being hit with a thrown ball does not necessarily constitute

interference.

EFFECT—(12.17.1.3 to 12.17.1.6)—The ball is dead, the batter-runner is

out, and each base runner must return to the last base occupied at the

time of the pitch.

If the interference, in the umpire’s judgment, is an obvious attempt to

prevent a double play, the base runner closest to home plate also shall

be called out.

12.17.1.7 The batter-runner may not interfere with a play at home plate in

an attempt to prevent an obvious out at home plate.

EFFECT—The ball is dead. The batter-runner and the base runner at home

plate are both out. Each other base runner must return to the last base

occupied at the time of the pitch.

12.17.2 Interference by Runners and Base Runners

12.17.2.1 The runner may not interfere with a fielder attempting to field a

batted ball. For example:

12.17.2.1.1 The runner may not contact a fair batted ball, while off base,

before it touches a fielder (including the pitcher) or before it passes a

fielder (other than the pitcher), who has a reasonable chance to make

a play.

12.17.2.1.2 The runner may not contact an untouched, fair batted ball

after it passes a fielder if another fielder has a chance to make a play.

12.17.2.1.3 The runner may not intentionally contact a ball that an

infielder has missed.

RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING 127

12.17.2.1.4 No runner may intentionally remove her helmet or other

personal equipment to deliberately interfere with a batted or thrown

ball.

Notes:

1. Calling a runner out for removing her helmet does not affect force-play situations.

2. When a removed batting helmet is accidentally hit with a live ball, the ball

remains in play.

12.17.2.1.5 Physical contact by the runner with a fielder attempting to

field a fair batted ball shall be interference, provided the fielder had a

reasonable chance to make a play.

Note: If both players’ actions are appropriate to the situation and contact could not

be avoided, it is inadvertent contact and neither interference nor obstruction.

12.17.2.1.5.1 When the defensive player, while watching the flight of

a ball, bumps a base runner who is standing on a base and fails to

make a catch on a catchable ball, the base runner shall not be called

out unless the hindrance is intentional. A base runner must vacate

any space needed by a fielder to make a play on a batted ball, unless

the base runner has contact with a legally occupied base when the

hindrance occurs. This is an exception to the rule that defensive

players must be given the opportunity to field the ball anywhere on

the playing field without being hindered.

12.17.2.1.5.2 The runner may not at any time unnecessarily wave her

arms or verbally distract the fielder. Merely running in front of the

fielder or jumping over the ball while proceeding to the next base

is not interference, even though it may be distracting to the fielder

or screen her view of the ball.

12.17.2.1.5.3 It is still interference if a batted ball is misplayed and

remains in front of a fielder such that the fielder still has an

opportunity to make a play, and the runner contacts the fielder.

However, if the misplayed ball bounds away or past the fielder and

then contact occurs as the fielder and runner collide, this may be

considered inadvertent contact, interference or obstruction subject

to the opinion of the umpire.

12.17.2.1.5.4 If two fielders try to field a batted ball and the base

runner contacts one or both, the umpire shall determine which

one is more likely to field the ball, and only that fielder is entitled

to protection.

12.17.2.1.5.5 Interference occurs when the ball ricochets off one

defensive player, and another player still has the opportunity to

make a play, but the runner intentionally interferes with the second

fielder.

EFFECT—(12.17.2.1 to 12.17.2.1.5.5)—The ball is dead. The batter-

runner is awarded first base unless she is the player guilty of interference.

If the official scorer judges the batted ball would have been a hit, the

batter is credited with a base hit, but if not, it is scored as a fielder’s

choice. The offending runner is out. Each base runner not forced by the

batter-runner must return to the last base legally touched at the time

128 RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING

of the interference. Exceptions: (1) If the interference, in the umpire’s

judgment, is an obvious attempt to prevent a double play and occurs

before the runner is put out, the runner being played on also is called

out. If the interference occurs after the runner is put out, the runner

closest to home plate also is called out. (2) If the interference is with a

fielder attempting to field a routine fair fly ball, the batter is also out. (3)

If the base runner is off a base and is hit by an infield fly, both the base

runner and the batter are out. However, if the base runner is stopped

at base when she is struck by an infield fly, only the batter is out. (4) If

two base runners are hit by the same fair ball, only the first base runner

is out.

12.17.2.1.6 The base runner may not interfere with a fielder attempting

to field a foul batted fly ball or a foul ball that might become fair,

provided the fielder had a reasonable chance to make a play.

12.17.2.1.7 The base runner may not intentionally make contact with a

foul ball that, in the umpire’s judgment, might become fair or that a

fielder has a reasonable chance to make a play on.

