2023 Publication 590-B

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Department of the Treasury

Internal Revenue Service

Publication 590-B

Cat. No. 66303U

Distributions

from Individual

Retirement

Arrangements

(IRAs)

For use in preparing

2023 Returns

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Contents

Future Developments ....................... 1

What’s New ............................... 1

Reminders ............................... 2

Introduction .............................. 3

Chapter 1. Traditional IRAs .................. 5

What if You Inherit an IRA? ................. 5

When Can You Withdraw or Use Assets? ....... 6

When Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required

Minimum Distributions) .................. 6

Are Distributions Taxable? ................. 13

What Acts Result in Penalties or Additional

Taxes? ............................. 22

Chapter 2. Roth IRAs ..................... 31

What Is a Roth IRA? ..................... 31

Are Distributions Taxable? ................. 31

Must You Withdraw or Use Assets? .......... 35

Chapter 3. Disaster-Related Relief ........... 36

Qualified Disaster Recovery Distributions ...... 36

Taxation of Qualified Disaster and Qualified

Disaster Recovery Distributions ........... 38

Repayment of Qualified Disaster and

Qualified Disaster Recovery Distributions .... 38

Recontribution of Qualified Distributions for

the Purchase or Construction of a Main

Home ............................. 39

How To Get Tax Help ....................... 40

Appendices ............................. 45

Index .................................. 68

Future Developments

For the latest information about developments related to

Pub. 590-B, such as legislation enacted after it was

published, go to IRS.gov/Pub590B.

What’s New

Qualified tuition program rollover to a Roth IRA. Be-

ginning with distributions made after December 31, 2023,

a beneficiary of a section 529 qualified tuition program is

permitted to roll over a distribution from the section 529

account to a Roth IRA for the beneficiary if certain require-

ments are met.

•

The rollover must be paid through a trustee-to-trustee

transfer.

•

The rollover amount cannot be more than the Roth

IRA annual contributions limit.

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•

The rollover must be from a section 529 account that

has been open for more than 15 years.

The distribution is paid in a direct trustee-to-trustee

transfer (rollover) to a Roth IRA maintained for the benefit

of the designated beneficiary. The distribution cannot ex-

ceed the aggregate amount contributed to the program

(and earnings attributed to the contributed amount) before

the 5-year period ending on the date of the distribution.

A distribution made after December 31, 2023, and be-

fore April 15, 2024, that is rolled over to a Roth IRA by

April 15, 2024, and designated for 2023 would be reported

as a Roth IRA contribution for 2023.

For more information, see Trustee-to-Trustee Transfer in

Pub. 590-A.

Distributions to victims of domestic abuse. For tax

years beginning after December 31, 2023, a distribution to

a domestic abuse victim is not subject to the 10% addi-

tional tax on early distributions if the distribution is made

from an applicable eligible retirement plan and made to an

individual during the 1-year period beginning on the date

on which the individual is a victim of domestic abuse by a

spouse or domestic partner.

An eligible distribution to a domestic abuse victim must

not exceed the lesser of $10,000 or 50% of the present

value of the nonforfeitable accrued benefit of the em-

ployee under the plan.

The distribution may be repaid at any time during the

3-year period beginning on the day after the date on which

the distribution was received.

Excise tax relief for certain 2023 required minimum

distributions. The IRS will not assert an excise tax in

2023 for missed RMDs if certain requirements are met.

See Notice 2023-54, available at IRS.gov/irb/2023–

31_IRB#NOT-2023-54, for details.

Reminders

Age increased for required beginning date for re-

quired minimum distributions. Individuals who reach

age 72 after December 31, 2022, may delay receiving

their required minimum distributions until April 1 of the

year following the year in which they reach age 73.

See Your required beginning date for more information.

Income on corrective distributions of excess contri-

butions. The income on the corrective distribution of ex-

cess contributions made on or after, December 29, 2022,

is no longer subject to the 10% additional tax on early dis-

tributions. See Pub. 590-A for more information.

Modification of required distribution rules for desig-

nated beneficiaries. There are new required minimum

distribution rules for certain beneficiaries who are desig-

nated beneficiaries when the IRA owner dies in a tax year

beginning after December 31, 2019. All distributions must

be made by the end of the 10th year after death, except

for distributions made to certain eligible designated bene-

ficiaries. See 10-year rule, later, for more information.

Simplified employee pension (SEP) and SIMPLE

plans. SEP and SIMPLE IRAs aren’t covered in this pub-

lication. They are covered in Pub. 560, Retirement Plans

for Small Business.

Deemed IRAs. A qualified employer plan (retirement

plan) can maintain a separate account or annuity under

the plan (a deemed IRA) to receive voluntary employee

contributions. If the separate account or annuity otherwise

meets the requirements of an IRA, it will be subject only to

IRA rules. An employee's account can be treated as a tra-

ditional IRA or a Roth IRA.

For this purpose, a “qualified employer plan” includes:

•

A qualified pension, profit-sharing, or stock bonus

plan (section 401(a) plan);

•

A qualified employee annuity plan (section 403(a)

plan);

•

A tax-sheltered annuity plan (section 403(b) plan); and

•

A deferred compensation plan (section 457 plan)

maintained by a state, a political subdivision of a state,

or an agency or instrumentality of a state or political

subdivision of a state.

Statement of required minimum distribution (RMD).

If an RMD is required from your IRA, the trustee, custo-

dian, or issuer that held the IRA at the end of the preced-

ing year must either report the amount of the RMD to you,

or offer to calculate it for you. The report or offer must in-

clude the date by which the amount must be distributed.

The report is due January 31 of the year in which the mini-

mum distribution is required. It can be provided with the

year-end fair market value statement that you normally get

each year. No report is required for section 403(b) con-

tracts (generally tax-sheltered annuities) or for IRAs of

owners who have died.

IRA interest. Although interest earned from your IRA is

generally not taxed in the year earned, it isn't tax-exempt

interest. Tax on your traditional IRA is generally deferred

until you take a distribution. Don't report this interest on

your return as tax-exempt interest. For more information

on tax-exempt interest, see the instructions for your tax re-

turn.

Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT). For purposes of the

NIIT, net investment income doesn't include distributions

from a qualified retirement plan (for example, 401(a),

403(a), 403(b), or 457(b) plans, and IRAs). However,

these distributions are taken into account when determin-

ing the modified adjusted gross income threshold. Distri-

butions from a nonqualified retirement plan are included in

net investment income. See Form 8960, Net Investment

Income Tax—Individuals, Estates, and Trusts, and its in-

structions for more information.

Photographs of missing children. The IRS is a proud

partner with the National Center for Missing & Exploited

Children® (NCMEC). Photographs of missing children se-

lected by the Center may appear in this publication on pa-

ges that would otherwise be blank. You can help bring

these children home by looking at the photographs and

calling 1-800-THE-LOST (1-800-843-5678) if you recog-

nize a child.

2 Publication 590-B (2023)

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Introduction

This publication discusses distributions from individual re-

tirement arrangements (IRAs). An IRA is a personal sav-

ings plan that gives you tax advantages for setting aside

money for retirement. For information about contributions

to an IRA, see Pub. 590-A.

What are some tax advantages of an IRA? Two tax ad-

vantages of an IRA are that:

•

Contributions you make to an IRA may be fully or parti-

ally deductible, depending on which type of IRA you

have and on your circumstances; and

•

Generally, amounts in your IRA (including earnings

and gains) aren't taxed until distributed. In some ca-

ses, amounts aren't taxed at all if distributed according

to the rules.

What's in this publication? This publication discusses

traditional and Roth IRAs. It explains the rules for:

•

Handling an inherited IRA, and

•

Receiving distributions (making withdrawals) from an

IRA.

It also explains the penalties and additional taxes that

apply when the rules aren't followed. To assist you in com-

plying with the tax rules for IRAs, this publication contains

worksheets, sample forms, and tables, which can be

found throughout the publication and in the appendices at

the back of the publication.

How to use this publication. The rules that you must

follow depend on which type of IRA you have. Use Table

I-1 to help you determine which parts of this publication to

read. Also use Table I-1 if you were referred to this publi-

cation from instructions to a form.

Comments and suggestions. We welcome your com-

ments about this publication and suggestions for future

editions.

You can send us comments through IRS.gov/

FormComments. Or, you can write to the Internal Revenue

Service, Tax Forms and Publications, 1111 Constitution

Ave. NW, IR-6526, Washington, DC 20224.

Although we can’t respond individually to each com-

ment received, we do appreciate your feedback and will

consider your comments and suggestions as we revise

our tax forms, instructions, and publications. Don’t send

tax questions, tax returns, or payments to the above ad-

dress.

Getting answers to your tax questions. If you have

a tax question not answered by this publication or the How

To Get Tax Help section at the end of this publication, go

to the IRS Interactive Tax Assistant page at IRS.gov/

Help/ITA where you can find topics by using the search

feature or viewing the categories listed.

Getting tax forms, instructions, and publications.

Go to IRS.gov/Forms to download current and prior-year

forms, instructions, and publications.

Ordering tax forms, instructions, and publications.

Go to IRS.gov/OrderForms to order current forms, instruc-

tions, and publications; call 800-829-3676 to order

prior-year forms and instructions. The IRS will process

your order for forms and publications as soon as possible.

Don’t resubmit requests you’ve already sent us. You can

get forms and publications faster online.

Useful Items

You may want to see:

Publications

590-A Contributions to Individual Retirement

Accounts (IRAs)

560 Retirement Plans for Small Business (SEP,

SIMPLE, and Qualified Plans)

571 Tax-Sheltered Annuity Plans (403(b) Plans)

575 Pension and Annuity Income

939 General Rule for Pensions and Annuities

976 Disaster Relief

Forms (and Instructions)

W-4P Withholding Certificate for Pension or Annuity

Payments

W-4R Withholding Certificate for Nonperiodic

Payments and Eligible Rollover Distributions

1099-R Distributions From Pensions, Annuities,

Retirement or Profit-Sharing Plans, IRAs,

Insurance Contracts, etc.

5304-SIMPLE Savings Incentive Match Plan for

Employees of Small Employers (SIMPLE)—Not

for Use With a Designated Financial Institution

5305-S SIMPLE Individual Retirement Trust Account

5305-SA SIMPLE Individual Retirement Custodial

Account

5305-SIMPLE Savings Incentive Match Plan for

Employees of Small Employers (SIMPLE)—for

Use With a Designated Financial Institution

5329 Additional Taxes on Qualified Plans (Including

IRAs) and Other Tax-Favored Accounts

5498 IRA Contribution Information

8606 Nondeductible IRAs

8815 Exclusion of Interest From Series EE and I U.S.

Savings Bonds Issued After 1989

8839 Qualified Adoption Expenses

8880 Credit for Qualified Retirement Savings

Contributions

8915-C Qualified 2018 Disaster Retirement Plan

Distributions and Repayments

8915-D Qualified 2019 Disaster Retirement Plan

Distributions and Repayments

590-A

560

571

575

939

976

W-4P

W-4R

1099-R

5304-SIMPLE

5305-S

5305-SA

5305-SIMPLE

5329

5498

8606

8815

8839

8880

8915-C

8915-D

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8915-F Qualified Disaster Retirement Plan

Distributions and Repayments

8915-F See How To Get Tax Help, later, for information about get-

ting these publications and forms.

Table I-1. Using This Publication

IF you need information on... THEN see...

traditional IRAs chapter 1.

Roth IRAs chapter 2, and parts of chapter 1.

disaster-related relief chapter 3.

SEP IRAs, SIMPLE IRAs, and 401(k) plans Pub. 560.

Coverdell education savings accounts (formerly called

education IRAs)

Pub. 970.

Table I-2. How Are a Traditional IRA and a

Roth IRA Different?

This table shows the differences between traditional and

Roth IRAs. Answers in the middle column apply to

traditional IRAs. Answers in the right column apply to Roth

IRAs.

Question Answer

Traditional IRA? Roth IRA?

Do I have to start taking distributions

when I reach a certain age from a .....

Yes. You must begin receiving required

minimum distributions by April 1 of the

year following the year you reach age

72 (or age 73). See When Must You

Withdraw Assets? (Required Minimum

Distributions) in chapter 1.

No. If you are the original owner of a

Roth IRA, you don't have to take

distributions regardless of your age.

See Are Distributions Taxable? in

chapter 2. However, if you are the

beneficiary of a Roth IRA, you may

have to take distributions. See

Distributions After Owner's Death in

chapter 2.

How are distributions taxed from a .....

Distributions from a traditional IRA are

taxed as ordinary income, but if you

made nondeductible contributions, not

all of the distribution is taxable. See Are

Distributions Taxable? in chapter 1.

