U.S. Department of Justice
Oce of Justice Programs
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Bureau of Justice Statistics · Statistical Tables
December 2021
, NCJ 301368
Mortality in Local Jails,
2000–2019 – Statistical Tables
E. Ann Carson, Ph.D., BJS Statistician
A
total of 1,200 persons died in local
jails in 2019, a more than 5% increase
from 2018 (1,138 deaths) and a 33%
increase from 2000 (903), when the Bureau of
Justice Statistics (BJS) began its Mortality in
Correctional Institutions (MCI, formerly the
Deaths in Custody Reporting Program) data
collection. e demographic and criminal justice
prole of jail decedents in 2019 was similar to
previous years. e 2019 mortality rate was
higher for unconvicted (192 deaths per 100,000
jail inmates) than convicted (112 per 100,000)
inmates (fgure 1). In 2019, a total of 636 jail
jurisdictions reported at least one death, with
222 reporting two or more deaths.
is report describes deaths in local jails from
2000 to 2019, including the cause of death,
the location of death, decedent characteristics,
and the mortality rate of local jail inmates by
state. is is the nal report on deaths in local
jails from BJS’s MCI data collection. When the
FIGURE 1
Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by
legal status, 2000–2019
Mortality rate
Unconvicted inmates
200
160
120
All jail inmates
80
Convicted inmates
40
0
’00 ’02 ’04 ’06 ’08 ’10 ’12 ’14 ’16 ’18 ’19
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published
statistics. Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the
custody of local jails. Mortality rates for 2001–2019 are based on
the annual number of deaths and the average daily population
(ADP). In 2000, the ADP was estimated by taking the average
of January 1 and December 31 inmate population counts. See
Methodology. See table 7 for rates.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails,
2000–2018; Census of Jails, 2019; and Mortality in Correctional
Institutions, 2000–2019.
Highlights
In 2019, there were 1,200 deaths in local jails, a
more than 5% increase from 2018 (1,138 deaths).
The local jail mortality rate in 2019 was
167 deaths per 100,000 inmates, up 11% from
2000 (151 per 100,000).
At 49 deaths per 100,000 inmates, suicide was
the leading single cause of death for jail inmates
in 2019.
The 184 deaths in local jails due to drug or
alcohol intoxication in 2019 was the highest
recorded in the 20 years that BJS has collected
mortality data, up slightly from 180 in 2018.
When the U.S. resident population was adjusted
to resemble the sex, race or ethnicity, and age
distribution of local jail inmates, inmates were
more than twice as likely as U.S. residents to die
by suicide in 2019.
Almost 77% of the 1,200 persons who died in
local jails in 2019 were not convicted of a crime
at the time of their death (908).
Almost 40% of inmates who died in local jails in
2019 had been held for 1 week or less.
Jails with an average daily population of 49 or
fewer inmates had the highest mortality rates
each year from 2000 to 2019.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
2
Deaths in Custody Reporting Act was reauthorized
in 2014 (P.L. 113–242), it included additional
enforcement and reporting compliance requirements
that are incompatible with BJS’s authorizing statute
as a federal statistical agency. e U.S. Department of
Justice (DOJ) determined it would be more appropriate
for the Bureau of Justice Assistance to administer
the program and collect mortality data for the DOJ,
starting with the
rst quarter of scal year 2019
(October to December 2019). Data on mortality in
state and federal prisons are available in Mortality in
State and Federal Prisons, 2001–2019 – Statistical
Tables (NCJ 300953, BJS, December 2021).
In 2019, 86% of jail decedents were male, 60% were
non-Hispanic white, and 77% had not been convicted
of a crime at the time of death. Forty-two percent were
held in jail for a violent oense. Almost 40% of persons
who died in local jails in 2019 had been incarcerated
for 1 week or less. Of the 20,413 deaths reported in
local jails from 2000 to 2019, about 50% occurred in
an internal or external medical unit, 31% in the jail’s
general housing unit, and 11% in a segregation unit.
Jails with an ADP of 49 or fewer inmates had the
highest mortality rate in 2019, at 264 per 100,000.
Suicide was the leading single cause of death in local
jails in 2019 (355 deaths or 30% of all deaths), although
illnesses of all types accounted for nearly half of deaths
(553 or 46%). e number of suicides in jails increased
by 16 between 2018 and 2019, but the number was
still lower than in 2015, when there were 369 deaths
by suicide in local jails. Drug or alcohol intoxication
has accounted for an increasing share of deaths in local
jails over time. It accounted for 15% of all deaths in
2019, aer suicide and heart disease (25%). e rate
of intoxication deaths more than quadrupled, from
6 per 100,000 in 2000 to 26 per 100,000 in 2019. In
comparison, the rate of suicide deaths in jails in 2019
(49 per 100,000) was roughly equivalent to the rate
in 2000 (48 per 100,000). e rates of deaths due to
homicide and accidents in 2019 were also equivalent
(3 per 100,000 each). e rate of deaths due to illness
decreased from 86 per 100,000 in 2000 to 77 per
100,000 in 2019.
Cause of death in jail inmates in 2019
Suicide was the leading single cause of death in local
jails in 2019, with 355 deaths by suicide (table 1).
A total of 553 jail inmates died from illness in 2019,
including 294 from heart disease.
e number of jail inmates who died from
AIDS-related illnesses reached its lowest count in
2019 (8 deaths), down from a high of 59 deaths
in 2001.
Drug or alcohol intoxication accounted for 15% of
jail deaths in 2019, up from 4% in 2000 (table 2).
Accidents and homicides each accounted for about
2% of deaths in local jails in 2019.
Mortality rates in 2019
e rate of suicide deaths in jails in 2019 (49 per
100,000) was roughly equivalent to the rate in 2000
(48 per 100,000) (table 3).
e rate of jail deaths due to drug or alcohol
intoxication increased from 6 per 100,000 inmates in
2000 to 26 per 100,000 in 2019 (fgure 2).
FIGURE 2
Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause
of death, 2000–2019
Mortality rate
90
80
70
60
Suicide
Illness
50
40
Drug/alcohol intoxication
30
20
10
0
’00 ’02 ’04 ’06 ’08* ’10 ’12 ’14 ’16 ’18 ’19
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics.
Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local
jails. Mortality rates for 2001–2019 are based on the annual number of
deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, the ADP was
estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 inmate
population counts. See Methodology. See table 3 for rates.
*In 2008, a high number of illness cases were missing cause of death
information and were classied as missing.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions,
2000–2019.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
3
50
Adult U.S. residents
a
Jail inmates
b
40
30
20
10
0
Suicide Drug/alcohol Accident
c
Homicide
d
Local jail inmates were less than half as likely to
die in 2019 as U.S. residents, when the resident
population was adjusted to resemble the sex, race or
ethnicity, and age of the jail population (table 4).
e adjusted homicide rate for U.S. residents in 2019
was 4 per 100,000, compared to 3 per 100,000 for
local jail inmates (fgure 3).
Suicide was the only cause of death for which
incarcerated persons (48 per 100,000) had higher
mortality rates than the adjusted U.S. resident
population (22 per 100,000) in 2019.
FIGURE 3
Adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 U.S. residents, by
cause of death, 2019
Mortality rate
Note: Excludes persons age 17 or younger and federal prisoners. U.S.
resident mortality rate is per 100,000 adult U.S. residents and is based
on death certicates from all U.S.residents in 2019. Inmate mortality
rate is per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails and is based
on the annual number of deaths and average daily population. See
table 4 for crude and adjusted rates.
a
To allow for direct comparisons of mortality rates, BJS adjusted the
U.S. resident population to resemble the sex, race or ethnicity, and age
distribution of the local jail population. See Methodology.
b
Inmate mortality rates in gure 3 and table 4 were adjusted for sex,
race or ethnicity, and age dierences to be comparable to U.S. resident
rates and may dier from other rates in the report. See Methodology.
c
Excludes causes of death that are unlikely to occur in a jail setting from
the rates of both U.S. residents and jail inmates. See Methodology.
d
Includes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to
the use of force by sta, and resulting from injuries sustained prior
to incarceration.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2011–2018,
Census of Local Jails, 2019, Mortality in Correctional Institutions,
2019, National Inmate Survey, 2007–2009 and 2011–2012, and Survey
of Inmates in Local Jails, 2002; and Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC WONDER online
database, Underlying Cause of Death 2019 (released in 2020).
intoxication
Demographic and criminal justice characteristics
of jail decedents
e number of female jail decedents decreased
between 2018 (181 deaths) and 2019 (170) (table 5).
In 2019, a total of 310 local jail inmates who died
were age 55 or older, and 3 inmates were age 17
or younger.
In 2019, more than 1% of jail decedents were
non-Hispanic American Indians or Alaska Natives.
Almost 60% of jail inmates who died in 2019 had
been incarcerated 30 days or less (fgure 4).
Inmates held in jail on a conviction accounted for
a smaller share of jail deaths in 2019 (23%) than in
2000 (29%) (table 6).
Inmates incarcerated for a violent oense accounted
for the largest portion of jail deaths every year from
2000 to 2019.
FIGURE 4
Percent of deaths of local jail inmates, by time served
before death, 2000 and 2019
Percent of deaths
40
2000
35
2019
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics.
Percentages are based on nonmissing data. See table 6 for percentages.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions,
2000 and 2019.
7 days or less 8–30 31–60 61–180 181 or more
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
4
Local jail mortality rates by demographic and
criminal justice characteristics
e mortality rate for jail inmates age 55 or older
was 1,040 per 100,000 in 2019, up from 1,003 per
100,000 in 2018 (table 7).
Jail inmates ages 45 to 54 experienced a decline in
mortality rates from 2000 (397 per 100,000) to 2019
(214 per 100,000).
e mortality rate for non-Hispanic white jail
inmates in 2019 (256 per 100,000) was almost
double that of non-Hispanic black inmates (136 per
100,000) and nearly three times that of Hispanic
inmates (89 per 100,000).
e mortality rate for unconvicted jail inmates
(192 per 100,000) reached its highest level in 2019.
Total deaths in local jails, 2000–19
During 2000–19, a total of 20,413 inmates died in
local jails, for an overall mortality rate of 142 deaths
per 100,000 (table 8).
White inmates accounted for 56% (11,279) of all jail
decedents with a reported race or ethnicity during
2000–19 (table 9).
e number of white (184) and black (185) inmates
who died from homicide in local jails during
2000–19 was roughly equal.
During the 20 years that BJS collected jail
mortality data, white inmates accounted for 72% of
suicide deaths.
Forty-two percent of unconvicted persons held in
local jails who died during 2000–19 died of either
suicide (5,084) or drug or alcohol intoxication (1,321).
Heart disease was the leading cause of death for
inmates incarcerated for drug or public order oenses
during 2000–19, while suicide was the leading cause
of death for violent and property oenders.
Average annual mortality rates, 2000–19
During 2000–19, female inmates died of drug
or alcohol intoxication at an average annual rate
(20 per 100,000) that was nearly double that of male
inmates (11 per 100,000) (table 10).
Black jail inmates had the lowest average annual
suicide rate (16 per 100,000) of all racial and ethnic
groups during the 20 years of the MCI collection
(fgure 5).
Jail inmates age 55 or older died of homicide at the
highest average annual rate (14 per 100,000) of all
age groups.
Time between jail admission and death
Among all jail inmates who died during 2000–19,
the median time from their jail admission to their
death was 17 days (table 11).
During 2000–19, jail inmates who died of cancer had
the longest median time served (138 days), while
those who died of drug or alcohol intoxication were
incarcerated a median of 1 day.
e median time served for victims of homicide in
jails was 30 days during 2000–19, compared to 9
days for those who died by suicide.
Among inmates who died in local jails during
2000–19, violent oenders served the most time
before death (a median of 40 days), followed by
property oenders (15), drug oenders (12), and
inmates held for public order oenses (7) (table 12).
FIGURE 5
Average annual mortality rate per 100,000 local jail
inmates, by cause of death and race or ethnicity,
2000–19
Mortality rate
90
White
a
80
Black
a
70
Hispanic
American Indian/Alaska Native
a
60
Asian
a,b
50
40
30
20
10
0
Suicide Heart disease
Note: Mortality rates for 2001–2019 are based on the annual number
of deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, the ADP
was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31
inmate population counts. Data may have been revised from previously
published statistics. See Methodology. See table 10 for rates.
a
Excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic
whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks).
b
Includes Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacic Islanders.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2000–18;
Census of Jails, 2019; Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–19;
National Inmate Survey, 2007–09 and 2011–12; and Survey of Inmates
in Local Jails, 2002.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
5
Inmates who died while being held for murder or
nonnegligent manslaughter during 2000–19 served
the most time in jail of all oenses, a median of
137 days before death.
Location of jail deaths
Almost 50% of jail deaths during 2000–19 occurred
in a medical unit either inside or outside of the jail
(table 13).
Forty-six percent of suicides during 2000–19
occurred in the jail’s general housing areas, and an
additional 21% occurred in segregation units.
Of all jail deaths during 2000–19, almost 2%
took place in internal or external mental health
units, including 2% of suicides and more than 4%
of homicides.
Jail deaths by hold-status and jurisdiction size
Forty-two inmates held for U.S. Immigration and
Customs Enforcement (ICE) and 156 held for the
U.S. Marshals died in local jails during 2014–19
(table 14).
Lower mortality rates were observed among inmates
held for ICE (47 per 100,000 jail inmates) and
the U.S. Marshals (90 per 100,000 jail inmates)
than among inmates held under authority of local
jurisdiction (166 per 100,000 jail inmates).
In 2019, jails with an average daily population
(ADP) of 1,000 to 2,499 inmates had more deaths
(293) than did the largest jails in the country, those
holding 2,500 or more inmates (220) (table 15).
e mortality rate for jails with an ADP of 49
or fewer inmates in 2019 was 264 per 100,000,
compared to 161 per 100,000 for facilities with an
ADP of 2,500 or more (table 16).
Jurisdictions with and without jail deaths
From 2000 to 2019, an average of 81% of jail
jurisdictions in the U.S. reported no deaths during
the calendar year, while an average of 13% reported
one and an average of 6% reported two or more
(table 17).
e median daily population for jail jurisdictions
experiencing a single death in 2019 was 235 inmates,
while jails with two or more deaths had median daily
populations of 922 inmates.
e percentage of jail jurisdictions reporting one
death in a calendar year increased from 10% (288) in
2000 to 15% (414) in 2019 (fgure 6).
Between 2018 and 2019, a total of 23 states and
the District of Columbia had an increase in the
number of deaths in local jails, 19 states experienced
a decrease, and 4 had no change in the number of
deaths (table 19).
North Dakota and the 15 locally operated jails in
Alaska had no jail deaths during 2019.
In 2019, a total of 636 unique jail jurisdictions
reported at least one death, the highest number of
jurisdictions with a death recorded in BJS’s MCI
collection (table 22).
FIGURE 6
Percent of local jails reporting one or more deaths, by
number of deaths, 2000–2019
Percent of jails
16
1 death
14
12
10
8
6
2 or more deaths
4
2
0
’00 ’02 ’04 ’06 ’08 ’10 ’12 ’14 ’16 ’18 ’19
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics.