EFFECT—(12.17.2.1.6 and 12.17.2.1.7)—The ball is dead, a foul ball is

charged to the batter and the offending base runner is out. Each other

base runner must return to the base touched at the time of the pitch. If

the foul ball is a bunt attempt with two strikes on the batter, the batter

is also declared out if there are less than two outs. If there are two outs

at the time of the interference on the foul bunt, the at-bat is scored as

a fielder’s choice. In either case, the first batter in the next inning is the

batter who was in the on-deck circle at the time of the foul bunt.

12.17.2.2 The base runner may not interfere with a fielder attempting to

throw the ball.

12.17.2.3 The base runner may not intentionally interfere with a thrown

ball.

Note: A runner hit with a thrown ball does not necessarily constitute interference.

EFFECT—(12.17.2.2 and 12.17.2.3)—The ball is dead. The offending

base runner is out and the batter-runner is awarded first base. If the

official scorer judges the batted ball would have been a hit, the batter

is credited with a base hit, but if not, it is scored as a fielder’s choice. If

forced, each other base runner advances one base without liability to be

put out. If unforced, each base runner must return to the last base legally

touched at the time of the interference. Exception: If the interference, in

the umpire’s judgment, is an obvious attempt to prevent a double play

and occurs before the offending base runner is put out, the player being

played on also shall be called out.

12.17.2.4 The base runner who immediately precedes the batter-runner

and who is not yet out may not intentionally interfere, in the umpire’s

judgment, with a fielder who is attempting to catch a thrown ball or to

throw a ball in an attempt to complete a play.

EFFECT—The ball is dead, the batter-runner and base runner are out, and

each other runner must return to the last base legally touched at the time

of the interference.

RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING 129

12.17.2.5 A runner may not remain on her feet and deliberately, with great

force, crash into a defensive player who is holding the ball and waiting

to apply a tag.

EFFECT—See Rule 12.13.1.5.

12.17.2.6 It is not interference, and the runner is not out:

12.17.2.6.1 When more than one fielder attempts to field a batted ball

and the runner comes into contact with the one who, in the umpire’s

judgment, could not have made a play.

12.17.2.6.2 When the runner is hit with a fair, untouched batted ball

that has passed a fielder (other than the pitcher) and, in the umpire’s

judgment, no other fielder had a reasonable chance to make a play. If

the ball contacts the runner while still in flight, it shall be considered

a ground ball; it cannot be caught as a fly ball.

12.17.2.6.3 When the runner, not in contact with a base, is unintentionally

hit by a fair batted ball after it touches or is touched by any fielder

(including the pitcher).

12.17.2.6.4 When a batted ball is misplayed, the ball bounds away or past

the fielder, and then the fielder and runner collide.

12.17.2.6.5 When the bat breaks and a part of it is hit by the batted ball

in fair territory or a part of it hits a runner or a fielder.

12.17.2.6.6 When the runner is hit with a fair batted ball while standing

in foul territory and, in the umpire’s judgment, no fielder has a

reasonable chance to make a play.

12.17.2.6.7 When a fielder fields a ground ball and attempts to tag the

runner who crashes into her causing the ball to come loose.

Note: It is not interference because the fielder is no longer fielding the ball.

12.17.2.6.8 When a fielder is standing watching the ball roll near the

foul line and the runner makes incidental contact, the fielder is not

protected as she is not fielding the ball.

EFFECT—(12.17.2.6.1 to 12.17.2.6.8)—The ball is live, and all runners

(including the batter-runner) may advance with liability to be put out.

12.17.2.6.9 When the base runner is hit by a fair batted ball while in

contact with a base, unless she intentionally interferes with the ball or

a fielder making a play.

EFFECT—The ball is live or dead, depending on the position of the fielder

closest to the base. If the closest defensive player is in front of the base

that the base runner is in contact with, the ball is live. The batter-runner

and each other base runner may advance with liability to be put out.

If the closest defensive player is behind the base that the base runner is

in contact with, the ball is dead. The batter is awarded first base, and

credited with a base hit, and each other base runner not forced by the

batter-runner must return to the base legally occupied at the time of the

pitch.

If the umpire rules intentional interference, the ball is dead, and the

batter is out if there are two outs. If there are fewer than two outs, both

130 RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING

the batter and the base runner are out. Each base runner must return to

the base legally occupied at the time of the interference.

12.17.3 Interference by a Retired Member of the Offense, Offensive Team

Personnel or Loose Offensive Equipment

12.17.3.1 An offensive player, who no longer has status (a retired member of

the offense or a player who has scored), may not interfere with a defensive

player making a play on an active runner.