Distributions from a Roth IRA aren't

taxed as long as you meet certain

criteria. See Are Distributions Taxable?

in chapter 2.

Do I have to file a form just because I

receive distributions from a ..........

Not unless you have ever made a

nondeductible contribution to a

traditional IRA. If you have, file Form

8606. See Nondeductible Contributions

in Pub. 590-A.

Yes. File Form 8606 if you received

distributions from a Roth IRA (other

than a rollover, qualified charitable

distribution, one-time distribution to

fund an HSA, recharacterization,

certain qualified distributions, or a

return of certain contributions).

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Traditional IRAs

Introduction

This chapter discusses distributions from an IRA. In this

publication, the original IRA (sometimes called an ordinary

or regular IRA) is referred to as a “traditional IRA.” A tradi-

tional IRA is any IRA that isn't a Roth IRA or a SIMPLE

IRA.

What if You Inherit an IRA?

If you inherit a traditional IRA, you are called a beneficiary.

A beneficiary can be any person or entity the owner choo-

ses to receive the benefits of the IRA after the owner dies.

Beneficiaries of a traditional IRA must include in their

gross income any taxable distributions they receive.

IRAs inherited from decedents who died in 2019

or earlier are subject to different rules. See

Retirement Topics - Beneficiary, for more informa-

tion.

Inherited from spouse. If you inherit a traditional IRA

from your spouse, you generally have the following three

choices.

1. Treat it as your own IRA by designating yourself as the

account owner;

2. Treat it as your own by rolling it over into your IRA, or

to the extent it is taxable, into a:

a. Qualified employer plan,

b. Qualified employee annuity plan (section 403(a)

plan),

c. Tax-sheltered annuity plan (section 403(b) plan),

d. Deferred compensation plan of a state or local

government (section 457 plan), or

3. Treat yourself as the beneficiary rather than treating

the IRA as your own.

Treating it as your own. You will be considered to

have chosen to treat the IRA as your own if:

•

Contributions (including rollover contributions) are

made to the inherited IRA, or

•

You don't take the required minimum distribution for a

year as a beneficiary of the IRA.

You will only be considered to have chosen to treat the

IRA as your own if:

•

You are the sole beneficiary of the IRA, and

TIP

•

You have an unlimited right to withdraw amounts from

it.

However, if you receive a distribution from your de-

ceased spouse's IRA, you can roll that distribution over

into your own IRA within the 60-day time limit, as long as

the distribution isn't a required distribution, even if you

aren't the sole beneficiary of your deceased spouse's IRA.

For more information, see When Must You Withdraw As-

sets? (Required Minimum Distributions), later.

Inherited from someone other than spouse. If you in-

herit a traditional IRA from anyone other than your de-

ceased spouse, you can't treat the inherited IRA as your

own. This means that you can't make any contributions to

the IRA. It also means you can't roll over any amounts into

or out of the inherited IRA. However, you can make a

trustee-to-trustee transfer as long as the IRA into which

amounts are being moved is set up and maintained in the

name of the deceased IRA owner for the benefit of you as

beneficiary.

Like the original owner, you generally won't owe tax on

the assets in the IRA until you receive distributions from it.

You must begin receiving distributions from the IRA under

the rules for distributions that apply to beneficiaries.

IRA with basis. If you inherit a traditional IRA from a per-

son who had a basis in the IRA because of nondeductible

contributions, that basis remains with the IRA. Unless you

are the decedent's spouse and choose to treat the IRA as

your own, you can't combine this basis with any basis you

have in your own traditional IRA(s) or any basis in tradi-

tional IRA(s) you inherited from other decedents. If you

take distributions from both an inherited IRA and your IRA,

and each has basis, you must complete separate Forms

8606 to determine the taxable and nontaxable portions of

those distributions.

Federal estate tax deduction. A beneficiary may be

able to claim a deduction for estate tax resulting from cer-

tain distributions from a traditional IRA. The beneficiary

can deduct the estate tax paid on any part of a distribution

that is income with respect to a decedent. They can take

the deduction for the tax year the income is reported. For

information on claiming this deduction, see Estate Tax De-

duction under Other Tax Information in Pub. 559.

Any taxable part of a distribution that isn't income with

respect to a decedent is a payment the beneficiary must

include in income. However, the beneficiary can't take any

estate tax deduction for this part.

A surviving spouse can roll over the distribution to an-

other traditional IRA and avoid including it in income for

the year received.

More information. For more information about rollovers,

required distributions, and inherited IRAs, see:

•

Rollovers under Can You Move Retirement Plan As-

sets? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A;

•

When Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required Mini-

mum Distributions), later; and

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•

The discussion of IRA Beneficiaries, later, under

When Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required Mini-

mum Distributions).

When Can You Withdraw or

Use Assets?

You can withdraw or use your traditional IRA assets at any

time. However, a 10% additional tax generally applies if

you withdraw or use IRA assets before you reach age

/2. This is explained under Age 59 1/2 Rule under Early

Distributions, later.

If you were affected by a qualified disaster, see chap-

ter 3.

You can generally make a tax-free withdrawal of contri-

butions if you do it before the due date for filing your tax

return for the year in which you made them. This means

that even if you are under age 59

/2, the 10% additional

tax may not apply unless you meet one of the exceptions.

These distributions are explained in Pub. 590-A.

When Must You Withdraw

Assets? (Required Minimum

Distributions)

You can't keep funds in a traditional IRA (including SEP

and SIMPLE IRAs) indefinitely. Eventually, they must be

distributed. If there are no distributions, or if the distribu-

tions aren't large enough, you may have to pay an excise

tax on the amount not distributed as required. See Excess

Accumulations (Insufficient Distributions), later, under

What Acts Result in Penalties or Additional Taxes. The re-

quirements for distributing IRA funds differ, depending on

whether you are the IRA owner or the beneficiary of a de-

cedent's IRA.

Required minimum distribution (RMD). The amount

that must be distributed each year is referred to as the re-

quired minimum distribution.

Note. A qualified charitable distribution will count to-

wards your required minimum distribution. See Qualified

charitable distributions (QCDs) under Are Distributions

Taxable, later.

Distributions not eligible for rollover. Amounts that

must be distributed (required minimum distributions) dur-

ing a particular year aren't normally eligible for rollover

treatment.

IRA Owners

Required beginning date. If you are the owner of a tra-

ditional IRA, you must generally start receiving distribu-

tions from your IRA by April 1 of the year following the year

in which you reach age 72 (or age 73). April 1 of the year

following the year in which you reach age 72 (or age 73,

as applicable) is referred to as the “required beginning

date.”

Note. Individuals who reach age 72 in tax years begin-

ning after December 31, 2022, may delay receiving their

required minimum distributions until April 1 of the year fol-

lowing the year in which they reach age 73.

See Your required beginning date, next, to determined

the applicable required beginning date that applies to you.

Your required beginning date. The date you must begin

receiving RMDs is determined by the date you reach age

72. See the following to determine your applicable re-

quired beginning date.

Age 72 after December 31, 2022. If you reach age

72 after December 31, 2022, you must begin receiving re-

quired minimum distributions by April 1 of the year follow-

ing the year you reach the age 73.

Age 72 in tax years 2020, 2021, or 2022. If you were

born after June 30, 1949, you must begin receiving re-

quired minimum distributions by April 1 of the year follow-

ing the year you reach age 72.

Age 70 ½ for tax years 2019 or earlier. If you were

born before July 1, 1949, you were required to begin re-

ceiving required minimum distributions by April 1 of the

year following the year you reach age 70 ½.

Distributions by the required beginning date. You

must receive at least a minimum amount for each year

starting on your required beginning date.

If an IRA owner dies after reaching age 72 (or age 73),

but before their required beginning date, no minimum dis-

tribution is required for that year because death occurred

before the required beginning date.

Even if you begin receiving distributions before

you reach age 72 (or age 73, if applicable), you

must begin calculating and receiving RMDs by

your required beginning date.

More than minimum received. If, in any year, you re-

ceive more than the required minimum distribution for that

year, you won't receive credit for the additional amount

when determining the required minimum distributions for

future years. This doesn't mean that you don't reduce your

IRA account balance. It means that if you receive more

than your required minimum distribution in 1 year, you

can't treat the excess (the amount that is more than the re-

quired minimum distribution) as part of your required mini-

mum distribution for any later year. However, any amount

distributed in the year you become age 72 (or age 73) will

be credited toward the amount that must be distributed by

April 1 of the following year.

Distributions after the required beginning date. The

required minimum distribution for any year after the year

you reach age 72 (or age 73) must be made by December

31 of that later year.

CAUTION

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Distributions from individual retirement accounts. If

you are the owner of a traditional IRA that is an individual

retirement account, you or your trustee must figure the re-

quired minimum distribution for each year. See Figuring

the Owner's Required Minimum Distribution, later.

Distributions from individual retirement annuities. If

your traditional IRA is an individual retirement annuity,

special rules apply to figuring the required minimum distri-

bution. For more information on rules for annuities, see

Regulations section 1.401(a)(9)-6. These regulations can

be read in many libraries, and IRS offices, and online at

IRS.gov.

Change in marital status. For purposes of figuring your

required minimum distribution, your marital status is deter-

mined as of January 1 of each year. If your spouse is a

beneficiary of your IRA on January 1, they will remain a

beneficiary for the entire year even if you get divorced or

your spouse dies during the year. For purposes of deter-

mining your distribution period, a change in beneficiary is

effective in the year following the year of death or divorce.

Change of beneficiary. If your spouse is the sole ben-

eficiary of your IRA, and they die before you, your spouse

won't fail to be your sole beneficiary for the year they died

solely because someone other than your spouse is named

a beneficiary for the rest of that year. However, if you get

divorced during the year and change the beneficiary des-

ignation on the IRA during that same year, your former

spouse won't be treated as the sole beneficiary for that

year.

Figuring the Owner's Required Minimum

Distribution

Figure your required minimum distribution for each year by

dividing the IRA account balance (defined next) as of the

close of business on December 31 of the preceding year

by the applicable distribution period or life expectancy. Ta-

bles showing distribution periods and life expectancies are

found in Appendix B and are discussed later.

IRA account balance. The IRA account balance is the

amount in the IRA at the end of the year preceding the

year for which the required minimum distribution is being

figured.

Contributions. Contributions increase the account

balance in the year they are made. If a contribution for last

year isn't made until after December 31 of last year, it in-

creases the account balance for this year, but not for last

year. Disregard contributions made after December 31 of

last year in determining your required minimum distribu-

tion for this year.

Outstanding rollovers. The IRA account balance is

adjusted by outstanding rollovers that aren't in any ac-

count at the end of the preceding year.

For a rollover from a qualified plan or another IRA that

wasn't in any account at the end of the preceding year, in-

crease the account balance of the receiving IRA by the

rollover amount valued as of the date of receipt.

No recharacterizations of conversions made in

2018 or later. A conversion of a traditional IRA to a Roth

IRA, and a rollover from any other eligible retirement plan

to a Roth IRA, made in tax years beginning after Decem-

ber 31, 2017, cannot be recharacterized as having been

made to a traditional IRA.

Distributions. Distributions reduce the account bal-

ance in the year they are made. A distribution for last year

made after December 31 of last year reduces the account

balance for this year, but not for last year. Disregard distri-

butions made after December 31 of last year in determin-

ing your required minimum distribution for this year.

Distribution period. This is the number by which you di-

vide your account balance as of December 31 of last year

in order to calculate your required minimum distribution.

The period to use for 2024 is listed next to your age as of

your birthday in 2024 in Table III in Appendix B.

Distributions during your lifetime. Required minimum

distributions during your lifetime are based on a distribu-

tion period that is generally determined using Table III

(Uniform Lifetime) in Appendix B. However, if the sole ben-

eficiary of your IRA is your spouse who is more than 10

years younger than you, see Sole beneficiary spouse who

is more than 10 years younger below.

To figure the required minimum distribution for 2024, di-

vide your account balance at the end of 2023 by the distri-

bution period from the table. This is the distribution period

listed next to your age (as of your birthday in 2024) in Ta-

ble III in Appendix B, unless the sole beneficiary of your

IRA is your spouse who is more than 10 years younger

than you.

Example. You own a traditional IRA. Your account bal-

ance at the end of 2023 was $100,000. You are married

and your spouse, who is the sole beneficiary of your IRA,

is 6 years younger than you. You turn 75 years old in 2024.

You use Table III. Your distribution period is 24.6. Your re-

quired minimum distribution for 2024 would be $4,065

($100,000 ÷ 24.6).