Includes all local jails that reported data on populations or deaths. See
Methodology. See table 17 for percentages.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions,
2000–2019.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
6
List of tables
TABLE 1. Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2019
TABLE 2. Percent of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2019
TABLE 3. Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2019
TABLE 4. Crude and adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 U.S. residents, by cause of death, 2019
TABLE 5. Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by decedent characteristics, 2000–2019
TABLE 6. Percent of deaths of local jail inmates, by decedent characteristics, 2000–2019
TABLE 7. Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent
characteristics, 2000–2019
TABLE 8. Number of deaths of local jail inmates and mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by
cause of death, 2000–19
TABLE 9. Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death and decedent characteristics, 2000–19
TABLE 10. Average annual mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death and
decedent characteristics, 2000–19
TABLE 11. Cause of death of local jail inmates, by time served before death, 2000–19
TABLE 12. Oenses of decedents, by time served before death, 2000–19
TABLE 13. Death location of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–19
TABLE 14. Number of deaths and mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by hold status, 2014–19
TABLE 15. Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by size of jurisdiction, 2000–2019
TABLE 16. Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by size of jurisdiction, 2000–2019
TABLE 17. Number and percent of local jail jurisdictions reporting to Mortality in Correctional
Institutions, by number of deaths reported each year, 2000–2019
TABLE 18. Number of local jail inmates held on an average day, by state, 2000–2019
TABLE 19. Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by state, 2000–2019
TABLE 20. Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by state, 2000–2019
TABLE 21. Number of local jail jurisdictions reporting to Mortality in Correctional Institutions, by
state, 2000–2019
TABLE 22. Number of local jail jurisdictions reporting one or more deaths to Mortality in Correctional
Institutions, by state, 2000–2019
Continued on next page
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
7
List of figures
FIGURE 1. Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by legal status, 2000–2019
FIGURE 2. Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2019
FIGURE 3. Adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 U.S. residents, by cause of death, 2019
FIGURE 4. Percent of deaths of local jail inmates, by time served before death, 2000 and 2019
FIGURE 5. Average annual mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death and race or
ethnicity, 2000–19
FIGURE 6. Percent of local jails reporting one or more deaths, by number of deaths, 2000–2019
List of appendix tables
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Estimated number of local jail inmates in custody on an average day, by inmate
characteristics, 2000–2019
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Illness mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic
group, by decedent characteristics, 2002–2019 (3-year rolling averages)
APPENDIX TABLE 3. Heart disease mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each
demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2002–2019 (3-year rolling averages)
APPENDIX TABLE 4. Suicide mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic
group, by decedent characteristics, 2002–2019 (3-year rolling averages)
APPENDIX TABLE 5. Mortality rate from drug or alcohol intoxication, accidents, and homicides per
100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2002–2019
(3-year rolling averages)
TABLE 1
Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2019
Cause of death 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
a
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
All causes 903 942 969 1,001 1,021 1,045 1,094 1,099 959 961 918 888 960 987 1,053 1,096 1,076 1,103 1,138 1,200
Illness 516 485 507 512 529 501 604 608 444 490 477 425 528 482 502 518 537 522 521 553
Heart disease 198 216 220 240 227 202 247 231 181 208 242 236 269 260 242 256 298 281 294 294
AIDS-related
b
57 59 53 55 52 40 54 43 32 27 26 13 21 20 17 10 12 13 9 8
Cancer 31 25 39 34 29 37 38 42 25 47 34 32 44 40 38 41 47 41 34 44
Respiratory disease 31 18 22 21 35 20 27 48 32 32 18 20 28 30 42 33 26 34 35 32
Liver disease 23 26 24 30 29 29 25 38 32 30 25 12 28 18 27 20 19 17 9 20
All other illnesses
c
176 141 149 132 157 173 213 206 142 146 132 112 138 114 136 158 135 136 140 155
Suicide 289 313 314 296 299 286 278 283 228 304 305 311 301 328 368 369 334 317 339 355
Drug/alcohol intoxication 37 58 54 88 76 83 87 79 45 65 54 73 57 72 95 92 112 151 180 184
Accident 24 36 34 28 33 24 33 18 15 26 23 27 18 31 25 26 19 22 29 24
Homicide
d
17 19 18 15 25 22 36 20 16 23 20 21 22 28 25 30 31 29 27 25
Other/unknown 17 24 35 52 50 110 52 71 8 25 13 21 25 19 24 34 25 26 30 25
Missing 3 7 7 10 9 19 4 20 203 28 26 10 9 27 14 27 18 36 12 34
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. See Methodology.
a
In 2008, a high number of illness cases were missing cause of death information and were classied as missing.
b
Includes persons who died of illness and were identied as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death.
c
Includes other specied illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, inuenza, and other nonleading natural causes of death) and unspecied illnesses.
d
Includes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by sta, and resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
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TABLE 2
Percent of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2019
Cause of death 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
a
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
All causes 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Illness 57.1% 51.5% 52.3% 51.1% 51.8% 47.9% 55.2% 55.3% 46.3% 51.0% 52.0% 47.9% 55.0% 48.8% 47.7% 47.3% 49.9% 47.3% 45.8% 46.1%
Heart disease 21.9 22.9 22.7 24.0 22.2 19.3 22.6 21.0 18.9 21.6 26.4 26.6 28.0 26.3 23.0 23.4 27.7 25.5 25.8 24.5
AIDS-related
b
6.3 6.3 5.5 5.5 5.1 3.8 4.9 3.9 3.3 2.8 2.8 1.5 2.2 2.0 1.6 0.9 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.7
Cancer 3.4 2.7 4.0 3.4 2.8 3.5 3.5 3.8 2.6 4.9 3.7 3.6 4.6 4.1 3.6 3.7 4.4 3.7 3.0 3.7
Respiratory disease 3.4 1.9 2.3 2.1 3.4 1.9 2.5 4.4 3.3 3.3 2.0 2.3 2.9 3.0 4.0 3.0 2.4 3.1 3.1 2.7
Liver disease 2.5 2.8 2.5 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.3 3.5 3.3 3.1 2.7 1.4 2.9 1.8 2.6 1.8 1.8 1.5 0.8 1.7
All other illnesses
c
19.5 15.0 15.4 13.2 15.4 16.6 19.5 18.7 14.8 15.2 14.4 12.6 14.4 11.6 12.9 14.4 12.5 12.3 12.3 12.9
Suicide 32.0% 33.2% 32.4% 29.6% 29.3% 27.4% 25.4% 25.8% 23.8% 31.6% 33.2% 35.0% 31.4% 33.2% 34.9% 33.7% 31.0% 28.7% 29.8% 29.6%
Drug/alcohol intoxication 4.1% 6.2% 5.6% 8.8% 7.4% 7.9% 8.0% 7.2% 4.7% 6.8% 5.9% 8.2% 5.9% 7.3% 9.0% 8.4% 10.4% 13.7% 15.8% 15.3%
Accident 2.7% 3.8% 3.5% 2.8% 3.2% 2.3% 3.0% 1.6% 1.6% 2.7% 2.5% 3.0% 1.9% 3.1% 2.4% 2.4% 1.8% 2.0% 2.5% 2.0%
Homicide
d
1.9% 2.0% 1.9% 1.5% 2.4% 2.1% 3.3% 1.8% 1.7% 2.4% 2.2% 2.4% 2.3% 2.8% 2.4% 2.7% 2.9% 2.6% 2.4% 2.1%
Other/unknown 1.9% 2.5% 3.6% 5.2% 4.9% 10.5% 4.8% 6.5% 0.8% 2.6% 1.4% 2.4% 2.6% 1.9% 2.3% 3.1% 2.3% 2.4% 2.6% 2.1%
Missing 0.3% 0.7% 0.7% 1.0% 0.9% 1.8% 0.4% 1.8% 21.2% 2.9% 2.8% 1.1% 0.9% 2.7% 1.3% 2.5% 1.7% 3.3% 1.1% 2.8%
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Methodology.
a
In 2008, a high number of illness cases were missing cause of death information and were classied as missing.
b
Includes persons who died of illness and were identied as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death.
c
Includes other specied illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, inuenza, and other nonleading natural causes of death) and unspecied illnesses.
d
Includes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by sta, and resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
9
TABLE 3
Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–2019
Cause of death 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
a
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
All causes 151 148 145 146 143 141 142 141 123 128 125 123 129 138 144 154 150 151 156 167
Illness 86 76 76 74 74 68 78 78 57 66 65 59 71 68 69 73 75 72 71 77
Heart disease 33 34 33 35 32 27 32 30 23 28 33 33 36 36 33 36 42 39 40 41
AIDS-related
b
10 9 8 8 7 5 7 6 4 4 4 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 ! 1 !
Cancer 5 4 6 5 4 5 5 5 3 6 5 4 6 6 5 6 7 6 5 6
Respiratory disease 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 6 4 4 2 3 4 4 6 5 4 5 5 4
Liver disease 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 4 4 3 2 4 3 4 3 3 2 1 ! 3
All other illnesses
c
29 22 22 19 22 23 28 26 18 20 18 16 19 16 19 22 19 19 19 22
Suicide 48 49 47 43 42 39 36 36 29 41 42 43 40 46 50 52 47 43 46 49
Drug/alcohol intoxication 6 9 8 13 11 11 11 10 6 9 7 10 8 10 13 13 16 21 25 26
Accident 4 6 5 4 5 3 4 2 2 3 3 4 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 3
Homicide
d
3 3 3 2 3 3 5 3 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 3
Other/unknown 3 4 5 8 7 15 7 9 1 ! 3 2 3 3 3 3 5 3 4 4 3
Missing 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 1 ! 3 1 ! 3 26 4 4 1 1 ! 4 2 4 3 5 2 5
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates for 2001–2019 are based on the annual number of
deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, the ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 inmate population counts. See Methodology.
! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases. See Interpreting rates among small populations in Methodology.
a
In 2008, a high number of illness cases were missing cause of death information and were classied as missing.
b
Includes persons who died of illness and were identied as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death.
c
Includes other specied illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, inuenza, and other nonleading natural causes of death) and unspecied illnesses.
d
Includes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by sta, and resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
10
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
11
TABLE 4
Crude and adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 U.S. residents, by cause of death, 2019
Crude rate per Adjusted rate per
Cause of death 100,000adult U.S.residents 100,000adult U.S.residents
a
Rate per 100,000local jail inmates
b
All causes 1,110 339 154
Illness 1,039 262 75
Heart disease 265 72 40
AIDS-related
c
2 3 1 !
Cancer 241 61 6
Respiratory disease 109 20 4
Liver disease 23 11 3
All other illnesses
d
400 95 21
Suicide 18 22 48
Drug/alcohol intoxication 28 41 25
Accident
e
23 9 3
Homicide
f
2 4 3
Note: Rates exclude persons age 17 or younger and federal prisoners. U.S. general population mortality rate is per 100,000 adult U.S. residents and
is based on death certicates from all U.S.residents in 2019, including incarcerated persons. The jail mortality rate is per 100,000 inmates held in the
custody of local jails and is based on the annual number of deaths and average daily population.
! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases. See Interpreting rates among small populations in Methodology.
a
The sex, race or ethnicity, and age composition of the U.S. resident population diers from that of local jail inmates. To allow for direct comparisons
of mortality rates, BJS adjusted the U.S. resident population to resemble the sex, race or ethnicity, and age distribution of the local jail population.
b
Rates may dier from those presented elsewhere in this report due to the removal of local jail inmates age 17 or younger from both the numerator
(deaths) and denominator (local jail population) and the exclusion of deaths for which cause of death was unknown or missing. These changes were
made solely to table 4 and gure 3 to make the mortality rates comparable to those in the U.S. resident population.
c
Includes persons who died of illness and were identied as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death.
d
Includes other specied illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, inuenza, and other nonleading natural causes of death) and unspecied illnesses.
e
Excludes causes of death that are unlikely to occur in a jail setting, including motor vehicle accidents; homicides due to explosives or rearms not
related to law enforcement, motor vehicle assault, or neglect; and rearm discharges not related to law enforcement.
f
Includes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by sta, and resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2011–2018, Census of Local Jails, 2019, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2019, National
Inmate Survey, 2007–2009 and 2011–2012, and Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 2002; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center
for Health Statistics, CDC WONDER online database, Underlying Cause of Death 2019 (released in 2020).
TABLE 5
Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by decedent characteristics, 2000–2019
Characteristic 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total 903 942 969 1,001 1,021 1,045 1,094 1,099 959 961 918 888 960 987 1,053 1,096 1,076 1,103 1,138 1,200
Sex
Male 813 847 862 866 893 925 964 969 840 852 804 778 838 860 901 940 921 936 957 1,030
Female 90 91 107 133 128 120 130 130 119 109 114 110 122 127 152 154 155 166 181 170
Race/ethnicity
White
a
452 514 534 538 500 559 528 547 512 534 516 525 556 524 623 656 626 654 669 712
Black
a
305 283 304 322 359 331 408 398 310 274 265 234 270 278 273 256 265 272 279 300
Hispanic 118 115 113 118 135 116 126 125 107 109 90 105 100 145 118 141 137 131 150 138
American Indian/Alaska Native
a
9 13 5 10 13 14 17 12 11 22 11 6 13 12 13 14 18 15 15 16
Asian
a,b
6 7 5 6 10 7 10 13 13 9 7 10 10 8 12 11 15 9 11 13
Other
a,c
2 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 3 1 5 3 2 2 7 1 2 2 3 4
Age
17 or younger 8 8 7 5 7 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 0 3
18–24 89 107 100 102 105 107 103 101 86 87 80 81 83 75 87 80 79 82 69 62
25–34 184 193 186 211 210 192 196 199 167 175 187 206 190 216 230 251 243 259 241 288
35–44 264 280 336 283 300 284 312 291 246 235 201 198 198 213 231 230 218 237 285 299
45–54 239 239 236 266 263 275 303 322 275 259 253 227 273 259 263 269 262 243 230 219
55 or older 115 111 102 128 131 168 168 182 178 193 172 171 209 202 233 247 258 260 304 310
Legal status
Convicted
d
258 252 244 255 226 231 238 246 201 247 232 221 256 229 258 266 256 269 285 276
Unconvicted
e
627 683 717 738 786 798 846 849 753 694 664 662 698 740 788 814 803 811 840 908
Time served
7 days or less 328 349 360 397 399 385 382 392 349 365 345 346 350 391 425 444 431 441 458 471
8–30 167 173 168 176 179 188 205 184 164 167 176 172 200 163 218 209 188 209 229 236
31–60 111 105 100 94 115 112 126 137 106 99 91 97 100 87 107 112 107 104 88 114
61–120 115 124 121 120 111 128 148 147 122 118 92 90 115 124 96 112 117 113 121 118
121–180 56 63 73 73 76 69 80 81 68 51 58 55 58 45 51 59 68 67 63 58
181 or more 119 113 134 124 124 127 123 152 128 145 133 125 132 157 145 143 150 148 170 187
Oense
Violent 355 313 357 313 337 357 356 366 301 348 341 349 350 346 386 376 371 410 410 476
Property 168 178 203 221 189 224 210 193 185 180 170 152 185 196 202 226 210 217 217 207
Drug 146 151 152 171 188 174 198 198 165 130 122 113 151 132 161 176 167 148 180 183
Public order/other
f
208 263 225 262 277 240 266 286 241 243 224 234 236 253 272 265 268 266 292 267
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Details may not sum to totals due to missing data. See Methodology.
a
Excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks).
b
Includes Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacic Islanders.
c
Includes persons of two or more races and other races.
d
Includes persons who returned to jail on a probation or parole violation.
e
Includes persons in jail whose status was marked as other or was unspecied.
f
Public order oenses include weapons oenses, DUI/DWI, court oenses, commercialized vice, and morals and decency oenses. Other oenses include holds and holds for other jurisdictions and probation
and parole violations.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019.