12.17.3.2 Once the pitch has crossed home plate, offensive team personnel

may not interfere with a fielder who has a reasonable chance to make a

play on a thrown or pitched ball within the field of play.

EFFECT—(12.17.3.1 and 12.17.3.2)—The ball is dead, and the runner

closest to home plate at the time of the interference shall be declared

out. Each base runner must return to the last base legally touched at

the time of the interference, unless forced to advance. Exception: If the

batter struck out and is still in the batter’s box when she interferes with

the catcher’s attempt to throw out a base runner, the base runner being

played on, not the runner closest to home plate, is out.

12.17.3.3 Offensive team personnel shall not stand or collect around a base

to which a runner is advancing, confusing the fielders and adding to the

difficulty of making the play.

EFFECT—The ball is dead, and the runner being played on is out. Each

other runner must return to the last base legally touched at the time of

the interference.

12.17.3.4 Offensive team personnel shall neither interfere with a runner(s)

who is legally running the bases on a dead-ball award until the runner(s)

contacts home plate nor with the umpire’s ability to see that all bases are

properly touched.

12.17.3.4.1 Offensive team personnel, other than base coaches and base

runner(s), shall not touch a runner(s) until the runner(s) contacts

home plate.

12.17.3.4.2 Offensive team personnel shall congregate only in foul

territory around home plate to congratulate the runner(s).

EFFECT—For the first offense of Rule 12.17.3.4, the umpire shall issue a

warning to the offending team.

If a subsequent offense of Rule 12.17.3.4 occurs that violates Rule

12.17.3.4.1, the ball is dead and the player touched is immediately

declared out and credited with the last base legally touched at the time

of the interference. If a subsequent offense of Rule 12.17.3.4 occurs

that violates Rule 12.17.3.4.2, the ball is dead and the batter-runner is

declared out and credited with the last base legally touched at the time

team personnel entered fair territory. In all cases, each other base runner

must return to the last base legally touched at the time of the violation.

12.17.3.5 When a fair batted ball or live thrown ball contacts a member of

the offensive team/game personnel in unauthorized areas (for example,

outside the dugout but in the field of play).

RULE 12 / BASE RUNNING 131

12.17.3.6 When a fair batted ball or live thrown ball contacts loose offensive

equipment not involved in the game, but on the playing field.

EFFECT—(12.17.3.5 and 12.17.3.6)—The ball is ruled blocked and

dead. If no apparent play is obvious, no one is called out. Each runner

must return to the last base legally touched at the time the ball became

blocked, unless forced to advance

If the blocked ball prevented the defense from making a play, interference

is ruled. The runner closest to home plate at the time of the blocked ball

shall be declared out, and each other runner must return to the last base

legally touched before the ball became blocked, unless forced to advance.

12.17.4 Interference by a Base Coach

12.17.4.1 A coach, whether in or out of the coach’s box, shall not

intentionally interfere with a thrown ball or interfere with the defensive

team’s opportunity to make a play on a runner.

Note: The coach’s box is not a sanctuary for the coach when a play is being made in

the vicinity of the coach’s box.

12.17.4.2 The offensive coach near third base shall not run in the direction

of home plate on or near the baseline while a fielder is attempting to

make a play on a batted or thrown ball with a runner in scoring position,

drawing a throw to home plate.

EFFECT—(12.17.4.1 and 12.17.4.2)—The ball is dead, the runner closest

to home plate shall be declared out, and each other runner must return

to the last base legally touched at the time of the interference. Exception:

If a thrown ball accidentally touches a coach in foul territory, the ball is

live. It is not interference if the individual tries to evade the ball or is not

aware that the ball is coming.

132

RULE 13

Misconduct

The highest standards of good sportsmanship and conduct are expected of

players, coaches and others associated with the game. Coaches are expected to

be leaders by complying with the principles and ethics described in the Codes

of Conduct.

13.1 Warnings

Inappropriate conduct by participants may result in either informal or formal

warnings at the discretion of an umpire. Umpires are not required to warn

participants for inappropriate behavior before assessing a penalty except as

noted specifically in the rules.

13.1.1 An informal warning may be given for circumstances where an umpire’s

discretion is used to prevent a situation from escalating to a degree when the

umpire will be compelled to act. They are advisory in nature and carry no

consequences if the undesirable behavior ceases.

13.1.2 A formal warning is issued for circumstances when the umpire needs to

intervene and prevent inappropriate behavior from occurring or reoccurring.

When given, they are to be clearly articulated as warnings and noted on the

plate umpire’s lineup card.

13.2 Ejections

13.2.1 Whether a warning is issued or not, umpires have the authority to

remove a player and/or other team personnel from further participation in a

game for rule violations, unsporting acts, or behavioral or verbal misconduct.