Life expectancy. If you must use Table I, your life expect-

ancy for 2024 is listed in the table next to your age as of

your birthday in 2024. If you use Table II, your life expect-

ancy for 2024 is listed where the row or column containing

your age as of your birthday in 2024 intersects with the

row or column containing your spouse's age as of their

birthday in 2024. Both Table I and Table II are in Appendix

Sole beneficiary spouse who is more than 10

years younger. If the sole beneficiary of your IRA is your

spouse and your spouse is more than 10 years younger

than you, use the life expectancy from Table II (Joint Life

and Last Survivor Expectancy) in Appendix B.

The life expectancy to use is the joint life and last survi-

vor expectancy listed where the row or column containing

your age as of your birthday in 2024 intersects with the

row or column containing your spouse's age as of their

birthday in 2024.

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You figure your required minimum distribution for 2024

by dividing your account balance at the end of 2023 by the

life expectancy from Table II (Joint Life and Last Survivor

Expectancy) in Appendix B.

Example. You own a traditional IRA. Your account bal-

ance at the end of 2023 was $100,000. You are married

and your spouse, who is the sole beneficiary of your IRA,

is 11 years younger than you. You turn 75 in 2024 and

your spouse turns 64. You use Table II. Your joint life and

last survivor expectancy is 25.3. Your required minimum

distribution for 2024 would be $3,953 ($100,000 ÷ 25.3).

Distributions in the year of the owner's death. The re-

quired minimum distribution for the year of the owner's

death depends on whether the owner died before the re-

quired beginning date, defined earlier.

If the owner died before the required beginning date,

there is no required minimum distribution in the year of the

owner's death. For years after the year of the owner's

death, see Owner Died Before Required Beginning Date,

later, under IRA Beneficiaries.

If the owner died on or after the required beginning

date, the IRA beneficiaries are responsible for figuring and

distributing the owner's required minimum distribution in

the year of death. The owner's required minimum distribu-

tion for the year of death is generally based on Table III

(Uniform Lifetime) in Appendix B. However, if the sole ben-

eficiary of the IRA is the owner's spouse who is more than

10 years younger than the owner, use the life expectancy

from Table II (Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy).

Note. You figure the required minimum distribution for

the year in which an IRA owner dies as if the owner lived

for the entire year.

IRA Beneficiaries

The rules for determining required minimum distributions

for beneficiaries depend on whether:

•

The beneficiary is the surviving spouse.

•

The beneficiary is an eligible designated beneficiary

(defined later) other than the surviving spouse.

•

The beneficiary is an individual (other than an eligible

designated beneficiary).

•

The beneficiary isn't an individual (for example, the

beneficiary is the owner's estate). (But see Trust as

beneficiary, later, for a discussion about treating trust

beneficiaries as designated beneficiaries.)

•

The IRA owner died before the required beginning

date, or died on or after the required beginning date.

The following paragraphs explain the rules for required

minimum distributions and beneficiaries.

If distributions to the beneficiary from an inherited

traditional IRA are less than the required minimum

distribution for the year, discussed in this chapter

under When Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required Mini-

mum Distributions), you may have to pay an excise tax for

that year on the amount not distributed as required. For

CAUTION

details, see Excess Accumulations (Insufficient Distribu-

tions) under What Acts Result in Penalties or Additional

Taxes, later in this chapter.

Surviving spouse. If you are the surviving spouse who

is the sole beneficiary of your deceased spouse's IRA, you

may elect to be treated as the owner and not as the bene-

ficiary. If you elect to be treated as the owner, you deter-

mine the required minimum distribution (if any) as if you

were the owner beginning with the year you elect or are

deemed to be the owner. For details, see Inherited from

spouse under What if You Inherit an IRA, earlier in this

chapter.

Note. If you become the owner in the year your de-

ceased spouse died, don't determine the required mini-

mum distribution for that year using your life expectancy;

rather, you must take the deceased owner's required mini-

mum distribution for that year (to the extent it wasn't al-

ready distributed to the owner before their death).

You can never make a rollover contribution of a re-

quired minimum distribution. Any rollover contri-

bution of a required minimum distribution is sub-

ject to the 6% tax on excess contributions. See chapter 1

of Pub. 590-A for more information on the tax on excess

contributions.

For any year after the owner’s death, where a sur-

viving spouse is the sole designated beneficiary

of the account and they fail to take a required min-

imum distribution (if one is required) by December 31 un-

der the rules discussed below for beneficiaries, they will

be deemed the owner of the IRA. For details, see Inherited

from spouse under What if You Inherit an IRA, earlier in

this chapter.

Date the designated beneficiary is determined. Gen-

erally, the designated beneficiary is determined on Sep-

tember 30 of the calendar year following the calendar year

of the IRA owner's death. In order to be a designated ben-

eficiary, an individual must be a beneficiary as of the date

of death. Any person who was a beneficiary on the date of

the owner's death, but isn't a beneficiary on September 30

of the calendar year following the calendar year of the

owner's death (because, for example, they disclaimed en-

titlement or received their entire benefit), won't be taken

into account in determining the designated beneficiary. An

individual may be designated as a beneficiary either by

the terms of the plan or, if the plan permits, by affirmative

election by the employee specifying the beneficiary.

Note. If an individual who is a beneficiary as of the

owner's date of death dies before September 30 of the

year following the year of the owner's death without dis-

claiming entitlement to benefits, that individual, rather than

their successor beneficiary, continues to be treated as a

beneficiary for determining the distribution period.

For the exception to this rule, see Death of surviving

spouse prior to date distributions begin, later.

CAUTION

TIP

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More than one beneficiary. If an IRA has more than one

beneficiary or a trust is named as beneficiary, see Miscel-

laneous Rules for Required Minimum Distributions, later.

Eligible designated beneficiaries. An IRA beneficiary

is an eligible designated beneficiary if the beneficiary is

the owner's surviving spouse, the owner's minor child, a

disabled individual, a chronically ill individual, or any other

individual who is not more than 10 years younger than the

IRA owner.

Death of a beneficiary. In general, the beneficiaries of a

deceased beneficiary must continue to take the required

minimum distributions after the deceased beneficiary's

death. However, the beneficiaries of a deceased benefi-

ciary don't calculate required minimum distributions using

their own life expectancies. Instead, the deceased benefi-

ciary's remaining interest must be distributed within 10

years after the beneficiary's death, or in some cases

within 10 years after the owner's death. See 10-year rule,

later.

Owner Died on or After Required Beginning

Date

If the owner died on or after their required beginning date

(defined earlier) and you are an eligible designated benefi-

ciary, base your required minimum distributions for years

after the year of the owner’s death on the longer of:

•

Your single life expectancy shown in Table I in Appen-

dix B; or

•

The owner's life expectancy.

If there is no designated beneficiary, use the owner's

life expectancy. See Table I (Single Life Expectancy), for

more information.

Surviving spouse is sole designated beneficiary. If

the owner died on or after their required beginning date

and their spouse is the sole designated beneficiary, the

distribution period is based on the longer of the spouse's

life expectancy or the distribution method used at the own-

er's date of death. However, see Special rules for surviv-

ing spouse and Owner Died Before Required Beginning

Date, for more information.

If you continue to be treated as a beneficiary of the

owner and the owner died before the owner's required be-

ginning date, and you were not more than 10 years

younger than your spouse, you may use the life expect-

ancy you find in Table III (Uniform Lifetime Table) to deter-

mine your RMD.

Designated beneficiary who is not an eligible desig-

nated beneficiary. Distributions to a designated benefi-

ciary who is not an eligible designated beneficiary must

be completed within 10 years of the death of the owner.

See 10-year rule, later.

Owner Died Before Required Beginning

Date

If the owner died before their required beginning date (de-

fined earlier) and you are an eligible designated benefi-

ciary (such as and including a surviving spouse who is a

sole survivor), you must generally base your required min-

imum distributions for years after the year of the owner's

death using your single life expectancy shown in Table I.

However, if you are the surviving spouse, you may have to

use Table III if you are in one of the following categories.

•

You are not the sole designated beneficiary.

•

You are the sole designated beneficiary but are not

more than 10 years younger than the IRA owner.

For each subsequent calendar year, the applicable dis-

tribution period is reduced by one for each calendar year

that has elapsed after the calendar year following the em-

ployee's death.

However, there are situations where a beneficiary may

be required to take the entire account balance by the end

of the 10th year following the year of the owner's death.

See 10-year rule, later.

If the owner’s beneficiary isn’t an individual (for exam-

ple, if the beneficiary is the owner’s estate), the 5-year

rule, discussed later, applies.

Special rules for surviving spouse. If the owner died

before his or her required beginning date and the surviv-

ing spouse is the sole designated beneficiary, that spouse

can elect to be treated as the IRA owner.

Year of first required distribution. If the owner died

before the year in which they reached age 72 (age 73 or

age 70

/2 if the owner was born before July 1, 1949), and

the surviving spouse elects to be treated as the IRA

owner, distributions to the spouse don't need to begin until

the year in which the owner would have reached age 72

(age 73 or age 70½, if applicable).

Death of surviving spouse prior to date distribu-

tions begin. If the surviving spouse dies before Decem-

ber 31 of the year they must begin receiving required mini-

mum distributions, the surviving spouse will be treated as

if they were the owner of the IRA.

This rule doesn't apply to the surviving spouse of a sur-

viving spouse.

Example 1. Your spouse died in 2020, at age 65. You

are the sole designated beneficiary of your spouse’s tradi-

tional IRA. You don't need to take any required minimum

distribution until December 31 of 2028, the year your

spouse would have reached age 73. If you die prior to that

date, you will be treated as the owner of the IRA for purpo-

ses of determining the required distributions to your bene-

ficiaries. For example, if you die in 2023, your beneficiaries

won't have any required minimum distribution for 2023

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(because you, treated as the owner, died prior to your re-

quired beginning date). They must start taking distribu-

tions under the general rules for an owner who died prior

to the required beginning date.

Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1,

except your sole beneficiary upon your death in 2023 is

your surviving spouse. Your surviving spouse can't wait

until the year you would have turned age 73 to take distri-

butions using their life expectancy. Also, if your surviving

spouse dies prior to the date they are required to take a

distribution, they aren’t treated as the owner of the ac-

count. Just like any other individual beneficiary of an

owner who dies before the required beginning date, your

surviving spouse must start taking distributions in 2024

based on their life expectancy (or elect to fully distribute

the account under the 10-year rule by the end of 2033).

5-year rule. The 5-year rule requires the IRA benefi-

ciaries who are not taking life expectancy payments to

withdraw the entire balance of the IRA by December 31 of

the year containing the fifth anniversary of the owner’s

death. For example, if the owner died in 2023, the benefi-

ciary would have to fully distribute the IRA by December

31, 2028.

The 5-year rule applies to beneficiaries who are not

designated beneficiaries if the owner died before their re-

quired beginning date (such as an estate or trust (but see

Trust as beneficiary, later)). Before 2020, it also applied to

designated beneficiaries who are not taking life expect-

ancy payments. If the owner died after 2019 and the bene-

ficiary is an individual who is a designated beneficiary, see

the 10-year rule, for more information.

10-year rule. The 10-year rule requires the IRA benefi-

ciaries who are not taking life expectancy payments to

withdraw the entire balance of the IRA by December 31 of

the year containing the 10th anniversary of the owner’s

death. For example, if the owner died in 2023, the benefi-

ciary would have to fully distribute the IRA by December

31, 2033.

The 10-year rule applies if (1) the beneficiary is an eligi-

ble designated beneficiary who elects the 10-year rule, if

the owner died before reaching their required beginning

date; or (2) the beneficiary is a designated beneficiary

who is not an eligible designated beneficiary, regardless

of whether the owner died before reaching their required

beginning date.

For a beneficiary receiving life expectancy payments

who is either an eligible designated beneficiary or a minor

child, the 10-year rule also applies to the remaining

amounts in the IRA upon the death of the eligible designa-

ted beneficiary or upon the minor child beneficiary reach-

ing the age of majority, but in either of those cases, the

10-year period ends on December 31 of the year contain-

ing the 10th anniversary of the eligible designated benefi-

ciary's death or the child's attainment of majority.

Payment under the 10-year rule. If the IRA owner

dies before the required beginning date and the 10-year

rule applies, no distribution is required for any year before

the 10th year.

Individual designated beneficiaries. The terms of

most IRAs require individual designated beneficiaries,

who are eligible designated beneficiaries, to take required

minimum distributions using the life expectancy rules (ex-

plained later) unless such beneficiaries elect to take distri-

butions using the 10-year rule.