TABLE 6
Percent of deaths of local jail inmates, by decedent characteristics, 2000–2019
Characteristic 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total
Sex
Male
Female
Race/ethnicity
White
a
Black
a
Hispanic
American Indian/Alaska Native
a
Asian
a,b
Other
a,c
Age
17 or younger
18–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55 or older
Legal status
Convicted
d
Unconvicted
e
Time served
7 days or less
8–30
31–60
61–120
121–180
181 or more
Oense
Violent
Property
Drug
Public order/other
f
100%
90.0%
10.0
50.7%
34.2
13.2
1.0
0.7
0.2
0.9%
9.9
20.5
29.4
26.6
12.8
29.2%
70.8
36.6%
18.6
12.4
12.8
6.3
13.3
40.5%
19.2
16.6
23.7
100%
90.3%
9.7
55.2%
30.4
12.3
1.4
0.8
0
0.9%
11.4
20.6
29.9
25.5
11.8
27.0%
73.0
37.6%
18.7
11.3
13.4
6.8
12.2
34.6%
19.7
16.7
29.1
100%
89.0%
11.0
55.6%
31.6
11.8
0.5
0.5
0
0.7%
10.3
19.2
34.7
24.4
10.5
25.4%
74.6
37.7%
17.6
10.5
12.7
7.6
14.0
38.1%
21.7
16.2
24.0
100%
86.7%
13.3
54.1%
32.4
11.9
1.0
0.6
0
0.5%
10.3
21.2
28.4
26.7
12.9
25.7%
74.3
40.3%
17.9
9.6
12.2
7.4
12.6
32.4%
22.9
17.7
27.1
100%
87.5%
12.5
49.1%
35.3
13.3
1.3
1.0
0.1
0.7%
10.3
20.7
29.5
25.9
12.9
22.3%
77.7
39.7%
17.8
11.5
11.1
7.6
12.4
34.0%
19.1
19.0
28.0
100%
88.5%
11.5
54.4%
32.2
11.3
1.4
0.7
0.1
0.5%
10.4
18.6
27.5
26.7
16.3
22.4%
77.6
38.2%
18.6
11.1
12.7
6.8
12.6
35.9%
22.5
17.5
24.1
100%
88.1%
11.9
48.5%
37.5
11.6
1.6
0.9
0
0.4%
9.5
18.0
28.7
27.9
15.5
22.0%
78.0
35.9%
19.3
11.8
13.9
7.5
11.6
34.6%
20.4
19.2
25.8
100%
88.2%
11.8
49.9%
36.3
11.4
1.1
1.2
0.2
0.4%
9.2
18.1
26.5
29.3
16.6
22.5%
77.5
35.9%
16.8
12.5
13.4
7.4
13.9
35.1%
18.5
19.0
27.4
100%
87.6%
12.4
53.6%
32.4
11.2
1.2
1.4
0.3
0.3%
9.0
17.5
25.8
28.8
18.6
21.1%
78.9
37.2%
17.5
11.3
13.0
7.3
13.7
33.7%
20.7
18.5
27.0
100%
88.7%
11.3
56.3%
28.9
11.5
2.3
0.9
0.1
0.3%
9.1
18.4
24.7
27.2
20.3
26.2%
73.8
38.6%
17.7
10.5
12.5
5.4
15.3
38.6%
20.0
14.4
27.0
100%
87.6%
12.4
57.7%
29.6
10.1
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.3%
8.9
20.9
22.4
28.2
19.2
25.9%
74.1
38.5%
19.7
10.2
10.3
6.5
14.9
39.8%
19.8
14.2
26.1
100%
87.6%
12.4
59.5%
26.5
11.9
0.7
1.1
0.3
0.2%
9.2
23.3
22.4
25.6
19.3
25.0%
75.0
39.1%
19.4
11.0
10.2
6.2
14.1
41.2%
17.9
13.3
27.6
100%
87.3%
12.7
58.5%
28.4
10.5
1.4
1.0
0.2
0.2%
8.7
19.9
20.7
28.6
21.9
26.8%
73.2
36.6%
20.9
10.5
12.0
6.1
13.8
38.0%
20.1
16.4
25.6
100%
87.1%
12.9
54.1%
28.7
15.0
1.2
0.8
0.2
0.3%
7.7
22.3
22.0
26.8
20.9
23.6%
76.4
40.4%
16.9
9.0
12.8
4.7
16.2
37.3%
21.1
14.2
27.3
100%
85.6%
14.4
59.6%
26.1
11.3
1.2
1.1
0.7
0.2%
8.3
22.0
22.1
25.1
22.3
24.7%
75.3
40.8%
20.9
10.3
9.2
4.9
13.9
37.8%
19.8
15.8
26.6
100%
85.9%
14.1
60.8%
23.7
13.1
1.3
1.0
0.1
0.2%
7.4
23.3
21.3
24.9
22.9
24.6%
75.4
41.1%
19.4
10.4
10.4
5.5
13.3
36.0%
21.7
16.9
25.4
100%
85.6%
14.4
58.9%
24.9
12.9
1.7
1.4
0.2
0.2%
7.4
22.9
20.5
24.7
24.3
24.2%
75.8
40.6%
17.7
10.1
11.0
6.4
14.1
36.5%
20.7
16.4
26.4
100%
84.9%
15.1
60.4%
25.1
12.1
1.4
0.8
0.2
0.3%
7.6
23.9
21.9
22.4
24.0
24.9%
75.1
40.8%
19.3
9.6
10.4
6.2
13.7
39.4%
20.8
14.2
25.6
100%
84.1%
15.9
59.4%
24.8
13.3
1.3
1.0
0.3
0%
6.1
21.3
25.2
20.4
26.9
25.3%
74.7
40.6%
20.3
7.8
10.7
5.6
15.1
37.3%
19.7
16.4
26.6
100%
85.8%
14.2
60.2%
25.4
11.7
1.4
1.1
0.3
0.3%
5.2
24.4
25.3
18.5
26.2
23.3%
76.7
39.8%
19.9
9.6
10.0
4.9
15.8
42.0%
18.3
16.2
23.6
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Percentages are based on nonmissing data. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Methodology.
a
Excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks).
b
Includes Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacic Islanders.
c
Includes persons of two or more races and other races.
d
Includes persons who returned to jail on a probation or parole violation.
e
Includes persons in jail whose status was marked as other or was unspecied.
f
Public order oenses include weapons oenses, DUI/DWI, court oenses, commercialized vice, and morals and decency oenses. Other oenses include holds and holds for other jurisdictions and probation
and parole violations.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019.
TABLE 7
Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2000–2019
Characteristic 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total
Sex
Male
Female
Race/ethnicity
White
a
Black
a
Hispanic
American Indian/Alaska Native
a
Asian
a,b
Other
a,c
Age
17 or younger
18–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55 or older
Legal status
Convicted
d
Unconvicted
e
Oense
Violent
Property
Drug
Public order/other
f
151
153
132
210
127
107
115 !
91 !
11 !
109 !
53
96
169
397
871
98
187
233
115
99
136
148
150
123
224
111
97
157
100 !
0
104 !
59
94
168
372
788
95
183
193
114
96
162
145
146
138
222
114
91
57 !
68 !
0
96 !
53
87
192
351
691
91
179
210
125
92
132
146
143
163
218
119
93
112
80 !
0
73 !
53
96
160
358
773
94
177
182
132
100
146
143
142
146
195
129
102
140
128
3 !
98 !
53
92
166
319
704
80
182
193
109
106
146
141
143
127
210
117
85
146
88 !
3 !
75 !
53
82
154
302
809
82
174
201
126
94
120
142
143
131
191
141
89
170
120
0
65 !
49
80
166
302
726
81
177
196
114
103
125
141
142
129
196
138
87
118
155
4 !
58 !
48
81
156
300
729
83
175
203
104
101
130
123
124
120
185
109
70
108
169
6 !
39 !
41
67
138
260
668
70
154
171
100
85
108
128
130
119
202
101
71
222
132 !
2 !
43 !
43
72
142
257
705
87
149
211
102
69
111
125
126
124
202
103
58
104
103 !
11 !
41 !
41
77
127
252
616
81
148
210
96
68
105
123
124
121
211
95
67
54 !
149
6 !
35 !
43
84
129
226
597
78
152
216
86
65
112
129
130
123
219
109
60
104
141
3 !
37 !
43
74
128
259
678
87
155
209
99
87
109
138
140
128
211
132
91
106
114 !
3 !
67 !
41
88
144
256
685
84
168
216
109
79
123
144
144
146
237
119
76
97
167
11 !
49 !
46
91
152
254
771
95
172
235
110
94
129
154
154
149
249
115
96
123
157
2 !
57 !
44
102
155
266
837
100
183
235
126
106
129
150
151
145
238
121
88
161
217
3 !
53 !
43
98
146
257
868
102
172
230
116
99
129
151
151
150
235
124
85
134
138 !
3 !
85 !
44
103
156
235
860
104
172
250
118
87
126
156
155
162
242
131
97
122
169
4 !
0
37
95
187
221
1,003
116
173
249
118
105
138
167
169
154
256
136
89
121
200
9 !
107 !
34
116
199
214
1,040
112
192
294
115
109
128
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates for 2001–2019 are based on the annual number of
deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, the ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 inmate population counts. See Methodology.
! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases. See Interpreting rates among small populations in Methodology.
a
Excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks).
b
Includes Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacic Islanders.
c
Includes persons of two or more races and other races.
d
Includes persons who returned to jail on a probation or parole violation.
e
Includes persons in jail whose status was marked as other or was unspecied.
f
Public order oenses include weapons oenses, DUI/DWI, court oenses, commercialized vice, and morals and decency oenses. Other oenses include holds and holds for other jurisdictions and probation
and parole violations.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2000–2018; Census of Jails, 2019; Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019; National Inmate Survey, 2007–2009 and 2011–2012; and Survey of
Inmates in Local Jails, 2002.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
14
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
15
TABLE 8
Number of deaths of local jail inmates and mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–19
Mortality rate per
Cause of death Number Percent 100,000 local jail inmates
All causes 20,413 100% 142
Illness 10,261 50.3% 71
Heart disease 4,842 23.7 34
AIDS-related
a
621 3.0 4
Cancer 742 3.6 5
Respiratory disease 584 2.9 4
Liver disease 481 2.4 3
All other illnesses
b
2,991 14.7 21
Suicide 6,217 30.5% 43
Drug/alcohol intoxication 1,742 8.5% 12
Accident 515 2.5% 4
Homicide
c
469 2.3% 3
Other/unknown 686 3.4% 5
Missing 523 2.6% 4
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates for
2001–2019 are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, the ADP was estimated by taking the average
of January 1 and December 31 inmate population counts. Data may have been revised from previously statistics. See Methodology.
a
Includes persons who died of illness and were identied as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death.
b
Includes other specied illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, inuenza, and other nonleading natural causes of death) and unspecied illnesses.
c
Includes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by sta, and resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–19.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
16
TABLE 9
Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by cause of death and decedent characteristics, 2000–19
Illness
All Heart AIDS- Respiratory Liver All other Drug/alcohol
Characteristic causes
a
disease related
b
Cancer disease disease illnesses
c
Suicide intoxication Accident Homicide
d
Total
Sex
Male
Female
Race/ethnicity
White
e
Black
e
Hispanic
American Indian/
Alaska Native
e
Asian
e,f
Other
e,g
Age
17 or younger
18–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55 or older
Legal status
Convicted
h
Unconvicted
i
Oense
Violent
Property
Drug
Public order/other
j
20,413
17,796
2,608
11,279
5,986
2,437
259
192
41
76
1,765
4,224
5,141
5,175
3,842
4,946
15,219
7,218
3,933
3,206
5,088
4,842
4,299
543
2,351
1,954
427
46
39
10
3
131
485
1,020
1,588
1,609
1,429
3,390
1,518
914
798
1,402
621
547
74
111
426
81
1
2
0
1
13
105
238
201
60
161
455
160
196
138
112
742
675
67
338
298
87
6
11
0
0
13
47
97
231
354
224
516
356
116
104
145
584
481
103
281
220
70
8
2
0
1
25
82
137
163
174
173
406
187
115
114
139
481
435
46
261
103
107
6
3
0
0
3
28
87
233
129
141
340
135
86
80
166
2,991
2,429
561
1,382
1,115
417
27
30
6
5
153
465
734
926
704
793
2,186
869
632
569
779
6,217
5,627
589
4,441
823
723
120
74
18
55
1,008
1,960
1,779
1,014
390
1,109
5,084
2,982
1,153
640
1,219
1,742
1,365
377
1,093
375
230
26
8
4
5
187
590
529
330
98
414
1,321
322
331
480
543
515
464
51
304
132
63
5
9
1
1
51
110
140
127
85
147
367
144
91
79
179
469
462
7
184
185
86
4
7
1
2
84
119
96
94
71
110
352
212
86
52
100
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Details may not sum to totals due to missing data. See Methodology.
a
Includes other causes not specied and missing and unknown causes.
b
Includes persons who died of illness and were identied as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death.
c
Includes other specied illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, inuenza, and other nonleading natural causes of death) and unspecied illnesses.
d
Includes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by sta, and resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration.
e
Excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks).
f
Includes Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacic Islanders.
g
Includes persons of two or more races and other races.
h
Includes persons who returned to jail on a probation or parole violation.
i
Includes persons in jail whose status was marked as other or was unspecied.
j
Public order oenses include weapons oenses, DUI/DWI, court oenses, commercialized vice, and morals and decency oenses. Other oenses
include holds and holds for other jurisdictions and probation and parole violations.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–19.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
17
TABLE 10
Average annual mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by cause of death and decedent characteristics, 2000–19
Illness
All Heart AIDS- Respiratory Liver All other Drug/alcohol
Characteristic causes
a
disease related
b
Cancer disease disease illnesses
c
Suicide intoxication Accident Homicide
d
Total 142 34 4 5 4 3 21 43 12 4 3
Sex
Male 143 35 4 5 4 4 20 45 11 4 4
Female 137 29 4 4 5 2 30 31 20 3 <1 !
Race/ethnicity
White
e
218 45 2 7 5 5 27 86 21 6 4
Black
e
119 39 8 6 4 2 22 16 7 3 4
Hispanic 84 15 3 3 2 4 14 25 8 2 3
American Indian/
Alaska Native
e
123 22 <1 ! 3 ! 4 ! 3 ! 13 57 12 2 ! 2 !
Asian
e,f
134 27 1 ! 8 1 ! 2 ! 21 52 6 ! 6 ! 5 !
Other
e,g
4 1 0 0 0 0 1 ! 2 <1 ! <1 ! <1 !
Age
17 or younger 66 3 ! <1 ! 0 <1 ! 0 4 ! 48 4 ! <1 ! 2 !
18–24 46 3 <1 <1 <1 <1 ! 4 26 5 1 2
25–34 89 10 2 1 2 <1 10 41 12 2 3
35–44 157 31 7 3 4 3 22 54 16 4 3
45–54 276 85 11 12 9 12 49 54 18 7 5
55 or older 773 324 12 71 35 26 142 79 20 17 14
Legal status
Convicted
h
91 26 3 4 3 3 15 20 8 3 2
Unconvicted
i
171 38 5 6 5 4 25 57 15 4 4
Oense
Violent 216 46 5 11 6 4 26 89 10 4 6
Property 112 26 6 3 3 2 18 33 9 3 2
Drug 92 23 4 3 3 2 16 18 14 2 2
Public order/other
j
126 35 3 4 4 4 19 30 14 4 3
Note: Mortality rates for 2001–2019 are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, the ADP was
estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 inmate population counts. Data may have been revised from previously published
statistics. See Methodology.
! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases. See Interpreting rates among small populations in Methodology.
a
Includes other causes not specied and missing and unknown causes.
b
Includes persons who died of illness and were identied as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death.
c
Includes other specied illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, inuenza, and other nonleading natural causes of death) and unspecied illnesses.
d
Includes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by sta, and resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration.
e
Excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks).
f
Includes Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacic Islanders.
g
Includes persons of two or more races and other races.
h
Includes persons who returned to jail on a probation or parole violation.
i
Includes persons in jail whose status was marked as other or was unspecied.
j
Public order oenses include weapons oenses, DUI/DWI, court oenses, commercialized vice, and morals and decency oenses. Other oenses
include holds and holds for other jurisdictions and probation and parole violations.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2000–18; Census of Jails, 2019; Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–19; National
Inmate Survey, 2007–09 and 2011–12; and Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, 2002.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
18
TABLE 11 TABLE 12
Cause of death of local jail inmates, by time served Oenses of decedents, by time served before death,
before death, 2000–19 2000–19
Median time Median time
Cause of death Number served (in days)
a
Oense Number Percent served (in days)
a
Total 20,413 17 Total 20,413 100% 17
Illness 10,261 33 Violent 7,218 37.1% 40
Heart disease 4,842 25 Murder
b
1,385 7.1 137
AIDS-related
b
621 82 Kidnapping 374 1.9 44
Cancer 742 138 Rape/sexual assault 1,331 6.8 77
Respiratory disease 584 38 Robbery 752 3.9 51
Liver disease 481 43 Assault 2,857 14.7 16
All other illnesses
c
2,991 21 Other 519 2.7 13
Suicide 6,217 9 Property 3,933 20.2% 15
Drug/alcohol intoxication 1,742 1 Burglary 995 5.1 32
Accident 515 11 Larceny/theft 2,028 10.4 11
Homicide
d
469 30 Motor vehicle theft 186 1.0 12
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to missing data. See Methodology.