The on-site administrator shall make him/herself available to assist the

umpire crew as the violator exits the field.

13.2.1.1 An administrative ejection is given for rule violations regarding

equipment, lineup management, conferences and warmup activities.

13.2.1.2 A behavioral ejection is given for rule violations relating to play,

including all violations of Rule 13 and actions of batters, runners, pitchers

and fielders.

EFFECT—(13.2.1.1 and 13.2.1.2)—An ejected player may remain in the

dugout but shall not remain on the playing field or communicate with

opponents or umpires.

Ejected nonplaying personnel must leave the playing field, dugout

and other team areas and be out of sight and sound until the umpires’

jurisdiction ends (see Rule 4.10.6). Out of sight and sound means

unable to view the remainder of the contest and the umpires cannot

hear any additional comments. They shall not communicate (visually,

electronically or verbally) further with the teams or umpires. For

violations by ejected personnel, see Rule 13.13.

RULE 13 / MISCONDUCT 133

Note: In the event of an ejection of a head coach, an umpire shall ask the departing

coach to identify an acting head coach. If the head coach declines to do so or no

institutional representative is available, the umpires shall initiate forfeit proceedings.

Exception: An ejected coach may participate in a limited capacity during

a game only to attend to an injured or ill player or to ensure the safety of

players when their safety is in question.

In all cases involving an ejection, the ejecting umpire shall, and the

offending head coach may, submit an electronic Incident Report to the

NCAA softball secretary-rules editor as soon as possible, but not later

than 24 hours after the incident. The institution’s director of athletics

and conference commissioner (if applicable) will be notified.

13.2.2 Team personnel and players shall not continue to argue, excessively

express themselves, use offensive language or taunt the umpires after an

ejection. The order for the removal of a player, coach or team personnel

must be obeyed in a timely manner.

EFFECT—The umpire should notify the offender that failure to comply

as noted above will result in a forfeit. If the directive is not obeyed in a

timely manner, a one-minute forfeit warning shall be issued to the head

coach. If the warning expires, a forfeit shall be declared in favor of the

team not at fault.

13.2.3 The umpires have the authority to issue a postgame ejection for

unsporting behavior that occurs after the last out of the game, before the

umpires have left the confines of the field, if the conduct would have resulted

in an ejection had it occurred during the game.

EFFECT—The umpire shall notify the appropriate head coach of the

ejection, and if the affected team has a subsequent game that day, the

on-site administrator also will be notified. The violator shall serve the

ejection in his/her team’s next regularly scheduled and played contest.

All conditions for the effect of an in-game behavioral ejection apply. See

Rule 13.2.1 EFFECT.

13.3 Physical Contact with an Umpire or Opponent

Any threat of physical intimidation or harm, including pushing, shoving,

spitting, kicking, throwing at or attempting to make aggressive physical contact,

or use of equipment in a combative manner, shall not be tolerated and is

grounds for a behavioral ejection combined with suspension.

EFFECT—The ejecting umpire shall immediately notify the head coach

and the on-site administrator that the reason for the ejection is violation

of Rule 13.3. Notice shall take place not later than at the conclusion of

the game (if video review is not requested or available) or after video

review by the umpires after the game, if allowed under Rule 5.9.9.

The perpetrator shall be ejected and then suspended from the institution’s

next two previously scheduled and played contests in a traditional season

(spring). For a second offense by an individual in the same season, the

individual shall serve a four-game suspension. For a third offense by

an individual in the same season, the individual shall be suspended

for the remainder of the season, including postseason competition (if

134 RULE 13 / MISCONDUCT

applicable). For violations by ejected/suspended personnel, see Rule

13.13.

All conditions for the effect of an in-game behavioral ejection apply. See

Rule 13.2.1 EFFECT. In addition, as soon as possible but not later than

24 hours after the incident, the offending head coach is responsible for

submitting an electronic Incident Report and the opposing coach may

submit one as well. Exceptions: (1) A coach or player involved in a fight

who was defending himself/herself and not contributing to the fight

shall not be ejected or suspended. (2) If a coach or player makes physical

contact with an opponent in an obvious attempt to prevent a fight or

confrontation, he/she shall not be ejected or suspended.

13.4 Leaving Team Area to Join a Brawl

Leaving a team area (that is, a dugout or bullpen) or coach’s box in order to join

a brawl or potential fight will not be tolerated.

EFFECT—The ejecting umpire shall immediately notify the head coach

and the on-site administrator that the reason for the ejection is violation

of Rule 13.4. Notice shall take place not later than at the conclusion of