The deadline for making this election is the earlier of

December 31 of the year the beneficiary must take the

first required distribution, using their life expectancy or De-

cember 31 of the 10th anniversary for the 10-year rule.

If the individual designated beneficiary is not an eligible

designated beneficiary, the beneficiary is required to fully

distribute the IRA by the 10th anniversary of the owner's

death under the 10-year rule.

Review the IRA plan documents or consult with

the IRA custodian or trustee for specifics on the 5-

or 10-year rule provisions, where applicable, of

any particular IRA.

If the 5-year rule applies, the amount remaining in

the IRA, if any, after December 31 of the year con-

taining the fifth anniversary of the owner's death is

subject to the excise tax detailed in Excess Accumulations

(Insufficient Distributions), later.

If the 10-year rule applies, the amount remaining

in the IRA, if any, after December 31 of the year

containing the 10th anniversary of the owner's

death is subject to the excise tax detailed in Excess Accu-

mulations (Insufficient Distributions), later.

Figuring the Beneficiary's RMD

How you figure the required minimum distribution de-

pends on whether the beneficiary is an individual or some

other entity, such as a trust or estate.

Beneficiary an individual. If the beneficiary is an indi-

vidual, figure the required minimum distribution for 2024

as follows.

Life expectancy payments. Divide the account bal-

ance at the end of 2023 by the appropriate life expectancy

from Table I (Single Life Expectancy) in Appendix B. De-

termine the appropriate life expectancy as follows.

Spouse as sole designated beneficiary. Several

special rules affect figuring your RMD if you, as a spouse,

are the sole designated beneficiary of the IRA owner.

If you are a surviving spouse of the IRA owner and the

sole designated beneficiary on that IRA, you can elect to

treat the inherited IRA as your own. See Special rules for

surviving spouse, earlier, for more information.

If you continue to be treated as a beneficiary of the

owner and the owner died before the owner's required be-

ginning date, and you were not more than 10 years

younger than your spouse, you may use the life expect-

ancy you find in Table III (Uniform Lifetime Table) to deter-

mine your RMD.

Whether the IRA owner has begun receiving RMDs

also affects how you figure your RMDs. See Owner Died

TIP

CAUTION

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on or After Required Beginning Date and Owner Died Be-

fore Required Beginning Date, earlier.

See Which Table Do You Use To Determine Your Re-

quired Minimum Distribution for information on which table

to use for figuring your RMD.

You can't make a rollover contribution of your re-

quired minimum distributions. Such contribution is

subject to the 6% tax on excess contributions.

See chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A for more information on the

tax on excess contributions.

Other designated beneficiary. Several special rules af-

fect figuring your RMD if you are a nonspouse designated

beneficiary of the IRA owner.

As with the spousal beneficiary discussed earlier,

whether the IRA owner has begun receiving RMDs also

affect how you figure your RMDs. See Owner Died on or

After Required Beginning Date and Owner Died Before

Required Beginning Date, earlier.

See Which Table Do You Use To Determine Your Re-

quired Minimum Distribution, later, for information on

which table to use for figuring your RMD. For more infor-

mation, also see Individual designated beneficiaries, ear-

lier.

Beneficiary not an individual. See the 5-year rule if

the owner died before the owner's required beginning date

and the beneficiary is not an individual (such as an estate

or trust (but see Trust as beneficiary, later).

Which Table Do You Use To Determine

Your Required Minimum Distribution?

There are three different life expectancy tables. The tables

are found in Appendix B of this publication. You use only

one of them to determine your required minimum distribu-

tion for each traditional IRA. Determine which one to use

as follows.

Reminder. In using the tables for lifetime distributions,

marital status is determined as of January 1 each year. Di-

vorce or death after January 1 is generally disregarded

until the next year.

The change in beneficiary will take effect in the year af-

ter the distribution calendar year following the year that in-

cludes the spouse's death or divorce.

Table I (Single Life Expectancy). Use Table I for years

after the year of the owner’s death if you are the owner’s

eligible designated beneficiary or their designated spousal

beneficiary. However, see Surviving spouse is sole desig-

nated beneficiary under Owner Died on or After Required

Beginning Date, for more information.

If you are the owner’s eligible designated beneficiary,

find your life expectancy in the year following the owner’s

death. Use your age as of your birthday in the year distri-

butions must begin. This is usually the calendar year im-

mediately following the calendar year of the owner's

death. After the first distribution year, reduce your life ex-

pectancy by one for each subsequent year.

CAUTION

If you are the owner’s spousal beneficiary, find your life

expectancy based on your birthday for each distribution

calendar year after the owner’s death. If you are the desig-

nated spousal beneficiary, you can wait until the year the

IRA owner would have reached age 73.

If there is no designated beneficiary, use the life expect-

ancy based on the owner’s age as of the owner’s birthday

in the calendar year of their death. The life expectancy in

the years after the owner’s death is reduced by one for

each calendar year that has elapsed after the calendar

year of the owner’s death.

Example. You are an eligible designated beneficiary

figuring your first required minimum distribution. Distribu-

tions must begin in 2024. You become age 57 in 2024.

You use Table I. Your distribution period for 2024 is 29.8.

Owner's life expectancy. You use the owner’s life ex-

pectancy to calculate required minimum distributions

when the owner dies on or after the required beginning

date and there is no designated beneficiary as of Septem-

ber 30 of the year following the year of the owner’s death.

In this case, use the owner’s life expectancy for his or

her age as of the owner’s birthday in the year of death and

reduce it by 1 for each subsequent year. If the beneficiary

is older than the deceased IRA owner use the owner’s life

expectancy in the year of death (reduced by 1 for each

subsequent year).

Table II (Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy).

Use Table II if you are the IRA owner and your spouse is

both your sole designated beneficiary and more than 10

years younger than you.

For your first distribution by the required beginning

date, use your age and the age of your designated benefi-

ciary as of your birthdays in the year you become age 73.

Your combined life expectancy is at the intersection of

your ages.

If you are figuring your required minimum distribution

for 2024, use your ages as of your birthdays in 2024. For

each subsequent year, use your and your spouse's ages

as of your birthdays in the subsequent year.

Note. Use this table in the year of the owner's death if

the owner died after the required beginning date and this

is the table that would have been used had they not died.

Table III (Uniform Lifetime). Use Table III if you are the

IRA owner and your spouse isn’t the sole designated ben-

eficiary or if your spouse is the sole designated benefi-

ciary of your IRA and not more than 10 years younger than

you.

Use your age as of your birthday in the year you be-

come age 73 to meet your first distribution by your re-

quired beginning date.

If you are figuring your required minimum distribution

for 2024, use your age as of your birthday in 2024. For

each subsequent year, use your age as of your birthday in

the subsequent year.

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Note. Use this table in the year of the owner's death if

the owner died after the required beginning date and this

is the table that would have been used had they not died.

No table. Don't use any of the tables if the owner died

before their required beginning date and either the 5-year

rule or the 10-year rule (discussed earlier) applies.

Miscellaneous Rules for Required

Minimum Distributions

Revised life expectancy tables for 2022. New life ex-

pectancy tables apply to distribution calendar years begin-

ning on or after January 1, 2022.

Redetermination of initial life expectancies using

new tables. If an IRA owner died before January 1, 2022,

the distribution period that applies for a calendar year fol-

lowing the calendar year of the owner’s death is equal to a

single life expectancy calculated as of the calendar year of

the owner’s death, reduced by 1 for each subsequent

year, and is reset using the new table.

In order to do this, find your life expectancy based on

your age in the year following the owner’s death on Table I

and reduce that number by 1 for each year since the year

of the owner’s death.

The requirement to reset the initial life expectancy also

applies to an owner’s surviving spouse who dies before

January 1, 2022.

Example. Your father died in 2019 at the age of 80 and

you were the designated beneficiary. You started taking

required minimum distributions from the inherited IRA in

2020 when you were age 55, using a life expectancy of

29.6 and reducing that number by 1 each year so that in

2024 (4 years later) the required minimum distribution

would be determined by dividing the account balance by

25.6 (29.6 – 4). However, under the new life expectancy

tables, the life expectancy for a 55-year-old is 31.6; there-

fore, you calculate your required minimum distribution for

2024 by dividing the account balance by 27.6 (31.6 – 4).

Installments allowed. The yearly required minimum dis-

tribution can be taken in a series of installments (monthly,

quarterly, etc.) as long as the total distributions for the year

are at least as much as the minimum required amount.

More than one IRA. If you are the owner of more than

one traditional IRA, you must determine a separate re-

quired minimum distribution for each IRA. However, you

can total these minimum amounts and take the total from

any one or more of the IRAs. The same rule applies if you

are a designated beneficiary of more than one IRA that

was owned by a single decedent.

More than minimum received. If, in any year, you re-

ceive more than the required minimum amount for that

year, you won't receive credit for the additional amount

when determining the minimum required amounts for fu-

ture years. This doesn't mean that you don't reduce your

IRA account balance. It means that if you receive more

than your required minimum distribution in 1 year, you

can't treat the excess (the amount that is more than the re-

quired minimum distribution) as part of your required mini-

mum distribution for any later year. However, any amount

distributed in your age 72 (or age 73) year will be credited

toward the amount that must be distributed by April 1 of

the following year.

Example. Justin became 72 on December 15, 2023.

Justin's IRA account balance on December 31, 2022, was

$38,400. He figured his required minimum distribution for

2023 was $1,500 ($38,400 ÷ 25.6 (the distribution period

for age 72 per the life expectancy table that applied for the

year prior to 2024)). By December 31, 2023, he had ac-

tually received distributions totaling $3,600, $2,100 more

than was required. Justin can’t use that $2,100 to reduce

the amount he is required to withdraw for 2024. Justin's

reduced IRA account balance on December 31, 2023,

was $34,800. Justin figured his required minimum distri-

bution for 2024 is $1,313 ($34,800 ÷ 26.5 (the distribution

period for age 73 per Table III)). During 2024, he must re-

ceive distributions of at least that amount.

Multiple individual beneficiaries. If, as of September

30 of the year following the year in which the owner dies,

there is more than one beneficiary, the beneficiary with the

shortest life expectancy will be the designated beneficiary

if both of the following apply.

•

All of the beneficiaries are individuals.

•

The account or benefit hasn't been divided into sepa-

rate accounts or shares for each beneficiary.

Separate accounts. A single IRA can be split into

separate accounts or shares for each beneficiary. These

separate accounts or shares can be established at any

time, either before or after the owner's required beginning

date. Generally, these separate accounts or shares are

combined for purposes of determining the required mini-

mum distribution. However, these separate accounts or

shares won't be combined for required minimum distribu-

tion purposes after the death of the IRA owner if the sepa-

rate accounts or shares are established by the end of the

year following the year of the IRA owner's death.

The separate account rules can't be used by beneficia-

ries of a trust unless the trust is an applicable multi-benefi-

ciary trust.

Trust as beneficiary. A trust can't be a designated bene-

ficiary even if it is a named beneficiary. However, the ben-

eficiaries of a trust will be treated as having been designa-

ted beneficiaries for purposes of determining required

minimum distributions after the owner’s death (or, after the

death of the owner’s surviving spouse described in Death

of surviving spouse prior to date distributions begin, ear-

lier) if all of the following are true.

1. The trust is a valid trust under state law, or would be

but for the fact that there is no corpus.

2. The trust is irrevocable or became, by its terms, irrev-

ocable upon the owner's death.

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3. The beneficiaries of the trust who are beneficiaries

with respect to the trust's interest in the owner's

benefit are identifiable from the trust instrument.

4. The trustee of the trust provides the IRA custodian or

trustee with the documentation required by that custo-

dian or trustee. The trustee of the trust should contact

the IRA custodian or trustee for details on the docu-

mentation required for a specific plan.

The deadline for the trustee to provide the beneficiary

documentation to the IRA custodian or trustee is October

31 of the year following the year of the owner's death.

Trust beneficiary is another trust. If the beneficiary

of the trust (which is the beneficiary of the IRA) is another

trust and both trusts meet the above requirements, the

beneficiaries of the other trust will be treated as having

been designated as beneficiaries for purposes of deter-

mining the distribution period.

Note. The separate account rules, discussed earlier,

can't be used by beneficiaries of a trust unless the trust is

an applicable multi-beneficiary trust.