Arson 106 0.5 45
a
The statistical median represents the value at which 50% of the values
Fraud 618 3.2 16
are larger and 50% are smaller in a sequence of numbers.
Drug 3,206 16.5% 12
b
Includes persons who died of illness and were identied as HIV-positive
Possession 1,617 8.3 8
or having AIDS at the time of death.
Tracking 1,149 5.9 30
c
Includes other specied illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease,
inuenza, and other nonleading natural causes of death) and
Other/unknown 440 2.3 6
unspecied illnesses.
Public order/other 5,088 26.2% 7
d
Includes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to
Weapons oense 233 1.2 13
the use of force by sta, and resulting from assaults sustained prior
Obstruction of justice 989 5.1 7
to incarceration.
DUI/DWI 749 3.9 5
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions,
2000–19.
Trac oense
excluding DUI/DWI 527 2.7 4
Probation/parole
violation and escape 1,564 8.0 12
Other 1,026 5.3 5
Note: Details may not sum to totals due to missing data. See Methodology.
a
The statistical median represents the value at which 50% of the values
are larger and 50% are smaller in a sequence of numbers.
b
Includes nonnegligent manslaughter.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions,
2000–19.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
19
TABLE 13
Death location of local jail inmates, by cause of death, 2000–19
Illness
Location All causes
Heart
disease
AIDS-
related
a
Cancer
Respiratory
disease
Liver
disease
All other
illnesses
b
Suicide
Drug/alcohol
intoxication Accident Homicide
c
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
General housing 30.6 28.6 4.4 3.0 14.9 9.4 20.0 46.1 36.6 17.3 31.7
Segregation unit 10.7 6.4 1.9 2.0 4.1 3.8 6.6 20.6 9.4 5.3 5.2
Medical unit
d
49.7 56.2 89.8 89.2 73.2 80.0 65.5 25.8 41.1 54.1 48.9
Mental health unit
e
1.8 1.7 0.5 1.8 1.7 0.8 2.1 1.9 0.9 2.5 4.4
In transit 1.1 1.6 0.5 0.3 1.0 0.2 1.3 0.5 1.3 3.5 1.7
Elsewhere 6.1 5.5 2.9 3.8 5.0 5.8 4.4 5.2 10.7 17.3 8.1
Note: Percentages presented are based on nonmissing data. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. See Methodology.
a
Includes persons who died of illness and were identied as HIV-positive or having AIDS at the time of death.
b
Includes other specied illnesses (such as cerebrovascular disease, inuenza, and other nonleading natural causes of death) and unspecied illnesses.
c
Includes homicides committed by other inmates, incidental to the use of force by sta, and resulting from assaults sustained prior to incarceration.
d
Includes the special medical unit within the jail facility and outside medical centers.
e
Includes the special mental health services unit within the jail facility and outside mental health centers. Mental health unit classication was not
collected prior to 2009.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–19.
TABLE 14
Number of deaths and mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by hold status, 2014–19
Sum of annual average Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail
Hold status Number of deaths, 2014–19 daily populations, 2014–19 inmates, by hold status, 2014–19
Total 6,666 4,337,625 154
Hold status
a
719 748,495 96
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement 42 89,467 47
U.S. Marshals Service 156 173,934 90
Other
b
528 485,093 109
No hold/unknown
c
5,947 3,589,130 166
Note: Average daily population was calculated for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the U.S. Marshals Service, and other authorities based
on the proportion of the conned population on December 31.
a
Includes contractual, temporary, courtesy, or ad hoc holds for federal, local, or state authorities. A jail inmate may have multiple hold statuses.
b
Includes state or federal prison, the Bureau of Indian Aairs, or any other jail jurisdiction.
c
Persons held in jail for local law enforcement and court ocials, not on behalf of state or federal ocials.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2014–19.
TABLE 15
Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by size of jurisdiction, 2000–2019
Jail jurisdiction size
(average daily population) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total 903 942 969 1,001 1,021 1,045 1,094 1,099 959 961 918 888 960 987 1,053 1,096 1,076 1,103 1,138 1,200
49 or fewer inmates 63 76 79 78 70 68 68 46 47 49 60 51 66 60 68 61 59 51 40 50
50–99 66 70 63 58 56 66 63 61 46 55 45 51 60 61 70 54 60 58 62 66
100–249 80 111 103 104 101 103 106 116 108 121 122 116 89 138 115 141 150 156 158 164
250–499 87 98 110 111 117 107 109 127 111 111 95 125 144 129 153 157 150 133 181 169
500–999 139 139 98 133 107 145 133 130 121 120 121 133 148 151 158 185 180 194 197 238
1,000–2,499 186 167 195 233 258 226 228 251 238 237 237 207 234 205 263 268 264 293 298 293
2,500 or more 282 280 321 284 312 330 387 368 286 268 234 186 218 243 226 230 213 218 201 220
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding or missing data. In 2000, the average daily population was estimated by taking the average
of January 1 and December 31 inmate population counts. See Methodology.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019.
TABLE 16
Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by size of jurisdiction, 2000–2019
Jail jurisdiction size
(average daily population) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total 151 148 145 146 143 141 142 141 123 128 125 123 129 138 144 154 150 151 156 167
49 or fewer inmates 229 285 319 322 295 298 299 210 222 236 285 241 308 299 336 295 294 257 209 264
50–99 170 180 155 142 134 169 161 164 119 146 125 144 166 172 189 147 166 160 175 193
100–249 105 134 120 118 112 110 113 127 119 132 129 123 95 149 119 142 143 151 155 163
250–499 115 114 122 116 121 110 113 118 106 108 96 123 129 126 138 145 136 115 146 143
500–999 142 139 96 127 99 120 104 108 96 99 94 105 114 118 122 145 134 143 142 163
1,000–2,499 154 126 136 147 166 139 131 133 124 132 133 121 129 120 151 156 157 169 174 179
2,500 or more 175 164 177 161 157 161 178 172 139 138 135 109 127 148 140 156 148 151 143 161
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates for 2001–2019 are based on the annual number of
deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, the ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 inmate population counts. See Methodology.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
20
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
21
TABLE 17
Number and percent of local jail jurisdictions reporting to Mortality in Correctional Institutions, by number of
deaths reported each year, 2000–2019
Jail jurisdictions reporting deaths
Median jail jurisdiction daily population,
Number of
0 deaths 1 death 2 or more deaths by number of deaths reported*
reporting
Year jurisdictions Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 0 deaths 1 death 2 or more deaths
2000 2,984 2,550 85.5% 288 9.7% 146 4.9% 41 146 1,076
2001 2,969 2,485 83.7 331 11.1 153 5.2 45 151 995
2002 2,954 2,470 83.6 331 11.2 153 5.2 50 167 1,208
2003 2,937 2,427 82.6 349 11.9 161 5.5 52 166 1,125
2004 2,920 2,402 82.3 367 12.6 151 5.2 55 231 1,246
2005 2,894 2,372 82.0 362 12.5 160 5.5 58 211 1,167
2006 2,866 2,327 81.2 368 12.8 171 6.0 60 191 1,324
2007 2,845 2,312 81.3 349 12.3 184 6.5 60 218 1,190
2008 2,831 2,329 82.3 346 12.2 156 5.5 63 246 1,353
2009 2,742 2,239 81.7 332 12.1 171 6.2 63 219 1,269
2010 2,747 2,245 81.7 342 12.4 160 5.8 64 197 1,278
2011 2,738 2,217 81.0 350 12.8 171 6.2 62 228 1,137
2012 2,797 2,258 80.7 373 13.3 166 5.9 64 253 1,121
2013 2,695 2,150 79.8 372 13.8 173 6.4 64 203 1,048
2014 2,779 2,199 79.1 398 14.3 182 6.5 65 195 1,056
2015 2,792 2,201 78.8 399 14.3 192 6.9 62 233 986
2016 2,786 2,213 79.4 375 13.5 198 7.1 67 203 950
2017 2,810 2,231 79.4 377 13.4 202 7.2 66 221 1,015
2018 2,810 2,197 78.2 388 13.8 225 8.0 63 218 917
2019 2,770 2,134 77.0 414 14.9 222 8.0 63 235 922
Annual average,
2000–2019 2,837 2,307 81.3% 358 12.6% 172 6.1% 59 206 1,099
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Includes all local jails that reported data on populations or deaths. See Methodology.
*Median is calculated using the average daily population of all jails with that number of deaths.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019.
TABLE 18
Number of local jail inmates held on an average day, by state, 2000–2019
State 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total 597,908 638,207 667,730 687,597 715,210 741,577 771,511 781,673 778,716 747,932 732,013 720,879 745,238 712,678 729,362 712,086 717,689 729,063 730,929 718,496
Alabama 12,951 11,857 13,380 12,613 13,454 14,653 14,921 15,858 16,156 13,868 15,054 15,333 14,944 13,333 13,590 13,393 14,074 15,150 16,247 16,232
Alaska* 60 81 97 79 105 80 70 64 52 70 64 73 104 82 85 76 72 72 57 59
Arizona 10,859 13,590 12,704 13,815 14,648 15,302 15,085 16,539 17,844 15,043 13,242 13,467 14,542 14,355 13,961 13,764 13,154 13,237 12,991 13,257
Arkansas 5,271 5,571 6,111 6,248 6,167 6,023 6,402 6,986 7,373 7,453 7,420 7,189 7,447 6,750 7,824 8,098 8,183 8,802 9,126 9,278
California 72,508 71,125 75,543 76,134 77,920 81,923 81,752 83,462 83,493 81,629 74,808 71,759 79,491 81,696 82,116 75,180 76,131 76,650 75,570 74,628
Colorado 9,179 10,394 11,107 11,713 11,555 13,243 13,871 13,540 13,111 13,207 12,703 11,779 12,396 12,323 11,947 12,121 12,910 12,574 13,391 12,617
District of Columbia 1,656 1,618 3,161 2,268 3,477 2,318 3,473 3,142 2,987 3,089 3,037 3,011 2,455 2,288 1,969 1,814 1,858 1,836 2,047 1,798
Florida 49,358 50,056 54,638 53,556 60,056 63,134 64,331 66,449 66,250 61,070 58,313 57,330 56,412 52,710 53,401 53,739 52,544 54,681 55,204 54,357
Georgia 33,332 35,205 37,683 39,279 41,957 44,262 45,479 44,680 47,343 46,125 46,811 44,034 44,322 36,633 40,974 38,140 40,376 41,997 39,573 41,877
Idaho 2,668 2,964 3,280 3,402 2,946 3,939 3,929 4,062 3,938 3,750 3,529 3,718 3,728 3,535 3,744 3,722 3,803 4,154 4,288 4,306
Illinois 17,452 19,701 20,691 21,478 20,370 29,744 20,391 20,660 20,966 19,601 20,224 20,666 21,376 22,173 19,954 18,791 18,456 17,272 16,746 16,592
Indiana 12,760 16,958 14,752 15,398 16,447 17,415 18,716 17,246 17,811 18,302 17,703 17,342 17,533 16,146 16,765 16,306 18,278 19,439 20,641 20,347
Iowa 3,046 3,109 3,612 3,853 3,620 4,167 4,023 4,158 4,085 3,891 3,993 4,099 4,264 4,051 4,243 4,477 4,427 4,899 4,932 4,880
Kansas 5,093 5,657 6,163 7,437 6,864 7,412 7,721 7,383 7,668 6,992 7,692 7,236 6,961 7,100 7,453 7,279 7,544 7,579 8,069 7,966
Kentucky 11,492 19,129 13,954 14,429 16,382 16,380 16,906 18,129 18,070 17,803 17,460 18,252 19,537 17,995 20,602 20,776 22,735 23,789 24,877 23,884
Louisiana 22,744 26,967 27,229 27,824 28,640 29,863 25,979 29,801 29,060 29,572 32,199 31,022 32,651 27,151 29,667 29,181 29,192 29,177 29,724 32,161
Maine 1,297 1,411 1,508 1,572 1,484 1,567 1,767 1,630 1,598 1,571 1,062 1,322 1,299 1,073 1,371 1,343 1,352 1,278 1,685 1,670
Maryland 10,471 10,960 12,069 12,545 12,974 12,696 13,039 14,005 13,577 12,205 12,398 12,423 12,233 12,063 11,164 9,804 8,879 9,587 8,892 9,121
Massachusetts 9,427 11,040 11,745 12,342 13,114 12,485 13,873 13,527 13,309 13,184 10,724 10,326 9,616 10,471 10,238 10,543 10,775 10,454 9,060 8,038
Michigan 15,869 16,460 16,644 16,713 17,956 18,197 18,739 18,436 17,676 17,001 16,457 16,541 17,089 17,203 16,898 15,480 16,476 16,357 16,412 15,604
Minnesota 4,958 5,663 5,954 6,408 7,033 7,265 7,286 7,582 7,105 6,651 6,733 6,468 6,423 6,524 6,827 7,188 7,145 7,293 7,135 6,624
Mississippi 9,885 9,280 10,160 10,872 10,495 10,984 10,981 11,811 11,057 9,732 10,501 10,601 12,620 11,575 12,802 14,376 14,601 13,157 13,279 13,364
Missouri 7,588 8,176 8,992 9,391 10,014 10,266 11,234 10,652 11,653 11,503 10,646 11,500 12,375 11,757 11,259 11,431 11,754 13,013 13,066 11,838
Montana 1,291 1,884 1,804 1,921 2,011 2,084 1,981 1,721 1,781 1,718 1,950 1,032 1,968 2,795 2,317 2,473 2,511 2,580 2,516 2,549
Nebraska 2,140 2,365 2,494 2,485 2,855 2,962 2,741 2,940 3,135 3,427 3,391 3,406 3,442 3,530 3,459 3,560 3,669 3,900 4,001 4,168
Nevada 5,216 5,407 5,656 7,537 6,869 6,144 6,479 7,638 7,531 7,737 7,410 7,083 6,922 6,902 7,070 6,841 7,004 7,189 7,738 6,967
New Hampshire 887 1,376 1,550 1,561 1,658 1,841 2,048 2,039 2,024 2,108 2,103 2,063 2,143 2,012 2,200 1,830 1,868 1,799 1,539 1,456
New Jersey 15,102 15,683 16,295 16,858 17,384 18,035 19,096 18,403 17,824 16,426 15,955 15,280 16,193 16,398 14,997 14,333 13,601 10,655 9,628 8,552
New Mexico 5,918 6,426 6,611 7,387 8,091 8,585 9,031 8,753 9,089 8,273 8,886 8,297 8,408 8,474 8,256 8,370 7,338 6,713 6,267 6,535
New York 27,403 28,709 30,640 30,488 30,588 30,778 32,229 31,335 30,304 29,877 30,122 29,793 28,259 26,959 25,946 25,540 22,345 20,800 21,637 20,006
North Carolina 12,276 12,901 15,103 15,319 16,454 17,958 18,295 19,104 19,382 16,470 18,601 18,288 19,168 18,825 18,964 18,107 18,818 19,920 20,342 20,220
North Dakota 619 650 746 828 876 997 963 889 962 897 947 1,111 1,190 1,088 1,418 1,449 1,382 1,697 1,445 1,457
Ohio 16,118 16,948 18,626 19,592 19,701 19,594 20,664 20,539 19,254 19,944 17,454 17,788 18,704 18,384 19,110 18,612 17,576 20,385 20,913 20,273
Oklahoma 7,228 7,243 7,534 8,206 9,114 10,053 10,988 10,796 10,062 10,493 8,632 8,654 9,544 9,447 12,484 12,455 12,593 10,207 12,288 13,454
Oregon 6,685 7,593 6,354 6,583 6,510 6,812 6,684 8,296 6,304 5,803 5,890 5,872 7,844 5,678 5,985 5,887 5,887 7,846 5,758 5,874
Pennsylvania 28,248 30,296 33,240 32,227 32,934 34,264 36,168 38,221 37,350 38,010 35,444 36,290 37,519 37,334 37,765 36,602 35,086 34,767 32,779 30,740
Continued on next page
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
22
TABLE 18 continued
Number of local jail inmates held on an average day, by state, 2000–2019
State 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
South Carolina 8,752 10,565 12,181 11,009 11,590 12,104 12,749 13,608 13,634 12,654 12,236 11,970 12,232 11,592 11,569 11,256 10,086 11,706 11,794 11,196
South Dakota 1,163 1,138 1,296 1,347 1,514 1,562 1,645 1,537 1,417 1,626 1,572 1,505 1,746 1,845 1,732 1,768 1,880 2,033 2,147 2,058
Tennessee 20,168 20,163 20,859 22,941 23,086 24,124 32,363 25,077 26,446 25,708 22,875 23,521 24,292 24,882 24,553 26,989 28,239 29,110 29,970 29,851
Texas 57,999 54,639 56,185 60,223 62,907 53,967 68,106 69,284 69,392 67,513 67,297 66,599 67,815 63,724 64,614 64,835 67,156 66,506 68,662 67,122
Utah 5,378 5,616 5,817 6,271 6,517 6,407 6,567 6,881 6,929 6,928 7,267 7,194 7,288 6,446 7,441 7,110 7,137 7,695 7,460 7,240
Virginia 20,021 22,154 23,612 24,943 25,488 26,567 28,407 29,561 28,824 28,276 29,003 27,313 30,013 27,783 29,984 26,782 27,910 28,965 28,294 27,603
Washington 8,638 12,289 12,095 11,808 11,867 12,899 13,390 13,727 13,461 13,076 12,350 12,988 12,008 10,920 12,264 11,832 12,034 12,654 12,253 11,653
West Virginia 2,824 3,240 3,068 3,289 3,622 4,081 4,321 4,331 4,336 3,879 4,145 3,882 4,351 4,466 4,292 4,290 4,356 4,690 5,251 4,984
Wisconsin 12,986 12,865 13,557 14,063 14,397 14,908 15,098 15,641 15,401 12,157 14,143 13,965 12,835 12,625 12,501 12,621 12,932 13,464 13,795 12,529
Wyoming 924 1,085 1,230 1,342 1,499 1,534 1,532 1,553 1,694 1,620 1,567 1,494 1,536 1,582 1,587 1,522 1,562 1,335 1,440 1,511
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont each operate a combined prison and jail system. For data on these states,
see Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001–2019 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 300953, BJS, December 2021). See Methodology.
*Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Counts include only data for 15 locally operated jails and exclude data for state-operated prisons and jails.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
23
TABLE 19
Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by state, 2000–2019
State 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total 903 942 969 1,001 1,021 1,045 1,094 1,099 959 961 918 888 960 987 1,053 1,096 1,076 1,103 1,138 1,200
Alabama 24 27 21 15 23 23 34 21 19 20 28 18 18 19 21 24 23 18 23 30
Alaska* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Arizona 15 18 24 16 12 27 19 21 12 11 16 9 10 14 17 26 23 29 29 26
Arkansas 9 13 14 22 13 7 11 10 15 5 7 16 10 15 17 13 11 11 18 11
California 109 124 131 125 120 156 126 128 106 138 121 92 113 129 146 135 122 133 121 154
Colorado 13 16 14 13 11 18 13 21 21 14 20 12 9 20 20 25 27 27 21 34
District of Columbia 4 0 10 12 13 11 12 10 7 8 4 7 2 6 3 1 5 7 2 3
Florida 82 98 79 85 86 79 99 103 77 88 57 66 69 68 83 83 82 98 104 117
Georgia 38 39 49 45 54 41 46 44 55 45 48 46 47 47 42 40 48 45 46 59
Idaho 3 3 1 2 1 7 5 7 1 6 3 5 4 6 6 3 4 4 7 8
Illinois 31 21 22 30 41 25 37 31 29 29 23 21 23 33 30 29 28 24 20 30
Indiana 21 21 14 23 18 16 26 18 11 16 22 21 19 18 27 21 19 26 20 35
Iowa 2 4 3 1 4 4 3 5 2 6 3 8 4 9 6 6 12 3 3 5
Kansas 9 9 12 10 15 11 10 7 12 11 10 10 11 17 10 14 19 11 17 14
Kentucky 16 13 12 14 16 22 21 25 22 18 21 16 22 13 20 23 16 16 30 24
Louisiana 10 22 22 32 41 31 26 31 34 22 26 20 42 37 38 35 35 46 44 29
Maine 2 2 7 3 2 1 5 1 1 2 3 7 0 1 4 1 3 2 3 3
Maryland 22 20 20 25 15 23 27 32 25 20 24 21 17 21 14 17 19 20 16 16
Massachusetts 5 10 16 9 8 21 14 14 17 18 16 5 14 14 18 12 13 18 13 10
Michigan 23 17 18 26 20 29 21 18 12 20 18 24 17 21 34 21 21 23 26 17
Minnesota 6 8 6 9 9 8 11 8 4 3 10 6 7 5 9 8 10 14 9 8
Mississippi 9 12 17 17 17 16 18 18 14 13 14 14 9 15 18 19 17 11 14 21
Missouri 16 14 8 17 6 10 13 25 17 20 21 12 27 19 17 21 18 23 28 28
Montana 3 1 5 5 3 6 1 2 2 6 3 8 3 5 2 6 3 4 6 4
Nebraska 5 5 6 2 4 2 6 2 5 7 6 5 4 7 8 3 5 12 8 4
Nevada 15 18 6 6 8 14 9 10 8 14 8 13 12 10 10 18 14 12 13 16
New Hampshire 3 2 5 3 3 1 4 4 2 5 1 4 3 1 1 0 7 4 4 6
New Jersey 31 17 17 38 34 32 36 34 27 25 29 20 25 23 32 26 25 18 19 14
New Mexico 15 9 9 7 17 11 21 15 11 11 17 23 16 10 10 15 18 11 7 16
New York 57 52 51 47 43 51 52 52 32 37 37 36 40 40 37 32 33 17 29 22
North Carolina 15 17 32 22 21 17 21 28 19 23 24 17 25 21 23 33 21 36 32 35
North Dakota 1 1 2 2 1 0 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 5 3 2 2 1 6 0
Ohio 23 20 30 30 18 24 26 26 23 26 23 28 33 30 29 31 29 40 48 41
Oklahoma 15 18 9 13 14 18 21 24 17 18 18 12 13 16 19 16 32 9 16 18
Oregon 10 10 7 7 15 8 11 3 15 7 9 8 3 4 9 14 6 13 11 12
Pennsylvania 38 50 51 53 66 57 56 55 44 37 31 46 59 41 48 54 47 49 59 63
Continued on next page
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
24
TABLE 19 continued
Number of deaths of local jail inmates, by state, 2000–2019
State 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
South Carolina 17 23 17 11 16 19 21 14 19 15 19 7 22 21 15 18 14 29 19 22
South Dakota 4 2 1 0 1 3 1 1 2 2 0 1 0 2 1 6 8 0 2 1
Tennessee 28 28 29 23 39 36 30 35 37 32 20 39 34 27 29 36 43 42 50 39
Texas 97 84 96 96 99 89 98 90 86 76 84 69 72 99 73 98 87 92 85 95
Utah 6 6 13 7 11 10 7 11 6 12 8 14 11 16 19 11 22 7 7 11
Virginia 34 41 36 42 33 30 36 59 49 39 29 42 40 28 48 43 34 44 42 38
Washington 8 10 11 16
11 11 19 15 17 14 16 16 20 16 19 28 16 19 31 30
West Virginia 2 6 2 6 5 6 6 4 6 7 5 7 10 6 8 10 11 10 11 14
Wisconsin 7 11 12 11 10 11 11 15 17 11 13 14 13 10 7 13 21 24 18 15
Wyoming 0 0 2 3 4 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 4 2 3 6 3 1 1 2
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont each operate a combined prison and jail system. For data on these states,
see Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001–2019 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 300953, BJS, December 2021). See Methodology.
*Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Counts include only deaths in 15 locally operated jails and exclude deaths in state-operated prisons and jails.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
25
TABLE 20
Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by state, 2000–2019
State 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total 151 148 145 146 143 141 142 141 123 128 125 123 129 138 144 154 150 151 156 167
Alabama 185 228 157 119 171 157 228 132 118 144 186 117 120 143 155 179 163 119 142 185
Alaska* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,370 ! 962 ! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Arizona 138 132 189 116 82 176 126 127 67 73 121 67 ! 69 98 122 189 175 219 223 196
Arkansas 171 ! 233 229 352 211 116 ! 172 143 203 67 ! 94 ! 223 134 222 217 161 134 125 197 119
California 150 174 173 164 154 190 154 153 127 169 162 128 142 158 178 180 160 174 160 206
Colorado 142 154 126 111 95 136 94 155 160 106 157 102 73 ! 162 167 206 209 215 157 269
District of Columbia 242 ! 0 316 529 374 475 346 318 234 ! 259 ! 132 ! 232 ! 81 ! 262 ! 152 ! 55 ! 269 ! 381 ! 98 ! 167 !
Florida 166 196 145 159 143 125 154 155 116 144 98 115 122 129 155 154 156 179 188 215
Georgia 114 111 130 115 129 93 101 98 116 98 103 104 106 128 103 105 119 107 116 141
Idaho 112 ! 101 ! 30 ! 59 ! 34 ! 178 ! 127 ! 172 ! 25 ! 160 ! 85 ! 134 ! 107 ! 170 ! 160 ! 81 ! 105 ! 96 ! 163 ! 186 !
Illinois 178 107 106 140 201 84 181 150 138 148 114 102 108 149 150 154 152 139 119 181
Indiana 165 124 95 149 109 92 139 104 62 87 124 121 108 111 161 129 104 134 97 172
Iowa 66 ! 129 ! 83 ! 26 ! 110 ! 96 ! 75 ! 120 ! 49 ! 154 ! 75 ! 195 ! 94 ! 222 ! 141 ! 134 ! 271 61 ! 61 ! 102 !
Kansas 177 ! 159 ! 195 134 219 148 130 95 ! 156 157 130 138 158 239 134 192 252 145 211 176
Kentucky 139 68 86 97 98 134 124 138 122 101 120 88 113 72 97 111 70 67 121 100
Louisiana 44 82 81 115 143 104 100 104 117 74 81 64 129 136 128 120 120 158 148 90
Maine 154 ! 142 ! 464 ! 191 ! 135 ! 64 ! 283 ! 61 ! 63 ! 127 ! 282 ! 530 ! 0 93 ! 292 ! 74 ! 222 ! 156 ! 178 ! 180 !
Maryland 210 182 166 199 116 181 207 228 184 164 194 169 139 174 125 173 214 209 180 175
Massachusetts 53 ! 91 136 73 ! 61 ! 168 101 103 128 137 149 48 ! 146 134 176 114 121 172 143 124
Michigan 145 103 108 156 111 159 112 98 68 118 109 145 99 122 201 136 127 141 158 109
Minnesota 121 ! 141 ! 101 ! 140 ! 128 ! 110 ! 151 106 ! 56 ! 45 ! 149 93 ! 109 ! 77 ! 132 ! 111 ! 140 192 126 ! 121 !
Mississippi 91 ! 129 167 156 162 146 164 152 127 134 133 132 71 ! 130 141 132 116 84 105 157
Missouri 211 171 89 ! 181 60 ! 97 116 235 146 174 197 104 218 162 151 184 153 177 214 237
Montana 232 ! 53 ! 277 ! 260 ! 149 ! 288 ! 50 ! 116 ! 112 ! 349 ! 154 ! 775 ! 152 ! 179 ! 86 ! 243 ! 119 ! 155 ! 238 ! 157 !
Nebraska 234 ! 211 ! 241 ! 80 ! 140 ! 68 ! 219 ! 68 ! 159 ! 204 ! 177 ! 147 ! 116 ! 198 ! 231 ! 84 ! 136 ! 308 200 ! 96 !
Nevada 288 333 106 ! 80 ! 116 ! 228 139 ! 131 106 ! 181 108 ! 184 173 145 141 263 200 167 168 230
New Hampshire 338 ! 145 ! 323 ! 192 ! 181 ! 54 ! 195 ! 196 ! 99 ! 237 ! 48 ! 194 ! 140 ! 50 ! 45 ! 0 375 ! 222 ! 260 ! 412 !
New Jersey 205 108 104 225 196 177 189 185 151 152 182 131 154 140 213 181 184 169 197 164
New Mexico 253 140 ! 136 ! 95 ! 210 128 233 171 121 133 191 277 190 118 121 179 245 164 112 ! 245
New York 208 181 166 154 141 166 161 166 106 124 123 121 142 148 143 125 148 82 134 110
North Carolina 122 132 212 144 128 95 115 147 98 140 129 93 130 112 121 182 112 181 157 173
North Dakota 162 ! 154 ! 268 ! 242 ! 114 ! 0 208 ! 113 ! 104 ! 223 ! 211 ! 90 ! 252 ! 460 ! 212 ! 138 ! 145 ! 59 ! 415 ! 0
Ohio 143 118 161 153 91 122 126 127 119 130 132 157 176 163 152 167 165 196 230 202
Oklahoma 208 249 119 ! 158 154 179 191 222 169 172 209 139 136 169 152 128 254 88 ! 130 134
Oregon 150 132 110 ! 106 ! 230 117 ! 165 36 ! 238 121 ! 153 ! 136 ! 38 ! 70 ! 150 ! 238 102 ! 166 191 204
Pennsylvania 135 165 153 164 200 166 155 144 118 97 87 127 157 110 127 148 134 141 180 205
Continued on next page
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
26
TABLE 20 continued
Mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates, by state, 2000–2019
State 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
South Carolina 194 218 140 100 138 157 165 103 139 119 155 58 ! 180 181 130 160 139 248 161 196
South Dakota 344 ! 176 ! 77 ! 0 66 ! 192 ! 61 ! 65 ! 141 ! 123 ! 0 66 ! 0 108 ! 58 ! 339 ! 426 ! 0 93 ! 49 !
Tennessee 139 139 139 100 169 149 93 140 140 124 87 166 140 109 118 133 152 144 167 131
Texas 167 154 171 159 157 165 144 130 124 113 125 104 106 155 113 151 130 138 124 142
Utah 112 ! 107 ! 223 112 ! 169 156 107 ! 160 87 ! 173 110 ! 195 151 248 255 155 308 91 ! 94 ! 152
Virginia 170 185 152 168 129 113 127 200 170 138 100 154 133 101 160 161 122 152 148 138
Washington 93 ! 81 91 136
93 85 142 109 126 107 130 123 167 147 155 237 133 150 253 257
West Virginia 71 ! 185 ! 65 ! 182 ! 138 ! 147 ! 139 ! 92 ! 138 ! 180 ! 121 ! 180 ! 230 134 ! 186 ! 233 253 213 209 281
Wisconsin 54 ! 86 89 78 69 74 73 96 110 90 92 100 101 79 56 ! 103 162 178 130 120
Wyoming 0 0 163 ! 224 ! 267 ! 196 ! 131 ! 64 ! 59 ! 123 ! 64 ! 67 ! 260 ! 126 ! 189 ! 394 ! 192 ! 75 ! 69 ! 132 !
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates for 2001–2019 are based on the annual number of
deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, the ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 inmate population counts. Mortality rates are not adjusted for demographic
differences among states. Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii , Rhode Island, and Vermont each operate a combined prison and jail system. For data on these states, see Mortality in State and Federal Prisons,
2001–2019 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 300953, BJS, December 2021). See Methodology.
! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases. See Interpreting rates among small populations in Methodology.
*Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Counts include only deaths in 15 locally operated jails and exclude deaths in state-operated prisons and jails.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
27
TABLE 21
Number of local jail jurisdictions reporting to Mortality in Correctional Institutions, by state, 2000–2019
State 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
a
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total 2,984 2,969 2,954 2,937 2,920 2,894 2,866 2,845 2,831 2,742 2,747 2,738 2,797 2,695 2,779 2,792 2,786 2,810 2,810 2,770
Alabama 151 149 147 146 145 142 136 132 125 115 117 115 122 116 122 123 125 125 125 124
Alaska
b
15 15 15 14 14 15 15 15 15 14 15 15 15 15 14 15 15 15 15 15
Arizona 16 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16
Arkansas 85 84 84 83 82 83 81 81 81 76 71 73 77 66 75 73 71 72 71 72
California 65 64 64 64 64 64 63 62 62 61 61 60 61 60 60 61 59 60 62 61
Colorado 55 55 55 55 55 55 53 53 53 53 52 50 52 54 54 54 55 55 56 55
District of Columbia 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Florida 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 67 67 65 66 66 67 64 67 67 67 67 66 65
Georgia 176 174 174 172 170 167 164 162 159 151 152 153 157 144 152 153 148 147 147 149
Idaho 39 38 38 38 38 38 38 37 37 35 34 34 35 36 36 36 36 36 35 36
Illinois 90 89 90 90 89 90 90 90 90 90 90 88 90 89 87 91 91 87 90 91
Indiana 90 91 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 89 89 90 90 88 90 90 91 90 91 91
Iowa 94 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 92 90 93 93 92 92 96 95 95 94 92
Kansas 95 95 95 95 95 95 94 94 93 90 92 90 93 95 94 95 96 94 95 91
Kentucky 80 78 80 79 79 76 74 74 74 70 72 73 75 74 76 75 77 76 75 73
Louisiana 87 86 85 85 85 83 83 83 84 79 82 75 83 76 81 82 80 82 89 87
Maine 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 11 12 12 11 12 12 12 12 13 14
Maryland 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 24 23 24
Massachusetts 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 12 13 13 13 12 12
Michigan 83 83 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 80 81 79 80 78 80 80 77 78
Minnesota 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 70 69 71 70 71 77 78 77 77 77 77 77
Mississippi 91 90 89 88 88 85 84 84 83 80 77 77 83 67 78 82 82 75 79 76
Missouri 124 124 124 123 119 118 119 118 118 110 113 113 114 107 110 109 110 113 108 106
Montana 41 41 40 40 41 40 40 40 40 36 38 37 37 35 36 36 36 36 36 34
Nebraska 64 63 63 63 63 63 62 62 62 61 61 60 61 60 61 62 61 61 62 59
Nevada 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 18 18 19 19 19 19 18
New Hampshire 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
New Jersey 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 20 21 21 21 21 20 20 19 18 18 18
New Mexico 34 35 35 34 34 32 32 32 32 29 29 31 31 31 32 31 31 30 29 31
New York 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 57 57 58 56 55 54 56 53 53 55 56
North Carolina 96 96 96 96 94 94 94 94 93 89 92 93 93 90 92 91 93 93 93 90
North Dakota 23 23 23 23 23 23 22 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 22 22
Ohio 97 96 96 93 93 93 92 91 91 91 90 93 93 98 98 97 97 131 128 125
Oklahoma 100 100 100 99 98 96 94 93 93 88 90 88 89 79 90 88 90 88 91 90
Oregon 33 33 33 33 33 32 32 32 32 31 31 30 31 32 34 34 34 34 36 36
Pennsylvania 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 60 62 61 60 61 62 62
Continued on next page
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
28
TABLE 21 continued
Number of local jail jurisdictions reporting to Mortality in Correctional Institutions, by state, 2000–2019
State 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
a
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
South Carolina 46 46 46 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 42 44 45 44 45 45 44 45 45 44
South Dakota 28 29 29 29 29 28 28 28 28 26 27 25 27 27 26 27 25 26 26 25
Tennessee 97 97 96 96 96 96 95 94 94 89 88 88 94 89 93 92 93 94 92 90
Texas 248 247 246 245 242 242 242 237 236 230 227 226 232 223 228 233 233 231 230 220
Utah 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 26 24 26 25 26 26 25 25
Virginia 73 72 72 72 72 69 66 64 64 65 66 66 63 59 62 59 59 59 58 57
Washington 58 58
58 57 57 56 56 56 56 56 55 55 55 55 55 56 56 55 53 51
West Virginia 28 28 19 18 16 13 12 12 12 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
Wisconsin 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 69 70 70 70 68 69 71 71 71 71 69
Wyoming 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 22 22 22 21 21
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont each operate a combined prison and jail system. For data on these states,
see Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001–2019 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 300953, BJS, December 2021). See Methodology.
a
In 2013, the response rate for Mortality in Correctional Institutions decreased to 94.2% due to a lengthened data collection form. The response rate was 99.7% in 2012.
b
Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Counts include only data for 15 locally operated jails and exclude data for state-operated prisons and jails.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
29
TABLE 22
Number of local jail jurisdictions reporting one or more deaths to Mortality in Correctional Institutions, by state, 2000–2019
State 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total 434 484 484 510 518 522 539 533 502 503 502 521 539 545 580 591 573 579 613 636
Alabama 15 22 20 14 16 22 25 16 15 17 24 16 17 18 19 20 18 16 17 17
Alaska* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Arizona 5 5 7 4 4 7 5 5 5 5 6 4 3 4 6 6 7 9 9 9
Arkansas 7 10 10 16 11 4 10 7 11 4 6 13 8 11 10 9 10 9 12 10
California 30 32 29 35 32 34 27 31 30 33 28 28 29 36 38 37 32 31 32 38
Colorado 6 7 11 6 9 12 10 11 13 6 11 7 7 12 17 10 14 16 11 19
District of Columbia 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Florida 23 30 27 27 31 29 30 33 25 31 23 28 27 32 30 33 35 28 35 34
Georgia 24 28 33 31 29 33 29 33 29 27 30 30 35 30 27 26 29 30 24 37
Idaho 3 2 1 2 1 7 5 7 1 6 2 4 4 6 5 3 3 4 6 5
Illinois 7 6 11 20 14 11 13 15 13 9 12 14 15 12 15 15 17 11 16 15
Indiana 11 17 11 15 15 14 19 12 10 11 15 16 15 14 18 15 14 19 15 20
Iowa 2 4 3 1 3 4 3 5 2 5 3 7 4 7 6 6 10 3 2 4
Kansas 8 9 10 9 10 11 7 6 11 7 6 9 8 11 9 8 12 9 13 10
Kentucky 11 10 9 13 14 12 15 17 15 16 19 15 16 10 15 17 15 16 20 21
Louisiana 5 15 15 16 24 15 17 16 24 16 16 13 25 23 24 24 24 25 24 18
Maine 2 2 5 3 1 1 5 1 1 2 3 5 0 1 4 1 3 2 3 3
Maryland 7 9 3 10 6 9 11 6 7 10 9 11 9 9 8 10 10 9 10 11
Massachusetts 3 6 7 5 5 8 8 7 8 9 8 3 5 7 10 5 5 8 6 7
Michigan 12 8 13 18 15 17 15 14 12 10 12 13 12 12 17 12 13 15 12 13
Minnesota 5 8 6 8 7 6 9 6 4 2 8 6 5 5 7 8 10 10 7 7
Mississippi 8 11 12 15 15 13 15 13 13 11 11 12 8 10 16 18 15 8 12 14
Missouri 10 10 7 14 6 9 10 17 12 16 19 10 20 15 15 16 10 18 19 21
Montana 3 1 4 5 3 4 1 2 2 6 2 6 2 4 2 5 3 4 5 4
Nebraska 5 5 6 2 4 2 5 2 5 3 5 4 2 6 7 3 3 5 8 4
Nevada 7 8 3 4 5 6 4 5 6 6 5 5 6 7 5 5 5 5 5 7
New Hampshire 3 2 5 2 2 1 3 3 2 4 1 4 2 1 1 0 4 3 3 4
New Jersey 12 10 7 12 12 11 12 15 12 11 12 10 13 10 12 12 10 12 9 7
New Mexico 9 7 6 5 8 4 8 10 6 4 10 12 9 8 8 8 11 8 4 10
New York 12 10 17 15 12 12 12 13 9 18 11 18 14 15 20 15 12 8 15 14
North Carolina 13 17 18 15 17 16 17 17 14 18 19 12 23 19 18 24 18 27 22 26
North Dakota 1 1 2 2 1 0 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 5 3 2 2 1 6 0
Ohio 13 14 16 19 15 17 17 19 16 16 15 18 22 21 18 22 19 27 29 28
Oklahoma 10 11 7 7 6 13 12 13 9 12 13 9 12 10 10 11 15 6 14 13
Oregon 4 7 4 4 7 6 7 3 9 5 5 5 3 4 7 10 5 9 11 11
Pennsylvania 15 21 23 19 28 18 20 25 16 19 15 21 23 21 21 23 19 27 24 27
Continued on next page
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
30
TABLE 22 continued
Number of local jail jurisdictions reporting one or more deaths to Mortality in Correctional Institutions,
State 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
, by state 2000–2019
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
11
4
16
50
3
21
8
2
7
0
14
2
13
40
5
24
7
6
8
0
14
1
15
40
4
22
7
2
8
2
7
0
13
42
5
20
10
6
10
3
14
1
24
47
8
17
6
5
4
3
15
3
19
49
4
19
11
2
8
3
14
1
15
49
3
22
11
5
8
2
10
1
19
38
8
26
8
3
12
1
15
2
22
37
2
27
10
5
12
1
10
2
19
43
6
20
9
5
9
2
12
0
14
41
5
18
10
4
10
1
6
1
21
43
8
22
12
5
11
1
17
0
20
40
4
21
9
8
12
2
14
2
11
52
6
19
10
4
8
2
13
1
18
40
6
27
11
5
7
3
13
4
24
45
7
23
15
5
10
5
11
6
21
39
11
19
11
9
11
2
13
0
24
44
4
21
12
6
15
1
12
2
26
47
4
24
14
8
14
1
18
1
21
44
5
24
15
6
11
2
Note: Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Rhode Island, and Vermont each operate a combined prison and jail system. For data on these states,
see Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001–2019 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 300953, BJS, December 2021). See Methodology.
*Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Counts include only deaths in 15 locally operated jails and exclude deaths in state-operated prisons and jails.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
31
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
32
Methodology
Data collection coverage
e Mortality in Correctional Institutions (MCI),
formerly the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program
(DCRP), was an annual Bureau of Justice Statistics
(BJS) data collection from 2000 to 2019. e MCI
obtained national-, state-, and incident-level data on
adults who died while in the physical custody of the
50 state departments of corrections (DOCs) or in
the physical custody of the approximately 2,800 local
jail jurisdictions with adult populations nationwide.
is methodology pertains to the local jail portion of
the MCI collection only. BJS denes a jail as a locally
operated correctional facility that connes persons
before or aer adjudication for more than 72 hours,
excluding temporary lockups. See Mortality in State
and Federal Prisons, 2001–2019 – Statistical Tables
(NCJ 300953, BJS, December 2021) for data and the
methodology on deaths in prisons.
e DCRP began in 2000 in response to the Death in
Custody Reporting Act of 2000 (DICRA; P.L. 106–297)
and was the only national statistical collection
providing comprehensive information about deaths
in adult correctional facilities. Starting in 2000, BJS
collected annual data directly from the approximately
2,800 jail jurisdictions in the U.S. and maintained an
average annual response rate of 98%. BJS used these
data to track national trends in the number and causes
or manners of deaths occurring in local jails. In 2017,
BJS changed the name of the DCRP to MCI to more
accurately describe the data collection.
BJS ceased collection of mortality data in state and
local correctional facilities aer the 2019 data year.
When DICRA was reauthorized in 2014 (P.L. 113–242),
it included additional enforcement and reporting
compliance requirements that are incompatible with
BJS’s authorizing statute as a federal statistical agency.
e U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) determined it
would be more appropriate for the Bureau of Justice
Assistance (BJA) to administer the program and
collect mortality data for the DOJ, starting with the
rst quarter of scal year 2019 (October to December
2019). State DOCs and local jails now report their
death information on a quarterly basis to centralized
state agencies, which compile and submit this to
BJA to comply with all applicable requirements
in P.L. 113–242.
Mortality data measured by the MCI included the
location and type of facility where the incarcerated
person died, decedent characteristics (sex, race or
ethnicity, and age), admission date, conviction status,
and admission oense. e MCI also collected data on
the circumstances surrounding the death (the cause,
time, and location of death), whether an autopsy was
conducted, and the availability of autopsy results to the
respondent. Data on executions are excluded from this
report but are accessible on the BJS website.
1
Statistics
for 2000 to 2019 presented in this report are considered
nal as of February 18, 2021.
For more information on mortality in correctional
settings, see—
Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001–2019 –
S
tatistical Tables (NCJ 300953, BJS, December 2021)
Suicide in Local Jails and State and Federal Prisons,
2000–2019 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 300731, BJS,
October 2021)
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2018 – Statistical
Tables (NCJ 256002, BJS, April 2021)
Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001–2018 –
Statistical Tables (NCJ 255970, BJS, April 2021)
Assessing Inmate Cause of Death: Deaths in Custody
Reporting Program and National Death Index
(NCJ249568, BJS, April 2016)
Suicide and Homicide in State Prisons and Local Jails
(NCJ 210036, BJS, August 2005).
e MCI instruments for collecting jail data were
administered annually to local jails. Respondents
provided an aggregate count of the number of deaths
that occurred during the referenced calendar year
(CJ-9A/CJ-10A) and provided forms describing
individual deaths (CJ-9). e jail survey instruments
are available on the BJS website. Respondents
submitted individual records on decedents at any time
during a collection cycle through a BJS web-based
collection system. In addition to the death count,
jails were asked to provide summary statistics about
their population and admissions. All jails, including
those with no reportable deaths (about 80% of jails in
any given year), were asked to complete the annual
summary form.
1
See Capital Punishment, 2019 – Statistical Tables (NCJ 300381,
BJS, June 2021).
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
33
Nonresponse
e jail universe includes all jails currently operating
and excludes those BJS contacted for the MCI that
have closed, consolidated, or otherwise eliminated
operations. is universe allows BJS to determine
jail participation in the MCI. e most recent jail
universe identied 2,907 jurisdictions that represented
3,130 jail facilities. Of these, 2,819 jurisdictions (97%)
participated in the MCI.
A jail jurisdiction is a legal entity that manages jail
facilities. Jail jurisdictions typically operate at the
county level, and a sheri ’s oce or jail administrator
usually manages the local facilities. MCI data identify
the jail facility where an inmate died, but data are
summarized at the jail jurisdiction level.
Determining eligibility for reporting to the
Mortality in Correctional Institutions
In the MCI, custody refers to the physical holding of
a person in a facility or to the period during which a
correctional authority maintains a chain of custody
over such person. For instance, if a jail transports
an ill inmate to a hospital for medical services and
that person dies in the hospital while in the chain of
custody of the jail, then that death is counted as a death
in custody. A death that occurs when an inmate is not
in the custody of a correctional authority is considered
beyond the scope of the MCI. Deaths were considered
out of scope for inmates who were on escape status
or under the supervision of community corrections,
such as on probation, parole, or home electronic
monitoring. Local jail ocials were asked to determine
whether the inmate was in the physical custody of
the jurisdiction at the time of death, regardless of the
reason the inmate was being held.
Custody is further complicated by the functions of
some sheris’ oces, including dual law enforcement
and jail administration. As a result, some deaths that
respondents reported as jail deaths occurred before the
jail had custody of the decedent. Deaths that occurred
in the process of arrest were identied by BJS and
excluded by using information about the circumstances
surrounding the death.
Identifying and excluding duplicate records
Duplicate and out-of-scope records are excluded from
analysis in this report. Duplicate death records may
occur in the MCI due to overlapping correctional
populations or overlapping duties within correctional
facilities. For example, a state prison system may report
the death of a person who was transferred to a local jail
while serving a prison sentence. is death would be
counted by the local jail that had custody of the person
at the time of death. e duplicate record from the
prison would be deleted.
To identify duplicate records, BJS reconciles the
aggregate summary counts of deaths that occurred
during a calendar year with the number of individual
records of death that were obtained from a reporting
jurisdiction. When discrepancies are identied,
reporting jurisdictions are contacted for clarication.
However, even if summary counts and individual
reports are reconciled, duplicate records may exist if
multiple reporting units within a jurisdiction provide
reconciled data.
Duplicate records occur primarily in reports from jail
jurisdictions that have multiple reporting entities. To
identify duplicate records, records are compared based
on an inmate’s name, date of birth, date of death, and
date of admission into a correctional facility. Aer the
aggregate count review, deaths reported to both the
jail and prison MCI collections are identied, which
most commonly occur when a local jail is housing an
inmate for the state DOC. e death is counted under
the facility that had custody of the inmate at the time of
death, and the duplicate record is deleted.