Applicable multi-beneficiary trusts. An applicable

multi-beneficiary trust is a trust (1) which has more than

one beneficiary; (2) all of the beneficiaries of which are

treated as designated beneficiaries for purposes of deter-

mining the distribution period pursuant to section 401(a)

(9); and (3) at least one of the beneficiaries of which is an

eligible designated beneficiary who is either disabled or

chronically ill. There are two types of applicable multi-ben-

eficiary trusts:

•

a trust that is to be divided immediately upon the

death of the employee into separate trusts for each

beneficiary, in which case the separate account rules

apply to each portion of the trust; and

•

a trust that provides that no beneficiary (other than an

eligible designated beneficiary who is disabled or

chronically ill) has any right to the employee’s interest

in the plan until the death of all of those disabled or

chronically ill eligible designated beneficiaries with re-

spect to the trust, in which case the separate account

rules do not apply, but the rule permitting payments

over the life expectancy of a beneficiary applies to the

distribution of the employee’s interest regardless of

whether there are other beneficiaries who are not eligi-

ble designated beneficiaries.

You may want to contact a tax advisor to comply

with this complicated area of the tax law.

Annuity distributions from an insurance company.

Special rules apply if you receive distributions from your

traditional IRA as an annuity purchased from an insurance

company. See Regulations sections 1.401(a)(9)-6 and

54.4974-2. These regulations can be found in many libra-

ries, and IRS offices, and online at IRS.gov.

TIP

Are Distributions Taxable?

In general, distributions from a traditional IRA are taxable

in the year you receive them.

Failed financial institutions. Distributions from a tradi-

tional IRA are taxable in the year you receive them even if

they are made without your consent by a state agency as

receiver of an insolvent savings institution. This means

you must include such distributions in your gross income

unless you roll them over.

Exceptions. Exceptions to distributions from traditional

IRAs being taxable in the year you receive them are:

•

Rollovers (see chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A);

•

Qualified charitable distributions, discussed later;

•

Tax-free withdrawals of contributions (see chapter 1 of

Pub. 590-A); and

•

The return of nondeductible contributions, discussed

later under Distributions Fully or Partly Taxable.

Although a conversion of a traditional IRA is con-

sidered a rollover for Roth IRA purposes, it isn't an

exception to the rule that distributions from a tradi-

tional IRA are taxable in the year you receive them. Con-

version distributions are includible in your gross income

subject to this rule and the special rules for conversions

explained in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A.

Qualified charitable distributions (QCDs). A QCD is

generally a nontaxable distribution made directly by the

trustee of your IRA (other than a SEP or SIMPLE IRA) to

an organization eligible to receive tax-deductible contribu-

tions. You must be at least age 70

/2 when the distribution

was made. Also, you must have the same type of acknowl-

edgment of your contribution that you would need to claim

a deduction for a charitable contribution. See Substantia-

tion Requirements in Pub. 526.

The maximum annual exclusion for QCDs is $100,000.

Any QCD in excess of the $100,000 exclusion limit is in-

cluded in income as any other distribution. If you file a joint

return, your spouse can also have a QCD and exclude up

to $100,000. The amount of the QCD is limited to the

amount of the distribution that would otherwise be inclu-

ded in income. If your IRA includes nondeductible contri-

butions, the distribution is first considered to be paid out of

otherwise taxable income.

You can't claim a charitable contribution deduc-

tion for any QCD not included in your income.

Qualified charitable distribution one-time election.

Beginning in tax years beginning after December 29,

2022, you can elect to make a one-time distribution of up

to $50,000 from an individual retirement account to chari-

ties through a charitable remainder annuity trust, a charita-

ble remainder unitrust, or a charitable gift annuity but only

if each is funded only by qualified charitable distributions.

CAUTION

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In the case of the charitable gift annuity, the annuity

must begin making fixed payments of 5% or greater not

later than 1 year from the date of funding.

Also, for tax years beginning after 2023, this $50,000

one-time election amount and the $100,000 annual IRA

charitable distribution limit will be adjusted for inflation. For

more information, see Qualified charitable distributions

(QCDs).

A QCD will count towards your required minimum

distribution, discussed earlier.

Example. On December 23, 2023, Amy, age 75, direc-

ted the trustee of her IRA to make a distribution of $25,000

directly to a qualified 501(c)(3) organization (a charitable

organization eligible to receive tax-deductible contribu-

tions). The total value of Amy's IRA is $30,000 and con-

sists of $20,000 of deductible contributions and earnings

and $10,000 of nondeductible contributions (basis). Be-

cause Amy is at least age 70

/2 and the distribution is

made directly by the trustee to a qualified organization, the

part of the distribution that would otherwise be includible

in Amy's income ($20,000) is a QCD.

In this case, Amy has made a QCD of $20,000 (her de-

ductible contributions and earnings). Because Amy made

a distribution of nondeductible contributions from her IRA,

she must file Form 8606 with her return. Amy reports the

total distribution ($25,000) on line 4a of Form 1040-SR.

She completes Form 8606 to determine the amount to en-

ter on line 4b of Form 1040-SR and the remaining basis in

her IRA. Amy enters -0- on line 4b. This is Amy's only IRA

and she took no other distributions in 2023. She also en-

ters “QCD” next to line 4b to indicate a qualified charitable

distribution.

After the distribution, her basis in her IRA is $5,000. If

Amy itemizes deductions and files Schedule A (Form

1040) with Form 1040-SR, the $5,000 portion of the distri-

bution attributable to the nondeductible contributions can

be deducted as a charitable contribution, subject to adjus-

ted gross income (AGI) limits. She can't take the charita-

ble contribution deduction for the $20,000 portion of the

distribution that wasn't included in her income.

Offset of QCDs by amounts contributed after age

/2. Beginning in tax years after December 31, 2019,

the amount of QCDs that you can exclude from income is

TIP

reduced by the excess of the aggregate amount of IRA

contributions you deducted for the taxable year and any

prior year that you were age 70

/2 or older over the amount

of such IRA contributions that were used to reduce the ex-

cludable amount of QCDs in all earlier years. See the

Qualified Charitable Deduction Adjustment Worksheet in

Appendix D.

Example. Jim became age 70

/2 in 2021 and deduc-

ted $5,000 for contributions he made in 2022 and 2023

but makes no contribution for 2024. Jim makes no quali-

fied charitable distributions for 2022 and makes qualified

charitable distributions of $6,000 for 2023 and $6,500 for

2024.

He determines he has no excludable qualified charita-

ble distribution for 2023 as figured on his 2023 QCD

Worksheet. His 2023 qualified charitable distribution is re-

duced by the aggregate amount of $10,000 of the contri-

butions he deducted in 2022 and 2023, which reduces his

excludable qualified charitable distribution to a negative

amount of $4,000.

Jim decides to make a qualified charitable distribution

of $6,500 for 2024. Jim completes his 2024 QCD work-

sheet by entering the amount of the remainder of the ag-

gregate amount of the contributions he deducted in 2022

and 2023 ($4,000) on line 1. This amount is figured on his

2023 QCD worksheet and is entered on line 1 of his 2024

QCD worksheet. Jim figures his excludable qualified chari-

table distribution of $2,500 on his 2024 QCD worksheet

($6,500 – $4,000 = $2,500).

One-time qualified Health Savings Account (HSA)

funding distribution. You may be able to make a quali-

fied HSA funding distribution from your traditional IRA or

Roth IRA to your HSA. You can't make this distribution

from an ongoing SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA. For this pur-

pose, a SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA is ongoing if an employer

contribution is made for the plan year ending with or within

your tax year in which the distribution would be made. The

distribution must be less than or equal to your maximum

annual HSA contribution.

This distribution must be made directly by the trustee of

the IRA to the trustee of the HSA. The distribution isn't in-

cluded in your income, isn't deductible, and reduces the

amount that can be contributed to your HSA. You must

make the distribution by the end of the year; the special

Jim’s Illustrated 2023 QCD Adjustment Worksheet Keep for Your Records

Enter the total amounts of contributions deducted in prior years that you were age 70

/2 or older that did not reduce

the excludable amount of qualified charitable contributions in prior years. 1. -0-

Enter the total amounts contributed and deducted during the current year if you were age 70

/2 (or older) at the end of

the year. If this is your first QCD worksheet, also include contributions you deducted in prior years during which you

were age 70

/2 (or older) at the end of the year. 2. 10,000

3. Add the amounts on lines 1 and 2. 3. 10,000

4. Enter the total amounts of qualified charitable distributions made during the current year, not to exceed $100,000. 4. 6,000

5. Subtract line 3 from line 4. This is the amount of your excludable qualified charitable distribution for the current year.* 5. ($4,000)

*If zero or less, you have no excludable qualified charitable distribution. If greater than zero, enter -0- on line 1 of your subsequent QCD worksheet. If less than zero,

enter the amount as a positive amount on line 1 of your subsequent QCD worksheet.

14 Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs Publication 590-B (2023)

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rule allowing contributions to your HSA for the previous

year if made by your tax return filing deadline doesn't ap-

ply. The qualified HSA funding distribution is reported on

Form 8889 for the year in which the distribution is made.

One-time transfer. Generally, only one qualified HSA

funding distribution is allowed during your lifetime. If you

own two or more IRAs, and want to use amounts in multi-

ple IRAs to make a qualified HSA funding distribution, you

must first make an IRA-to-IRA transfer of the amounts to

be distributed into a single IRA, and then make the

one-time qualified HSA funding distribution from that IRA.

Testing period rules apply. If at any time during the

testing period you cease to meet all requirements to be an

eligible individual, the amount of the qualified HSA funding

distribution is included in your gross income. The qualified

HSA funding distribution is included in gross income in the

tax year you first fail to be an eligible individual. This

amount is subject to the 10% additional tax (unless the

failure is due to disability or death).

More information. See Pub. 969 for additional infor-

mation about this distribution.

Ordinary income. Distributions from traditional IRAs that

you include in income are taxed as ordinary income.

No special treatment. In figuring your tax, you can't use

the 10-year tax option or capital gain treatment that ap-

plies to lump-sum distributions from qualified retirement

plans.

If you were affected by a qualified disaster, see

chapter 3.

Distributions Fully or Partly Taxable

Distributions from your traditional IRA may be fully or

partly taxable, depending on whether your IRA includes

any nondeductible contributions.

Fully taxable. If only deductible contributions were made

to your traditional IRA (or IRAs, if you have more than

one), you have no basis in your IRA. Because you have no

basis in your IRA, any distributions are fully taxable when

TIP

received. See

Reporting and Withholding Requirements

for Taxable Amounts, later.

Partly taxable. If you made nondeductible contributions

or rolled over any after-tax amounts to any of your tradi-

tional IRAs, you have a cost basis (investment in the con-

tract) equal to the amount of those contributions. These

nondeductible contributions aren't taxed when they are

distributed to you. They are a return of your investment in

your IRA.

Only the part of the distribution that represents nonde-

ductible contributions and rolled over after-tax amounts

(your cost basis) is tax free. If nondeductible contributions

have been made or after-tax amounts have been rolled

over to your IRA, distributions consist partly of nondeducti-

ble contributions (basis) and partly of deductible contribu-

tions, earnings, and gains (if there are any). Until all of

your basis has been distributed, each distribution is partly

nontaxable and partly taxable.

Form 8606. You must complete Form 8606, and attach it

to your return, if you receive a distribution from a tradi-

tional IRA and have ever made nondeductible contribu-

tions or rolled over after-tax amounts to any of your tradi-

tional IRAs. Using the form, you will figure the nontaxable

distributions for 2023, and your total IRA basis for 2023

and earlier years. See the illustrated Forms 8606 in this

chapter.

Note. If you are required to file Form 8606, but you

aren't required to file an income tax return, you must still

file Form 8606. Complete Form 8606, sign it, and send it

to the IRS at the time and place you would otherwise file

an income tax return.

Figuring the Nontaxable and Taxable

Amounts

If your traditional IRA includes nondeductible contributions

and you received a distribution from it in 2023, you must

use Form 8606 to figure how much of your 2023 IRA distri-

bution is tax free.

Note. When figuring the nontaxable and taxable

amounts of distributions made prior to death in the year

the IRA account owner dies, the value of all traditional

Jim’s Illustrated 2024 QCD Adjustment Worksheet Keep for Your Records

Enter the total amounts of contributions deducted in prior years that you were age 70

/2 or older that did not reduce

the excludable amount of qualified charitable contributions in prior years. 1. 4,000

Enter the total amounts contributed and deducted during the current year if you were age 70

/2 (or older) at the end of

the year. If this is your first QCD worksheet, also include contributions you deducted in prior years during which you

were age 70

/2 (or older) at the end of the year. 2. -0-

3. Add the amounts on lines 1 and 2. 3. 4,000

4. Enter the total amounts of qualified charitable distributions made during the current year, not to exceed $100,000. 4. 6,500

5. Subtract line 3 from line 4. This is the amount of your excludable qualified charitable distribution for the current year.* 5. $2,500

*If zero or less, you have no excludable qualified charitable distribution. If greater than zero, enter -0- on line 1 of your subsequent QCD worksheet. If less than zero,

enter the amount as a positive amount on line 1 of your subsequent QCD worksheet.