Information on cause of death
MCI respondents are instructed to report on the
cause of death as determined by autopsy or another
ocial medical investigation. For this collection,
deaths due to intoxication, accidents, suicides, and
homicides are considered discrete causes of death.
Although the manner and cause of death are distinct
from one another, no such distinction is made in the
MCI. When reporting a death due to illness, accident,
suicide, intoxication, or homicide, BJS requests that
respondents describe the events surrounding these
deaths. Clinical data specialists convert text entries
that describe illness-related deaths into standard
medical codes from the World Health Organization’s
International Statistical Classication of Diseases and
Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision.
Homicides include all types of intentional homicide
and involuntary manslaughter as determined by a
medical examiner or pathologist at autopsy. Homicide
counts include legal intervention homicides committed
while an inmate was trying to escape. Homicides
encompass cases that are ruled a homicide at autopsy
when events that led to the death occurred prior to
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
34
incarceration, such as a person who was shot outside of
custody and who later died from complications of the
gunshot wound while in custody.
Other BJS sources of correctional mortality data
BJS collects other data reported to the MCI on jail
mortality. ese other collections include—
the Census of Jails (COJ), which is conducted every
5 to 6 years and provides counts of inmate deaths in
local jails. Further discussion of the COJ is available
on the BJS website.
the Survey of Jails in Indian Country (SJIC), which
provides aggregate counts of deaths in all known
correctional facilities in Indian country that are
operated by tribal authorities or the U.S. Department
of the Interior’s Bureau of Indian Aairs. Further
discussion of the SJIC is available on the BJS website.
Reported statistics
Mortality data in this report include the number of
deaths and mortality rates by year, the cause of death,
selected decedent characteristics, and the state where
the death occurred.
Mortality rates are calculated per 100,000 local jail
inmates, with the denominators providing estimates of
the number of person-years of exposure in custody in
institutional corrections (person-years combines time
in jail with the number of inmates to measure actual
exposure to a jail setting). e mortality rate in jails is
calculated as the number of deaths per year divided by
the inmate average daily population (ADP), with the
resulting quotient multiplied by 100,000. e ADP for
jails is dened as the average daily number of inmates
held in a jail jurisdiction during a calendar year, from
January 1 through December 31.
e ADP is used as the denominator for mortality
rates to accommodate the high turnover and daily
uctuation in local jail populations. Compared to a
single-day inmate count, the ADP is a better indicator
of the number of days per year that an inmate is
exposed to the risk of death. Jail populations have a
much higher turnover than prison populations. Mean
length of stay is about 26 days in local jails, compared
to 2 years in state prisons.
e jail ADP reects the annual number of admissions
and mean length of stay, and it can be expressed as
the product of these two values. When mean length
of stay is expressed in years, the ADP is equivalent to
the number of person-years spent by inmates during
a given year. ADP data are received directly from jails
through the MCI using the summary form CJ-9A.
Starting in 2002, BJS collected the ADP directly from
respondents. Prior to 2002, the jail ADP was calculated
by taking the average of the January 1 count from
the prior year and the December 31 count from the
reference year.
Both denominators provide for annualized mortality
rates, which are calculated separately by group or
characteristic. e annualized mortality rates in state
prisons and local jails are comparable to annual crude,
or unadjusted, mortality rates reported by the National
Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).
e NCHS calculates crude mortality rates as
the number of events for a period divided by the
population estimate at the midpoint of the period. For
general population mortality statistics, the NCHS uses
the midyear population to approximate the average
population that was exposed to risk of death during
any given year.
2
Like the mortality rates reported by the NCHS, the
mortality rates of jail inmates reported in the MCI
annual statistical tables are crude, or unadjusted. e
composition of the general population diers by sex,
race or ethnicity, and age from the population in local
jails, which in turn diers from the population in state
or federal prisons. In 2019, BJS adjusted the general
population in table 4 and gure 3 of this report to
reect the sex, race or ethnicity, and age distribution of
local jails to permit direct comparisons. For details on
this adjustment, see Comparison of jail mortality rates
to the U.S. resident population.
Records on individual inmates that were collected
annually are included in the national death count.
Independent and jail-specic counts are collected
in the annual summary form (CJ-9A/CJ-10A) and
serve as control death totals. If the death count in the
summary form le is greater than the count in the le
on individual inmates, the summary le count is used
to calculate the jail mortality rate.
Estimating population characteristics of
inmates to calculate mortality rates by
demographic subgroups
To estimate ADP distributions of inmate demographic
characteristics, data from several data collections were
used to generate distributions of sex, race or ethnicity,
2
See Siegel, J. S., & Swanson, D. A. (Eds.). (2004). e methods and
materials of demography (2nd ed., p. 269). Elsevier Academic Press.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
35
and age. ese collections were chosen because they
were conducted closest in time to the 2019 reference
year. ese distributions were then applied to the
ADP. ese data collections include two types of data:
(1) in-person survey data, where jail inmates are asked
directly to identify their date of birth, sex at birth,
race, and Hispanic origin, and (2) administrative
data, which is derived from the ocial operational
records maintained by the jail facility and may dier
from how an inmate would self-identify, especially in
terms of race and ethnicity, if given the chance. BJS’s
administrative data collections on jails include—
the MCI, conducted annually
the Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ), conducted annually
the COJ, conducted every 5 to 6 years, including in
2013 and 2019.
BJS’s in-person inmate survey data on jails include—
Survey of Inmates in Local Jails (SILJ), last
conducted in 2002
National Inmate Survey (NIS), conducted in 2006,
2007 to 2009, and 2012.
Prior to 2010, the ASJ provided estimates of inmates
by sex for each year of MCI collection. e ASJ
percentages were applied to each year’s ADP from the
MCI to estimate the ADP of male and female inmates.
Starting in 2010, sex-specic data on ADP from MCI
were used to calculate the denominators for mortality
rates for males and females.
Data from the SILJ, NIS, and COJ were used to
estimate the relative distribution of adults by race or
ethnicity for dierent periods. Because the SILJ (2002),
NIS (2007 to 2009), and COJ (2013) are not elded
annually, the population estimates were smoothed
before being applied to MCI data for specic time
periods. e SILJ estimates were used to cover the
period from 2000 to 2004, the NIS estimates to cover
years 2005 to 2012, and the COJ estimates to cover
years 2013 to 2019. In all cases, the percentages
associated with the distribution of race or ethnicity
were applied to the jail ADP.
To estimate the distribution of the inmate population
by age, BJS rst obtained an estimate of the number of
inmates age 17 or younger from the ASJ (2000 to 2012
and 2014 to 2016) and the 2013 COJ data collection.
An estimate of the ADP of inmates age 17 or younger
was obtained by applying the annual percentage of
inmates age 17 or younger from the ASJ and COJ to the
annual ADP collected in the MCI.
To estimate the distribution of adult inmates by age,
data from the SILJ for 2000 to 2006 and the NIS
for 2007 to 2016 were used to estimate the relative
distribution of adults by age for specic periods.
Estimates were directly available from these sources
for 2002, 2007, 2009, and 2012. e age distribution
for 2002 (SILJ) was applied to MCI data for 2000 and
2001, and the distribution from 2012 (NIS) was used
for 2013 to 2019. Estimates were smoothed to account
for gaps in reference years when age estimates were not
available (2003 to 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2011).
Comparison of jail mortality rates to the U.S.
resident population
e jail population diers substantially from the U.S.
resident population in terms of age, race or ethnicity,
and sex distributions. ese dierences preclude direct
comparison of mortality rates between jail inmates and
U.S. residents. To allow for direct comparisons, BJS
adjusted the U.S. resident population’s mortality rates
to the age-by-sex-by-race/ethnicity (ASR) distribution
of jails in 2019.
BJS does not collect individual-level data on all jail
inmates on an annual basis, instead obtaining annual
univariate aggregate counts of the jail population by
sex and by race or ethnicity through the ASJ. BJS can
calculate the ASR 3-way cross distributions for the jail
population only for those years in which it conducts
an in-person inmate survey, the most recent of which
was in 2012, the third iteration of the NIS. BJS can use
the ratio of administrative age or race or ethnicity data
to in-person survey data to determine how disparate
administrative records are from a representative
sample of jail inmates. e sex distribution of
administrative data is assumed to be accurate because
they represent ocial records of facilities, and typically,
BJS’s in-person survey data are weighted to reect the
sex distribution of the administrative data.
Because the ASR distribution in jails may have changed
between 2012 and 2019, BJS did not simply impose
the ASR distributions observed in the 2012 NIS on the
2019 jail population administrative data. Instead, BJS
used other existing administrative data to make several
educated assumptions and separate comparisons for
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
36
sex, race or ethnicity, and age to estimate a combined
ASR distribution for jail inmates for 2019.
1. As previously stated, the sex distribution of
administrative data is assumed to be accurate
because they represent ocial records of facilities,
and in-person survey data are weighted to reect the
sex distribution of the administrative data. Using the
ratio of males and females from the 2012 NIS to the
2011 ASJ, BJS adjusted the 2019 ASJ sex distribution.
2. To obtain an updated age distribution for jail
inmates, BJS compared sex-specic age distributions
of arrestees from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting
program in 2009 and 2012 to calculate the ratios
of these distributions to the 2009 and 2012 NIS
in-person survey results. ese two distributions
of age ratios were averaged and applied to the ASJ
control totals by sex from 2015 to 2017 to obtain
percent distributions of ages for males and females
in the jail population for those years. An average of
the 2016 to 2018 distributions was then applied to
the adjusted 2019 ASJ sex totals to obtain the nal
2019 age-by-sex distribution.
3. BJS does not obtain an annual sex-specic
distribution of race or ethnicity through ASJ or MCI.
BJS made the assumption that the race/ethnicity
distribution of jail inmates in 2019 had not
changed markedly from that reported in the 2011
ASJ. Additionally, BJS assumed the race/ethnicity
distributions of jail inmates in the 2011 ASJ did not
dier between the sexes. is allowed BJS to use
the 2012 NIS-3 distributions of sex-specic race or
ethnicity to adjust the counts of 2019 jail inmates.
a. Because the assumption of both male and female
jail inmates having the same race/ethnicity
distribution could be questioned, BJS repeated this
step under a dierent assumption. e 2011 ASJ
female race/ethnicity distribution was set equal to
that of females observed in the 2012 NIS survey,
and the distribution for males was calculated
as the dierence between the race/ethnicity
distribution for males in the 2011 ASJ and the
new female race/ethnicity distribution. Ultimately,
there were no dierences in the resulting mortality
rates once the adult U.S. resident population was
adjusted to these two methods of calculating the
sex-by-race/ethnicity distribution.
4. BJS applied the sex-by-race/ethnicity distributions
(assumption 3, above) to the sex-by-age distributions
(assumption 2) to create an ASR table. BJS then
raked the sex-specic counts so that the marginal
totals for sex-specic race/ethnicity (assumption 3)
and sex-specic age (assumption 2) matched the
control totals of the bivariate crosstabulations of
the characteristics.
U.S. resident population mortality data were obtained
from the WONDER (Wide-ranging Online Data for
Epidemiological Research) Underlying Cause of Death
database (https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html),
created by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Because local jails hold fewer than
800 persons age 17 or younger, BJS limited the
WONDER death data to residents who had a known
age at death and were age 18 or older in 2019. In
addition, BJS excluded causes of death that are unlikely
to occur in a jail setting, including motor vehicle
accidents; homicides due to explosives or rearms
not related to law enforcement, motor vehicle assault,
or neglect; and rearm discharges not related to
law enforcement.
For each cause of death, BJS parsed the WONDER
death data to match ASR categories from the MCI
and calculated crude mortality rates for the adult
U.S. resident population for each ASR category. Next,
the total jail inmate population was divided into the
same ASR categories using the process described
above. e crude mortality rates for the adult U.S.
resident population were then multiplied by the total
local jail population by weighted ASR category. is
approach allowed BJS to generate a cause-specic
expected count of deaths that, when summed, gave
the total number of expected deaths in the U.S.
resident population due to that cause for 2019, if
the demographic distribution of the U.S. population
resembled that of the local jail population. To obtain
the adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 shown in
table 4 and gure 3, BJS divided these cause-specic
mortality rates by the total local jail population and
multiplied by 100,000.
Rolling averages
Rolling averages were computed to examine trends for
certain causes of death in local jails while smoothing
short-term uctuations. Data were divided into
10 overlapping 3-year periods spanning 12 years. e
rolling averages in this report describe some changes
in cause-specic mortality rates over time, such as
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
37
whether the overall rise in the mortality rate for cancer
was steady or the increase in unnatural deaths was
recent. Rolling averages were not computed for all
causes of death in custody due to the small number
of deaths.
Interpreting rates among small populations
MCI data on deaths in local jails are not subject
to sampling error because the data represent a full
enumeration of deaths. However, according to
Brillinger and NCHS, mortality data from a complete
enumeration may be subject to random error because
“the number of deaths that actually occurred may
be considered as one of a large series of possible
results that could have arisen under the same set of
circumstances.”
3,4
e random variation can be large
3
See Brillinger, D. R. (1986). e natural variability of vital rates
and associated statistics. Biometrics, 42(4), 693–734.
4
See Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D., Murphy, S. L., & Tejada-Vera, B.
(2010). Deaths: Final data for 2007 (National Vital Statistics
Reports, Vol. 58, No. 19). National Center for Health Statistics.
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58_19.pdf
when the number of deaths is small. erefore, caution
is warranted when interpreting statistics that are based
on small numbers of deaths.
Continuing to use the NCHS and Brillinger methods,
BJS quantied random variation by assuming that
the appropriate underlying probability distribution
for the number of deaths was a Poisson distribution.
is provided a simple and reasonable approach for
estimating variances in mortality statistics when the
probability of dying is low. Variances were calculated
based on the assumption of a Poisson process. From
these variances, estimates of relative random error
were calculated. ese estimates are comparable to the
relative standard error because the relative random
error is the ratio of random error derived from the
Poisson variance to the number of deaths. Following
NCHS practice, when the relative random error
exceeded 30%, estimated mortality rates were agged
with an “!” symbol to show the instability of the rate.
(Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or
fewer cases.)