Publication 590-B (2023) Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs 15

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(including SEP) and SIMPLE IRAs should be figured as of

the date of death instead of December 31.

Contribution and distribution in the same year. If you

received a distribution in 2023 from a traditional IRA and

you also made contributions to a traditional IRA for 2023

that may not be fully deductible because of the income

limits, you can use Worksheet 1-1 to figure how much of

your 2023 IRA distribution is tax free and how much is tax-

able. Then, you can figure the amount of nondeductible

contributions to report on Form 8606. Follow the instruc-

tions under Reporting your nontaxable distribution on

Form 8606 next to figure your remaining basis after the

distribution.

Reporting your nontaxable distribution on Form

8606. To report your nontaxable distribution and to figure

the remaining basis in your traditional IRA after distribu-

tions, you must complete Worksheet 1-1 before complet-

ing Form 8606. Then, follow these steps to complete Form

8606.

1. Use Worksheet 1-2 in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A, or the

IRA Deduction Worksheet in the Form 1040 or

1040-NR instructions to figure your deductible contri-

butions to traditional IRAs to report on Schedule 1

(Form 1040), line 20.

2. After you complete Worksheet 1-2 in chapter 1 of Pub.

590-A or the IRA Deduction Worksheet in the form in-

structions, enter your nondeductible contributions to

traditional IRAs on line 1 of Form 8606.

3. Complete lines 2 through 5 of Form 8606.

4. If line 5 of Form 8606 is less than line 8 of Worksheet

1-1, complete lines 6 through 15c of Form 8606 and

stop here.

5. If line 5 of Form 8606 is equal to or greater than line 8

of Worksheet 1-1, follow instructions 6 and 7 next.

Don't complete lines 6 through 12 of Form 8606.

6. Enter the amount from line 8 of Worksheet 1-1 on

lines 13 and 17 of Form 8606.

7. Complete line 14 of Form 8606.

8. Enter the amount from line 9 of Worksheet 1-1 (or, if

you entered an amount on line 11, the amount from

that line) on line 15a of Form 8606.

Example. Rose Green has made the following contri-

butions to her traditional IRAs.

Year Deductible Nondeductible

2016 2,000 -0-

2017 2,000 -0-

2018 2,000 -0-

2019 1,000 -0-

2020 1,000 -0-

2021 1,000 -0-

2022 700 300

Totals $9,700 $300

Rose needs to complete Worksheet 1-1 to determine if

her IRA deduction for 2023 will be reduced or eliminated.

In 2023, she makes a $2,000 contribution that may be

partly nondeductible. She also receives a distribution of

$5,000 for conversion to a Roth IRA. She completed the

conversion before December 31, 2023, and didn’t rechar-

acterize any contributions. At the end of 2023, the fair

market values of her accounts, including earnings, total

$20,000. She didn't receive any tax-free distributions in

earlier years. The amount she includes in income for 2023

is figured on Worksheet 1-1.

The illustrated Form 8606 for Rose shows the informa-

tion required when you need to use Worksheet 1-1 to fig-

ure your nontaxable distribution. Assume that the $500

entered on Form 8606, line 1, is the amount Rose figured

using instructions 1 and 2 given earlier under Reporting

your nontaxable distribution on Form 8606.

16 Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs Publication 590-B (2023)

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Figuring the Taxable Part of Your IRA Distribution

Use only if you made contributions to a traditional IRA for 2023 that may not be fully deductible and have to figure the

taxable part of your 2023 distributions to determine your modified AGI. See Limit if Covered by Employer Plan in

chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A.

Form 8606 and the related instructions will be needed when using this worksheet.

Note. When used in this worksheet, the term “outstanding rollover” refers to an amount distributed from a traditional

IRA as part of a rollover that, as of December 31, 2023, hadn't yet been reinvested in another traditional IRA, but was still

eligible to be rolled over tax free.

1. Enter the basis in your traditional IRAs as of December 31, 2022 .....................

2. Enter the total of all contributions made to your traditional IRAs during 2023 and all

contributions made during 2024 that were for 2023, whether or not deductible. Don't

include rollover contributions properly rolled over into IRAs. Also, don't include certain

returned contributions described in the instructions for line 7 of Form 8606 ............ 2.

3. Add lines 1 and 2 ................................................................

4. Enter the value of all your traditional IRAs as of December 31, 2023 (include any

outstanding rollovers from traditional IRAs to other traditional IRAs). Subtract any

repayments of qualified disaster distributions ....................................... 4.

5. Enter the total distributions from traditional IRAs (including amounts converted to Roth

IRAs that will be shown on line 16 of Form 8606) received in 2023. Also, include

repayments of qualified disaster distributions, qualified charitable distributions (QCDs),

and a one-time distribution to fund a health savings account (HSA). (Don’t include

outstanding rollovers included on line 4 or any rollovers between traditional IRAs

completed by December 31, 2023. Also, don’t include certain returned contributions

described in the instructions for line 7 of Form 8606.) ................................ 5.

6. Add lines 4 and 5 ................................................................

7. Divide line 3 by line 6. Enter the result as a decimal (rounded to at least three places).

If the result is 1.000 or more, enter 1.000 ........................................... 7.

8. Nontaxable portion of the distribution.

Multiply line 5 by line 7. Enter the result here and on lines 13 and 17 of Form

8606 ............................................................................ 8.

9. Taxable portion of the distribution (before adjustment for conversions).

Subtract line 8 from line 5. Enter the result here, and if there are no amounts converted

to Roth IRAs, stop here and enter the result on line 15a of Form 8606 ................ 9.

10.

Enter the amount included on line 9 that is allocable to amounts converted to Roth IRAs

by December 31, 2023. (See Note at the end of this worksheet.) Enter here and on

line 18 of Form 8606 .............................................................. 10.

11.

Taxable portion of the distribution (after adjustments for conversions).

Subtract line 10 from line 9. Enter the result here and on line 15a of Form 8606 ........ 11.

Note. If the amount on line 5 of this worksheet includes an amount converted to a Roth IRA by December 31, 2023, you must

determine the percentage of the distribution allocable to the conversion. To figure the percentage, divide the amount converted

(from line 16 of Form 8606) by the total distributions shown on line 5. To figure the amounts to include on line 10 of this worksheet

and on line 18 of Form 8606, multiply line 9 of the worksheet by the percentage you figured.

Worksheet 1-1.

Publication 590-B (2023) Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs 17

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Worksheet 1-1. Figuring the Taxable Part of Your IRA Distribution—Illustrated

Use only if you made contributions to a traditional IRA for 2023 that may not be fully deductible and have to figure the

taxable part of your 2023 distributions to determine your modified AGI. See Limit if Covered by Employer Plan in

chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A.

Form 8606 and the related instructions will be needed when using this worksheet.

Note. When used in this worksheet, the term “outstanding rollover” refers to an amount distributed from a traditional

IRA as part of a rollover that, as of December 31, 2023, hadn't yet been reinvested in another traditional IRA, but was still

eligible to be rolled over tax free.

1. Enter the basis in your traditional IRAs as of December 31, 2022 ........................

300

2. Enter the total of all contributions made to your traditional IRAs during 2023 and all

contributions made during 2024 that were for 2023, whether or not deductible. Don't

include rollover contributions properly rolled over into IRAs. Also, don't include certain

returned contributions described in the instructions for line 7 of Form 8606 ............... 2.

2,000

3. Add lines 1 and 2 ...................................................................

2,300

4. Enter the value of all your traditional IRAs as of December 31, 2023 (include any

outstanding rollovers from traditional IRAs to other traditional IRAs). Subtract any

repayments of qualified disaster distributions .......................................... 4.

20,000

5. Enter the total distributions from traditional IRAs (including amounts converted to Roth IRAs

that will be shown on line 16 of Form 8606) received in 2023. Also, include repayments of

qualified disaster distributions, qualified charitable distributions (QCDs), and a one-time

distribution to fund a health savings account (HSA). (Don’t include outstanding rollovers

included on line 4 or any rollovers between traditional IRAs completed by December 31,

2023. Also, don’t include certain returned contributions described in the instructions for

line 7 of Form 8606.) ................................................................ 5.

5,000

6. Add lines 4 and 5 ...................................................................

25,000

7. Divide line 3 by line 6. Enter the result as a decimal (rounded to at least three places).

If the result is 1.000 or more, enter 1.000 .............................................. 7.

0.092

8. Nontaxable portion of the distribution.

Multiply line 5 by line 7. Enter the result here and on lines 13 and 17 of Form 8606 ........ 8.

460

9. Taxable portion of the distribution (before adjustment for conversions).

Subtract line 8 from line 5. Enter the result here, and if there are no amounts converted to

Roth IRAs, stop here and enter the result on line 15a of Form 8606 ..................... 9.

4,540

10. Enter the amount included on line 9 that is allocable to amounts converted to Roth IRAs by

December 31, 2023. (See Note at the end of this worksheet.) Enter here and on line 18 of

Form 8606 ..........................................................................

10.

4,540

11. Taxable portion of the distribution (after adjustments for conversions).

Subtract line 10 from line 9. Enter the result here and on line 15a of Form 8606 ...........

11.

-0-

Note. If the amount on line 5 of this worksheet includes an amount converted to a Roth IRA by December 31, 2023, you must

determine the percentage of the distribution allocable to the conversion. To figure the percentage, divide the amount converted

(from line 16 of Form 8606) by the total distributions shown on line 5. To figure the amounts to include on line 10 of this worksheet

and on line 18 of Form 8606, multiply line 9 of the worksheet by the percentage you figured.

18 Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs Publication 590-B (2023)

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Form

8606

Department of the Treasury

Internal Revenue Service

Nondeductible IRAs

Attach to 2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR.

Go to www.irs.gov/Form8606 for instructions and the latest information.

OMB No. 1545-0074

2023

Attachment

Sequence No.

Name. If married, file a separate form for each spouse required to file 2023 Form 8606. See instructions. Your social security number

Fill in Your Address

Only if You Are

Filing This Form by

Itself and Not With

Your Tax Return

Home address (number and street, or P.O. box if mail is not delivered to your home)

Apt. no.

City, town or post office, state, and ZIP code. If you have a foreign address, also complete the spaces below (see instructions).

Foreign country name Foreign province/state/county Foreign postal code

Part I

Nondeductible Contributions to Traditional IRAs and Distributions From Traditional, Traditional SEP,

and Traditional SIMPLE IRAs

Complete this part only if one or more of the following apply.

• You made nondeductible contributions to a traditional IRA for 2023.

•

You took distributions from a traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA in 2023 and you made nondeductible

contributions to a traditional IRA in 2023 or an earlier year. For this purpose, a distribution does not include a rollover

(other than certain qualified disaster distribution repayments from 2023 Form(s) 8915-F), qualified charitable distribution,

one-time distribution to fund an HSA, conversion, recharacterization, or return of certain contributions.

• You converted part, but not all, of your traditional, traditional SEP, and traditional SIMPLE IRAs to Roth, Roth SEP, or

Roth SIMPLE IRAs in 2023 and you made nondeductible contributions to a traditional IRA in 2023 or an earlier year.

1 Enter your nondeductible contributions to traditional IRAs for 2023, including those made for 2023

from January 1, 2024, through April 15, 2024. See instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Enter your total basis in traditional IRAs. See instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 Add lines 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

In 2023, did you take a distribution from

traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional

SIMPLE IRAs, or make a Roth, Roth SEP,

or Roth SIMPLE IRA conversion?

Enter the amount from line 3 on line 14.

Do not complete the rest of Part I.

Yes

Go to line 4.

Enter those contributions included on line 1 that were made from January 1, 2024, through April 15, 2024

5 Subtract line 4 from line 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Enter the value of all your traditional, traditional SEP, and traditional SIMPLE IRAs as of December 31,

2023, plus any outstanding rollovers. Subtract certain repayments of qualified disaster distributions, if

any, from 2023 Form(s) 8915-F (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Enter your distributions from traditional, traditional SEP, and traditional SIMPLE IRAs in 2023. Do not

include rollovers (other than repayments of qualified disaster distributions, if any, from 2023 Form(s)

8915-F (see instructions)); qualified charitable distributions; a one-time distribution to fund an HSA;

conversions to a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA; certain returned contributions; or

recharacterizations of traditional IRA contributions (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . .

8 Enter the net amount you converted from traditional, traditional SEP, and traditional SIMPLE IRAs to

Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs in 2023. Also, enter this amount on line 16 . . . . . . .

9 Add lines 6, 7, and 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

10 Divide line 5 by line 9. Enter the result as a decimal rounded to at least 3

places. If the result is 1.000 or more, enter “1.000” . . . . . . . . .

Multiply line 8 by line 10. This is the nontaxable portion of the amount you

converted to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs. Also, enter this amount

on line 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 Multiply line 7 by line 10. This is the nontaxable portion of your distributions

that you did not convert to a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA . . . .

13 Add lines 11 and 12. This is the nontaxable portion of all your distributions . . . . . . . . .

14 Subtract line 13 from line 3. This is your total basis in traditional IRAs for 2023 and earlier years . 14

15 a Subtract line 12 from line 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15a

Enter the amount on line 15a attributable to qualified disaster distributions, if any, from 2023 Form(s)

8915-F (see instructions). Also, enter this amount on 2023 Form(s) 8915-F, line 18, as applicable (see

instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15b

c Taxable amount. Subtract line 15b from line 15a. If more than zero, also include this amount on 2023

Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15c

Note: You may be subject to an additional 10% tax on the amount on line 15c if you were under age

59½ at the time of the distribution. See instructions.

For Privacy Act and Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see separate instructions.

Cat. No. 63966F

Form 8606 (2023)

Rose Green

001-00-0000

500

300

800

460*

340

* From Worksheet 1-1 in Publication 590-B

Publication 590-B (2023) Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs 19

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5,000

4,540*

460

* From Worksheet 1-1 in Publication 590-B

Form 8606 (2023)

Page 2

Part II

2023 Conversions From Traditional, Traditional SEP, or Traditional SIMPLE IRAs to Roth, Roth SEP, or

Roth SIMPLE IRAs

Complete this part if you converted part or all of your traditional, traditional SEP, and traditional SIMPLE IRAs to a Roth,

Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA in 2023.

If you completed Part I, enter the amount from line 8. Otherwise, enter the net amount you converted

from traditional, traditional SEP, and traditional SIMPLE IRAs to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE

IRAs in 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 If you completed Part I, enter the amount from line 11. Otherwise, enter your basis in the amount on

line 16 (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18 Taxable amount. Subtract line 17 from line 16. If more than zero, also include this amount on 2023

Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Part III Distributions From Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs

Complete this part only if you took a distribution from a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA in 2023. For this purpose, a

distribution does not include a rollover (other than a repayment of a qualified disaster distribution from 2023 Form(s)

8915-F (see instructions)), qualified charitable distribution, one-time distribution to fund an HSA, recharacterization, or

return of certain contributions (see instructions).

19 Enter your total nonqualified distributions from Roth, Roth SEP, and Roth SIMPLE IRAs in 2023,

including any qualified first-time homebuyer distributions, and any qualified disaster distributions from

2023 Form(s) 8915-F (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 Qualified first-time homebuyer expenses (see instructions). Do not enter more than $10,000 reduced

by the total of all your prior qualified first-time homebuyer distributions . . . . . . . . . . 20

21 Subtract line 20 from line 19. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

22 Enter your basis in Roth, Roth SEP, and Roth SIMPLE IRA contributions (see instructions). If line 21 is

zero, stop here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23 Subtract line 22 from line 21. If zero or less, enter -0- and skip lines 24 and 25. If more than zero, you

may be subject to an additional tax (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24 Enter your basis in conversions from traditional, traditional SEP, and traditional SIMPLE IRAs and

rollovers from qualified retirement plans to a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA. See instructions .

25 a Subtract line 24 from line 23. If zero or less, enter -0- and skip lines 25b and 25c . . . . . . . 25a

Enter the amount on line 25a attributable to qualified disaster distributions, if any, from 2023 Form(s)

8915-F (see instructions). Also, enter this amount on 2023 Form(s) 8915-F, line 19, as applicable (see

instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25b

c Taxable amount. Subtract line 25b from line 25a. If more than zero, also include this amount on 2023

Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25c

Sign Here Only

if You Are Filing

This Form by Itself

and Not With Your

Tax Return

Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined this form, including accompanying attachments, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, it

is true, correct, and complete. Declaration of preparer (other than taxpayer) is based on all information of which preparer has any knowledge.

Your signature Date

Paid

Preparer

Use Only

Print/Type preparer’s name

Preparer’s signature

Date

Check if

self-employed

PTIN

Firm’s name

Firm’s address

Firm’s EIN

Phone no.

Form 8606 (2023)

20 Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs Publication 590-B (2023)

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Other Special IRA Distribution

Situations

Two other special IRA distribution situations are discussed

next.

Distribution of an annuity contract from your IRA ac-

count. You can tell the trustee or custodian of your tradi-

tional IRA account to use the amount in the account to buy

an annuity contract for you. You aren't taxed when you re-

ceive the annuity contract (unless the annuity contract is

being converted to an annuity held by a Roth IRA). You

are taxed when you start receiving payments under that

annuity contract.

Tax treatment. If only deductible contributions were

made to your traditional IRA since it was opened (this in-

cludes all your traditional IRAs, if you have more than

one), the annuity payments are fully taxable.

If any of your traditional IRAs include both deductible

and nondeductible contributions, the annuity payments

are taxed as explained earlier under Distributions Fully or

Partly Taxable.

Cashing in retirement bonds. When you cash in retire-

ment bonds, you are taxed on the entire amount you re-

ceive. If you reach age 70

/2 and you have not yet cashed

in your retirement bonds, you should include the entire

value of the bonds in your income in the year in which you

turn 70

/2. The value of the bonds is the amount you would

have received if you had cashed them in at the end of that

year. When you later cash in the bonds, you won't be

taxed again.

Reporting and Withholding

Requirements for Taxable Amounts

If you receive a distribution from your traditional IRA, you

will receive Form 1099-R, or a similar statement. IRA dis-

tributions are shown in boxes 1 and 2a of Form 1099-R. A

number or letter code in box 7 tells you what type of distri-

bution you received from your IRA.

Number codes. Some of the number codes are ex-

plained below. All of the codes are explained in the in-

structions for recipients on Form 1099-R.

1—Early distribution, no known exception (in most ca-

ses, under age 59½).

2—Early distribution, exception applies (under age

59½).

3—Disability.

4—Death.

5—Prohibited transaction.

7—Normal distribution.

8—Excess contributions plus earnings/

excess deferrals (and/or earnings)

taxable in 2023.

If code 1, 5, or 8 appears on your Form 1099-R,

you are probably subject to a penalty or additional

tax. If code 1 appears, see Early Distributions,

later. If code 5 appears, see Prohibited Transactions, later.

If code 8 appears, see Excess Contributions in chapter 1

of Pub. 590-A.

Letter codes. Some of the letter codes are explained

below. All of the codes are explained in the instructions for

recipients on Form 1099-R.

B—Designated Roth account distribution.

G—Direct rollover of a distribution to a qualified plan, a

section 403(b) plan, a governmental section 457(b)

plan, or an IRA.

H—Direct rollover of a designated Roth account distri-

bution to a Roth IRA.

J—Early distribution from a Roth IRA, no known ex-

ception (in most cases, under age 59½).

N—Recharacterized IRA contribution made for 2023

and recharacterized in 2023.

P—Excess contributions plus earnings/

excess deferrals (and/or earnings) taxable in 2022.

Q—Qualified distribution from a Roth IRA.

R—Recharacterized IRA contribution made for 2022

and recharacterized in 2023.

S—Early distribution from a SIMPLE IRA in the first

2 years, no known exception (under age 59½).

T—Roth IRA distribution, exception applies.

If the distribution shown on Form 1099-R is from your

IRA, SEP IRA, or SIMPLE IRA, the small box in box 7 (la-

beled IRA/SEP/SIMPLE) should be marked with an “X.”

If code J, P, or S appears on your Form 1099-R,

you are probably subject to a penalty or additional

tax. If code J appears, see Early Distributions,

later. If code P appears, see Excess Contributions in

chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A. If code S appears, see Distribu-

tions (Withdrawals) in chapter 3 of Pub. 560.

Withholding. Federal income tax is withheld from distri-

butions from traditional IRAs unless you choose not to

have tax withheld.

If you are receiving periodic payments (payments made

in installments at regular intervals over a period of more

than 1 year) use Form W-4P to have tax withheld from

your IRA. The amount of tax withheld from an annuity or a

similar periodic payment is based on your marital status

and any adjustments you claim on your Form W-4P.

Complete Form W-4R to have taxes withheld from your

nonperiodic payments or eligible rollover distribution from

your IRA. Generally, tax will be withheld at a 10% rate on

nonperiodic payments.

IRA distributions delivered outside the United

States. In general, if you are a U.S. citizen or resident

alien and your home address is outside the United States

or its territories, you can't choose exemption from

withholding on distributions from your traditional IRA.

CAUTION

Publication 590-B (2023) Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs 21

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To choose exemption from withholding, you must certify

to the payer under penalties of perjury that you aren't a

U.S. citizen, a resident alien of the United States, or a

tax-avoidance expatriate.

Even if this election is made, the payer must withhold

tax at the rates prescribed for nonresident aliens.

More information. For more information on withhold-

ing on pensions and annuities, see Pensions and Annui-

ties in chapter 1 of Pub. 505. For more information on

withholding on nonresident aliens and foreign entities, see

Pensions, Annuities, and Alimony under Withholding on

Specific Income in Pub. 515.

Reporting taxable distributions on your return. Re-

port fully taxable distributions, including early distributions,

on Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b (no entry is

required on line 4a). If only part of the distribution is taxa-

ble, enter the total amount on Form 1040, 1040-SR, or

1040-NR, line 4a, and enter the taxable part on Form

1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b.

Estate tax. Generally, the value of an annuity or other

payment receivable by any beneficiary of a decedent's tra-

ditional IRA that represents the part of the purchase price

contributed by the decedent (or by their former em-

ployer(s)) must be included in the decedent's gross es-

tate. For more information, see the instructions for Form

706, Schedule I.

What Acts Result in Penalties

or Additional Taxes?

The tax advantages of using traditional IRAs for retirement

savings can be offset by additional taxes and penalties if

you don't follow the rules. There are additions to the regu-

lar tax for using your IRA funds in prohibited transactions.

There are also additional taxes for the following activities.

•

Investing in collectibles.

•

Having unrelated business income.

•

Taking early distributions.

•

Allowing excess amounts to accumulate (failing to

take required distributions).

•

Making excess contributions.

There are penalties for overstating the amount of non-

deductible contributions and for failure to file Form 8606, if

required.

This chapter discusses those acts (relating to distribu-

tions) that you should avoid and the additional taxes and

other costs, including loss of IRA status, that apply if you

don't avoid those acts.

Prohibited Transactions

Generally, a prohibited transaction is any improper use of

your traditional IRA account or annuity by you, your

beneficiary, or any disqualified person.

Disqualified persons include your fiduciary and mem-

bers of your family (spouse, ancestor, lineal descendant,

and any spouse of a lineal descendant).

The following are some examples of prohibited transac-

tions with a traditional IRA.

•

Borrowing money from it.

•

Selling property to it.

•

Using it as security for a loan.

•

Buying property for personal use (present or future)

with IRA funds.

If your IRA invested in nonpublicly traded assets

or assets that you directly control, the risk of en-

gaging in a prohibited transaction in connection

with your IRA may be increased.

Fiduciary. For these purposes, a fiduciary includes any-

one who does any of the following.

•

Exercises any discretionary authority or discretionary

control in managing your IRA or exercises any author-

ity or control in managing or disposing of its assets.

•

Provides investment advice to your IRA for a fee, or

has any authority or responsibility to do so.

•

Has any discretionary authority or discretionary re-

sponsibility in administering your IRA.

Effect on an IRA account. Generally, if you or your ben-

eficiary engages in a prohibited transaction in connection

with your traditional IRA account at any time during the

year, the account stops being an IRA as of the first day of

that year.

However, if you own more than one IRA, each IRA is

treated as a separate account, and loss of IRA status only

affects that IRA that participated in that prohibited transac-

tion.

Effect on you or your beneficiary. If your account stops

being an IRA because you or your beneficiary engaged in

a prohibited transaction, the account is treated as distrib-

uting all its assets to you at their fair market values on the

first day of the year. If the total of those values is more

than your basis in the IRA, you will have a taxable gain

that is includible in your income. For information on figur-

ing your gain and reporting it in income, see Are Distribu-

tions Taxable, earlier. The distribution may be subject to

additional taxes or penalties.