APPENDIX TABLE 1
Estimated number of local jail inmates in custody on an average day, by inmate characteristics, 2000–2019
Total,
Characteristic 2000–2019 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total 14,376,500 597,900 638,200 667,700 687,600 715,200 741,600 771,500 781,700 778,700 747,900 732,000 720,900 745,200 712,700 729,400 712,100 717,700 729,100 730,900 718,500
Sex
Male 12,475,500 529,700 564,200 590,300 605,900 627,200 647,400 672,000 680,800 679,800 656,700 640,200 629,900 645,800 613,800 625,600 609,000 611,000 618,500 619,400 608,400
Female 1,901,000 68,200 74,000 77,500 81,700 88,000 94,200 99,500 100,800 98,900 91,200 91,800 91,000 99,400 98,900 103,800 103,100 106,700 110,600 111,500 110,100
Race/ethnicity
White
a
5,178,400 215,200 229,700 240,300 247,000 256,500 265,600 275,800 279,000 276,500 264,200 255,500 248,600 253,900 247,900 263,000 263,500 262,700 278,300 277,000 278,200
Black
a
5,016,500 239,800 256,000 267,800 271,200 277,400 282,700 289,000 287,700 284,400 271,100 258,300 247,400 248,500 210,800 229,400 223,100 219,100 219,400 212,400 221,000
Hispanic 2,896,000 110,600 118,100 123,500 127,100 132,100 136,900 142,300 144,000 151,900 154,000 154,600 156,100 165,300 158,500 155,300 146,700 156,500 153,500 154,700 154,300
American Indian/
Alaska Native
a
211,200 7,800 8,300 8,700 8,900 9,300 9,600 10,000 10,200 10,200 9,900 10,600 11,200 12,500 11,300 13,400 11,400 11,200 11,200 12,300 13,200
Asian
a,b
143,600 6,600 7,000 7,300 7,500 7,800 8,000 8,300 8,400 7,700 6,800 6,800 6,700 7,100 7,000 7,200 7,000 6,900 6,500 6,500 6,500
Other
a,c
930,700 17,900 19,100 20,000 25,700 32,100 38,800 46,000 52,500 47,900 41,800 46,300 50,900 58,000 77,200 61,000 60,400 61,300 60,300 68,100 45,400
Age
17 or younger 114,800 7,300 7,700 7,300 6,800 7,200 6,700 6,100 6,800 7,600 7,000 7,400 5,800 5,400 4,500 4,100 3,500 3,800 3,500 3,400 2,800
18–24 3,838,800 169,300 180,700 189,300 192,900 198,400 203,500 209,500 209,600 210,500 204,000 195,300 188,600 190,900 182,700 187,100 182,800 184,200 187,200 187,700 184,600
25–34 4,771,400 191,700 204,700 214,400 220,100 227,900 235,500 244,300 246,200 249,300 243,500 242,900 244,300 257,500 246,500 252,500 246,600 248,500 252,600 253,300 249,100
35–44 3,276,700 156,200 166,800 174,700 176,900 180,600 183,900 187,900 186,600 178,800 165,200 158,300 153,000 155,000 148,400 152,000 148,500 149,600 152,000 152,400 150,000
45–54 1,877,900 60,200 64,300 67,300 74,400 82,500 91,100 100,500 107,400 105,900 100,900 100,300 100,500 105,600 101,100 103,500 101,100 101,900 103,600 103,900 102,200
55 or older 496,800 13,200 14,100 14,800 16,600 18,600 20,800 23,100 25,000 26,700 27,400 27,900 28,700 30,800 29,500 30,200 29,500 29,700 30,200 30,300 29,800
Legal status
Convicted
d
5,465,500 263,100 264,900 267,100 270,900 283,900 281,800 292,400 297,000 288,900 282,700 284,800 284,000 293,600 271,500 271,400 267,300 250,500 257,500 246,000 246,200
Unconvicted
e
8,910,400 334,800 373,400 400,000 416,700 431,300 459,800 479,100 484,600 489,800 465,200 447,300 436,900 451,600 441,200 457,900 444,800 467,200 471,500 485,000 472,300
Jail size
f
49 or fewer
inmates 439,000 27,500 26,700 24,800 24,200 23,700 22,800 22,700 21,900 21,200 20,800 21,000 21,100 21,400 20,100 20,200 20,700 20,100 19,800 19,100 19,000
50–99 751,100 38,800 38,800 40,700 40,800 41,700 39,000 39,100 37,300 38,600 37,600 36,100 35,300 36,100 35,500 37,000 36,700 36,000 36,300 35,500 34,200
100–249 1,864,900 75,900 82,800 85,600 87,900 90,600 93,200 93,500 91,000 90,800 91,400 94,900 94,400 93,600 92,300 96,800 99,400 104,800 103,200 102,000 100,600
250–499 2,055,400 75,500 86,100 89,800 95,400 97,000 97,600 96,800 107,700 104,800 102,800 98,900 101,400 112,000 102,500 110,800 108,200 110,000 116,000 123,600 118,500
500–999 2,453,300 97,600 99,800 101,800 104,900 107,900 121,200 127,300 120,900 125,900 121,100 128,900 127,100 129,400 128,400 129,000 127,300 134,600 136,000 138,700 145,700
1,000 or more 6,812,800 282,600 303,900 324,900 334,300 354,300 367,600 392,000 402,900 397,500 374,300 352,200 341,500 352,700 334,000 335,500 319,900 312,200 317,800 312,100 300,500
Note: Data are rounded to the nearest 100. Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Subpopulation estimates, such as sex, race or ethnicity,
and age, were based on the reported proportion of the subpopulation in comparison to the total average daily population (ADP). Subpopulations for legal status were estimated using data from the Annual Survey
of Jails. Subpopulations for sex and jail size were based on total counts reported to the Mortality in Correctional Institutions. See Methodology.
a
Excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks).
b
Includes Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacic Islanders.
c
Includes persons of two or more races and other races.
d
Includes persons who returned to jail on a probation or parole violation.
e
Includes persons in jail whose status was marked as other or was unspecied.
f
Jail size is based on the ADP.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2000–2018; Census of Jails, 2019; Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019; National Inmate Survey, 2007–2009 and 2011–2012; and Survey of
Inmates in Local Jails, 2002.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
38
APPENDIX TABLE 2
Illness mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2002–2019 (3-year rolling averages)
Characteristic 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total 79 75 75 72 73 75 71 67 62 63 65 66 69 70 72 73 73 73
Sex
Male 80 75 74 71 72 74 70 66 62 63 64 66 69 70 71 73 72 74
Female 76 75 80 77 80 79 78 72 67 67 70 67 72 70 77 74 75 70
Race/ethnicity
White
a
89 86 86 85 86 88 82 82 80 87 92 93 95 96 101 102 100 99
Black
a
88 85 85 82 86 91 88 79 72 71 76 78 82 80 78 79 81 83
Hispanic 55 51 50 44 43 41 41 38 33 30 29 33 37 42 42 42 41 41
American Indian/Alaska Native
a
40 ! 35 ! 41 54 69 60 56 43 39 32 ! 29 ! 29 ! 32 42 56 65 55 38
Asian
a,b
19 ! 14 ! 22 ! 30 ! 37 ! 53 70 79 66 44 ! 53 58 70 61 81 83 85 72
Other
a,c
4 ! 2 ! 0 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 !
Age
17 or younger 18 ! 9 ! 14 ! 5 ! 10 ! 5 ! 5 ! 5 ! 9 ! 15 ! 11 ! 6 ! 0 0 0 0 0 10 !
18–24 8 8 9 9 9 9 8 7 8 9 8 7 7 8 9 11 11 10
25–34 30 29 29 25 24 24 24 22 20 22 23 23 23 25 27 26 26 28
35–44 95 91 89 79 80 80 75 66 57 56 53 56 60 62 58 60 59 62
45–54 270 250 235 219 212 205 191 176 165 159 167 164 167 154 151 144 133 120
55 or older 664 628 597 593 593 604 550 534 508 517 518 520 557 582 645 676 710 744
Legal status
Convicted
d
59 57 56 54 50 51 46 47 47 48 50 50 56 55 57 56 58 57
Unconvicted
e
93 87 86 83 87 89 85 78 71 72 75 76 77 79 81 82 80 81
Note: Based on 3-year rolling averages. Labels show the most recent year only (for example, 2000–2002 is shown as 2002). Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates
for 2001–2019 are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 inmate population counts.
Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. See Methodology.
! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases. See Interpreting rates among small populations in Methodology.
a
Excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks).
b
Includes Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacic Islanders.
c
Includes persons of two or more races and other races.
d
Includes persons who returned to jail on a probation or parole violation.
e
Includes persons in jail whose status was marked as other or was unspecied.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2000–2018; Census of Jails, 2019; Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019; National Inmate Survey, 2007–2009 and 2011–2012; and Survey of
Inmates in Local Jails, 2002.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
39
APPENDIX TABLE 3
Heart disease mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2002–2019 (3-year rolling averages)
Characteristic 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total 33 34 33 31 30 30 28 27 28 31 34 35 35 35 37 39 40 40
Sex
Male 34 34 34 32 31 31 29 27 28 32 34 36 36 36 38 40 41 41
Female 27 30 28 24 23 22 24 24 27 28 32 31 33 30 31 30 34 33
Race/ethnicity
White
a
44 43 40 40 40 40 34 35 38 46 50 51 49 48 51 53 55 53
Black
a
35 37 37 34 33 33 35 31 31 34 40 44 46 46 44 46 49 50
Hispanic 14 17 19 17 15 12 12 13 14 11 11 10 13 15 16 17 18 19
American Indian/Alaska Native
a
16 ! 19 ! 15 ! 18 ! 31 ! 30 ! 33 ! 23 ! 16 ! 16 ! 20 ! 20 ! 13 ! 14 ! 33 41 35 14 !
Asian
a,b
10 ! 5 ! 4 ! 4 ! 8 ! 20 ! 25 ! 26 ! 19 ! 20 ! 19 ! 24 ! 28 ! 38 ! 52 44 ! 25 ! 21 !
Other
a,c
4 ! 2 ! 0 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 0 0 0
Age
17 or younger 9 ! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 !
18–24 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 5 5
25–34 10 11 12 11 10 8 8 7 7 9 10 10 10 11 12 12 12 12
35–44 37 37 34 31 31 31 30 27 25 27 29 30 29 29 28 31 31 32
45–54 117 118 113 97 89 77 73 68 72 81 86 88 85 85 84 84 75 68
55 or older 338 339 308 297 278 280 255 247 253 273 293 296 307 306 344 368 415 432
Legal status
Convicted
d
26 28 27 25 23 22 20 20 22 25 26 27 28 28 30 30 32 31
Unconvicted
e
38 37 37 35 35 34 33 30 31 35 39 40 40 39 41 43 44 44
Note: Based on 3-year rolling averages. Labels show the most recent year only (for example, 2000–2002 is shown as 2002). Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates
for 2001–2019 are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 inmate population counts.
Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. See Methodology.
! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases. See Interpreting rates among small populations in Methodology.
a
Excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks).
b
Includes Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacic Islanders.
c
Includes persons of two or more races and other races.
d
Includes persons who returned to jail on a probation or parole violation.
e
Includes persons in jail whose status was marked as other or was unspecied.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2000–2018; Census of Jails, 2019; Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019; National Inmate Survey, 2007–2009 and 2011–2012; and Survey of
Inmates in Local Jails, 2002.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
40
APPENDIX TABLE 4
Suicide mortality rate per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent characteristics, 2002–2019 (3-year rolling averages)
Characteristic 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total 48 46 44 41 39 37 34 35 37 42 42 43 46 49 50 47 45 46
Sex
Male 50 48 45 43 41 39 36 37 38 43 44 45 48 52 52 49 47 48
Female 32 34 33 28 22 21 19 24 28 32 28 28 32 36 38 36 36 37
Race/ethnicity
White
a
97 94 86 77 71 70 65 71 76 87 88 88 92 99 100 94 89 90
Black
a
16 14 15 16 17 16 14 14 13 15 15 18 20 21 19 17 17 18
Hispanic 30 28 30 30 28 23 20 18 19 22 22 25 24 28 27 27 26 24
American Indian/Alaska Native
a
52 54 52 65 66 67 59 76 75 63 44 46 62 55 53 47 49 49
Asian
a,b
43 ! 46 ! 49 52 54 49 57 52 38 ! 30 ! 34 ! 34 ! 38 ! 38 ! 47 ! 39 ! 55 72
Other
a,c
2 ! 2 ! 1 ! 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ! 1 ! 2 ! 1 ! 1 ! 0 0 0 1 !
Age
17 or younger 81 73 66 58 55 46 ! 39 ! 28 ! 23 ! 20 ! 27 ! 32 ! 43 ! 41 ! 35 ! 46 ! 38 ! 52 !
18–24 36 36 33 30 27 25 23 25 23 26 26 27 27 26 25 22 19 18
25–34 45 44 42 41 37 34 29 30 35 41 40 42 43 47 46 46 43 43
35–44 57 54 54 47 48 47 44 46 46 52 53 53 58 62 62 59 61 68
45–54 58 55 51 45 43 45 44 47 50 56 53 50 54 63 70 68 62 55
55 or older 74 66 52 61 56 55 53 54 57 56 64 79 93 104 97 87 101 108
Legal status
Convicted
d
22 21 18 17 15 15 14 16 18 20 19 19 20 23 25 26 26 26
Unconvicted
e
66 63 61 56 53 50 45 47 49 55 56 59 61 66 64 59 55 57
Note: Based on 3-year rolling averages. Labels show the most recent year only (for example, 2000–2002 is shown as 2002). Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates
for 2001–2019 are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 inmate population counts.
Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. See Methodology.
! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases. See Interpreting rates among small populations in Methodology.
a
Excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks).
b
Includes Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacic Islanders.
c
Includes persons of two or more races and other races.
d
Includes persons who returned to jail on a probation or parole violation.
e
Includes persons in jail whose status was marked as other or was unspecied.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2000–2018; Census of Jails, 2019; Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019; National Inmate Survey, 2007–2009 and 2011–2012; and Survey of
Inmates in Local Jails, 2002.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
41
APPENDIX TABLE 5
Mortality rate from drug or alcohol intoxication, accidents, and homicides per 100,000 local jail inmates within each demographic group, by decedent
characteristics, 2002–2019 (3-year rolling averages)
Characteristic 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total 16 18 18 18 19 18 15 13 13 15 14 16 17 20 21 24 28 31
Sex
Male 15 17 17 18 19 18 15 14 13 15 14 15 16 19 20 23 27 30
Female 18 25 25 24 20 17 14 11 12 17 17 20 22 27 25 29 32 37
Race/ethnicity
White
a
26 31 29 30 28 26 22 21 21 25 26 27 30 32 34 37 42 48
Black
a
10 10 13 13 15 14 13 10 9 10 9 11 13 16 17 19 23 25
Hispanic 10 9 10 13 15 15 12 10 7 10 9 11 11 14 14 17 19 21
American Indian/Alaska Native
a
16 ! 19 ! 7 ! 7 ! 10 ! 10 ! 7 ! 20 ! 20 ! 25 ! 6 ! 9 ! 3 ! 11 ! 17 ! 27 ! 29 ! 33
Asian
a,b
10 ! 14 ! 18 ! 13 ! 8 ! 4 ! 4 ! 0 9 ! 25 ! 24 ! 19 ! 14 ! 28 ! 38 ! 34 ! 25 ! 15 !
Other
a,c
0 0 0 0 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Age
17 or younger 0 5 ! 9 ! 14 ! 10 ! 10 ! 5 ! 9 ! 5 ! 5 ! 0 6 ! 7 ! 16 ! 18 ! 18 ! 9 ! 0
18–24 8 9 9 10 11 11 9 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 9 8
25–34 13 15 17 17 18 17 14 12 10 12 13 14 15 17 19 23 26 29
35–44 19 21 21 21 22 20 18 17 17 20 17 19 20 23 25 28 36 44
45–54 34 40 35 33 29 25 20 20 20 24 21 24 27 31 30 31 35 41
55 or older 24 26 34 39 35 28 27 35 41 46 40 43 46 58 64 73 84 89
Legal status
Convicted
d
10 10 9 8 10 10 9 7 8 11 11 12 11 13 15 16 20 24
Unconvicted
e
19 22 24 25 24 22 19 17 16 17 16 19 21 24 25 28 31 34
Note: Based on 3-year rolling averages. Labels show the most recent year only (for example, 2000–2002 is shown as 2002). Mortality rates are per 100,000 inmates held in the custody of local jails. Mortality rates
for 2001–2019 are based on the annual number of deaths and the average daily population (ADP). In 2000, ADP was estimated by taking the average of January 1 and December 31 inmate population counts.
Data may have been revised from previously published statistics. See Methodology.
! Interpret with caution. Estimate is based on 10 or fewer cases. See Interpreting rates among small populations in Methodology.
a
Excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks).
b
Includes Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacic Islanders.
c
Includes persons of two or more races and other races.
d
Includes persons who returned to jail on a probation or parole violation.
e
Includes persons in jail whose status was marked as other or was unspecied.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails, 2000–2018; Census of Jails, 2019; Mortality in Correctional Institutions, 2000–2019; National Inmate Survey, 2007–2009 and 2011–2012; and Survey of
Inmates in Local Jails, 2002.
Mortality in Local Jails, 2000–2019 – Statistical Tables | December 2021
42
Oce of Justice Programs
Building Solutions • Supporting Communities • Advancing Justice
www.ojp.gov
e Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the
principal federal agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal
victimization, criminal oenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime,
and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state,
tribal, and local levels. BJS collects, analyzes, and disseminates reliable
statistics on crime and justice systems in the United States, supports
improvements to state and local criminal justice information systems, and
participates with national and international organizations to develop and
recommend national standards for justice statistics. Doris J. James is the
acting director
.
is report was written by E. Ann Carson. Laura Maruschak and Stephanie
Mueller veried the report.
Eric Hendrixson and Edrienne Su edited the report. Carrie Epps-Carey
produced the report.
December 2021, NCJ 301368