Borrowing on an annuity contract. If you borrow

money against your traditional IRA annuity contract, you

must include in your gross income the fair market value of

the annuity contract as of the first day of your tax year. You

may have to pay the 10% additional tax on early distribu-

tions, discussed later.

Pledging an account as security. If you use a part of

your traditional IRA account as security for a loan, that

part is treated as a distribution and is included in your

gross income. You may have to pay the 10% additional tax

on early distributions, discussed later.

CAUTION

22 Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs Publication 590-B (2023)

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Trust account set up by an employer or an employee

association. Your account or annuity doesn't lose its IRA

treatment if your employer or the employee association

with whom you have your traditional IRA engages in a pro-

hibited transaction.

Owner participation. If you participate in the prohibi-

ted transaction with your employer or the association, your

account is no longer treated as an IRA.

Taxes on prohibited transactions. If someone other

than the owner or beneficiary of a traditional IRA engages

in a prohibited transaction, that person may be liable for

certain taxes. In general, there is a 15% tax on the amount

of the prohibited transaction and a 100% additional tax if

the transaction isn't corrected.

Loss of IRA status. If the traditional IRA ceases to be

an IRA because of a prohibited transaction by you or your

beneficiary, neither you nor your beneficiary is liable for

these excise taxes. However, you or your beneficiary may

have to pay other taxes, as discussed under Effect on you

or your beneficiary, earlier.

Exempt Transactions

The Department of Labor has authority to grant adminis-

trative exemptions from the prohibited transaction provi-

sions of ERISA and the Code for a class of transactions or

for individual transactions. In order to grant an administra-

tive exemption, the Department must make the following

three determinations.

1. The exemption must be administratively feasible.

2. In the interest of the plan and its participants and ben-

eficiaries.

3. Protective of the rights of plan participants and benefi-

ciaries.

For additional information on prohibited transaction ex-

emptions, see the Department of Labor publication,

Exemption Procedures under Federal Pension Law.

Transactions Not Prohibited

The following two types of transactions aren't prohibited

transactions if they meet the requirements that follow.

•

Payments of cash, property, or other consideration by

the sponsor of your traditional IRA to you (or members

of your family).

•

Your receipt of services at reduced or no cost from the

bank where your traditional IRA is established or

maintained.

Payments of cash, property, or other consideration.

Even if a sponsor makes payments to you or your family,

there is no prohibited transaction if all three of the follow-

ing requirements are met.

1. The payments are for establishing a traditional IRA or

for making additional contributions to it.

2. The IRA is established solely to benefit you, your

spouse, and your or your spouse's beneficiaries.

3. During the year, the total fair market value of the pay-

ments you receive isn't more than:

a. $10 for IRA deposits of less than $5,000, or

b. $20 for IRA deposits of $5,000 or more.

If the consideration is group-term life insurance, require-

ments (1) and (3) don't apply if no more than $5,000 of the

face value of the insurance is based on a dollar-for-dollar

basis on the assets in your IRA.

Services received at reduced or no cost. Even if a

sponsor provides services at reduced or no cost, there is

no prohibited transaction if all of the following require-

ments are met.

•

The traditional IRA qualifying you to receive the serv-

ices is established and maintained for the benefit of

you, your spouse, and your or your spouse's benefi-

ciaries.

•

The bank itself can legally offer the services.

•

The services are provided in the ordinary course of

business by the bank (or a bank affiliate) to customers

who qualify for but don't maintain an IRA (or a Keogh

plan).

•

The determination, for a traditional IRA, of who quali-

fies for these services is based on an IRA (or a Keogh

plan) deposit balance equal to the lowest qualifying

balance for any other type of account.

•

The rate of return on a traditional IRA investment that

qualifies isn't less than the return on an identical in-

vestment that could have been made at the same time

at the same branch of the bank by a customer who

isn't eligible for (or doesn't receive) these services.

Investment in Collectibles

If your traditional IRA invests in collectibles, the amount in-

vested is considered distributed to you in the year inves-

ted. You may have to pay the 10% additional tax on early

distributions, discussed later.

Any amounts that were considered to be distributed

when the investment in the collectible was made, and

which were included in your income at that time, aren't in-

cluded in your income when the collectible is actually dis-

tributed from your IRA.

Collectibles. These include:

•

Artworks,

•

Rugs,

•

Antiques,

•

Metals,

•

Gems,

•

Stamps,

•

Coins,

Publication 590-B (2023) Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs 23

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•

Alcoholic beverages, and

•

Certain other tangible personal property.

Exception. Your IRA can invest in one, one-half,

one-quarter, or one-tenth ounce U.S. gold coins, or

one-ounce silver coins minted by the Treasury Depart-

ment. It can also invest in certain platinum coins and cer-

tain gold, silver, palladium, and platinum bullion.

The coins must be in the possession of the custo-

dian or trustee of the IRA. If the owner or the ben-

eficiary of the IRA takes possession of the coins,

the coins will be treated as distributed.

Unrelated Business Income

An IRA is subject to tax on unrelated business income if it

carries on an unrelated trade or business. An unrelated

trade or business means any trade or business regularly

carried on by the IRA or by a partnership of which it is a

member, and not substantially related to the IRA’s exempt

purpose or function. If the IRA has $1,000 or more of unre-

lated trade or business gross income, the IRA must file a

Form 990-T, Exempt Organization Business Income Tax

Return. An IRA trustee is permitted to file Form 990-T on

behalf of the IRA. In the case of an IRA that operates on a

calendar year, the Form 990-T must be filed by April 15

following the close of the calendar year. In the case of an

IRA that operates on a fiscal year, the Form 990-T must be

filed by the 15th day of the 4th month following the close

of the fiscal year. See Pub. 598 for more information.

Early Distributions

You must include early distributions of taxable amounts

from your traditional IRA in your gross income. Early distri-

butions are also subject to an additional 10% tax, as dis-

cussed later.

Early distributions defined. Early distributions are gen-

erally amounts distributed from your traditional IRA ac-

count or annuity before you are age 59

/2, or amounts you

receive when you cash in retirement bonds before you are

age 59

/2.

If you were affected by a qualified disaster, see

chapter 3.

Age 59

/2 Rule

Generally, if you are under age 59

/2, you must pay a 10%

additional tax on the distribution of any assets (money or

other property) from your traditional IRA. Distributions be-

fore you are age 59

/2 are called “early distributions.”

The 10% additional tax applies to the part of the distri-

bution that you have to include in gross income. It is in ad-

dition to any regular income tax on that amount.

CAUTION

TIP

A number of exceptions to this rule are discussed later

under Exceptions. Also see Contributions Returned

Before Due Date of Return in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A.

After age 59

/2 and before age 72. After you reach age

/2, you can receive distributions without having to pay

the 10% additional tax. Even though you can receive dis-

tributions after you reach age 59

/2, distributions aren't re-

quired until you reach age 72. See When Must You With-

draw Assets? (Required Minimum Distributions), earlier.

Exceptions

There are several exceptions to the age 59

/2 rule. Even if

you receive a distribution before you are age 59

/2, you

may not have to pay the 10% additional tax if you are in

one of the following situations.

•

You have unreimbursed medical expenses that are

more than 7.5% of your AGI.

•

The distribution is for the cost of your medical insur-

ance due to a period of unemployment.

•

You are totally and permanently disabled.

•

You have been certified as having a terminal illness.

•

You are the beneficiary of a deceased IRA owner.

•

You are receiving distributions in the form of a series

of substantially equal periodic payments.

•

The distribution is for your qualified higher education

expenses.

•

You use the distributions to buy, build, or rebuild a first

home.

•

The distribution is due to an IRS levy of the IRA or re-

tirement plan.

•

The distribution is a qualified reservist distribution.

•

The distribution is a qualified birth or adoption distribu-

tion.

•

The distribution is a qualified disaster distribution or

qualified disaster recovery distribution.

•

The distribution is a corrective distribution.

Most of these exceptions are explained below.

Note. Distributions that are timely and properly rolled

over, as discussed in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A, aren't sub-

ject to either regular income tax or the 10% additional tax.

Certain withdrawals of excess contributions after the due

date of your return are also tax free and therefore not sub-

ject to the 10% additional tax. (See Excess Contributions

Withdrawn After Due Date of Return in chapter 1 of Pub.

590-A.) This also applies to transfers incident to divorce,

as discussed under Can You Move Retirement Plan As-

sets? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A.

Receivership distributions. Early distributions (with

or without your consent) from savings institutions placed

in receivership are subject to this tax unless one of the

above exceptions applies. This is true even if the distribu-

tion is from a receiver that is a state agency.

24 Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs Publication 590-B (2023)

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Unreimbursed medical expenses. Even if you are un-

der age 59½, there are certain distribution amounts on

which you don’t have to pay the 10% additional tax.

If you have unreimbursed medical expenses (that

would qualify for a medical deduction) in excess of 7.5%

of your (AGI), defined next, you don’t have to pay the 10%

additional tax on distributions from your IRA up to the

amount by which those qualifying medical expenses ex-

ceed 7.5% of your (AGI).

You can only take into account unreimbursed

medical expenses that you would be able to in-

clude in figuring a deduction for medical expenses

on Schedule A (Form 1040). You don't have to itemize

your deductions to take advantage of this exception to the

10% additional tax.

Adjusted gross income (AGI). This is the amount on

Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 11.

Medical insurance. Even if you are under age 59

/2, you

may not have to pay the 10% additional tax on distribu-

tions during the year that aren't more than the amount you

paid during the year for medical insurance for yourself,

your spouse, and your dependents. You won't have to pay

the tax on these amounts if all of the following conditions

apply.

•

You lost your job.

•

You received unemployment compensation paid un-

der any federal or state law for 12 consecutive weeks

because you lost your job.

•

You receive the distributions during either the year you

received the unemployment compensation or the fol-

lowing year.

•

You receive the distributions no later than 60 days af-

ter you have been reemployed.

Disabled. If you become disabled before you reach age

/2, any distributions from your traditional IRA because

of your disability aren't subject to the 10% additional tax.

You are considered disabled if you can furnish proof

that you can't do any substantial gainful activity because

of your physical or mental condition. A physician must de-

termine that your condition can be expected to result in

death or to be of long, continued, and indefinite duration.

Beneficiary. If you die before reaching age 59

/2, the as-

sets in your traditional IRA can be distributed to your ben-

eficiary or to your estate without either having to pay the

10% additional tax.

However, if you inherit a traditional IRA from your de-

ceased spouse and elect to treat it as your own (as dis-

cussed under What if You Inherit an IRA, earlier), any dis-

tribution you later receive before you reach age 59

/2 may

be subject to the 10% additional tax.

Distributions to terminally ill individuals. You may be

able to take a distribution from a qualified retirement plan

before reaching age 59

/2 and not have to pay the 10%

additional tax on early distributions if you receive the distri-

CAUTION

bution on or after the date you have received a certifica-

tion by a physician that you are terminally ill.

Terminally ill. You are considered terminally ill if you

are certified by a physician as having an illness or physical

condition which can reasonably be expected to result in

death in 84 months or less after the date of the certifica-

tion.

Certification of terminal illness. A certification of termi-

nal illness must include the following:

•

A statement that the individual’s illness or physical

condition can be reasonably expected to result in

death in 84 months or less after the date of certifica-

tion.

•

A narrative description of the evidence that was used

to support the statement of illness or physical condi-

tion.

•

It must include the name and contact information of

the physician making the statement.

•

The statement must include the date the physician ex-

amined the individual or reviewed the evidence provi-

ded by the individual, and the date that the physician

signed the certification.

•

The statement must include the signature of the physi-

cian making the statement, and an attestation from the

physician that, by signing the form, the physician con-

firms that the physician composed the narrative de-

scription based on the physician’s examination of the

individual or the physician’s review of the evidence

provided by the individual.

However, it is not sufficient evidence for an employee

who is a physician to certify the physician’s own terminal

illness.

Amount may be repaid. You may repay an amount

you received because you are certified terminally ill by

making one or more contributions to the plan as long as

the total of those contributions do not exceed the amount

distributed to you as a terminally ill individual.

Certain corrective distributions not subject to 10%

early distribution tax. Beginning with distributions made

on December 29, 2022, and after, the 10% additional tax

on early distributions will not apply to a corrective IRA dis-

tribution, which consists of an excessive contribution (a

contribution greater than the IRA contribution limit) and

any earnings (the portion of the distribution subject to the

10% additional tax) allocable to the excessive contribu-

tion, as long as the corrective distribution is made on or

before the due date (including extensions) of the income

tax return.

Substantially equal periodic payments. You can re-

ceive distributions from your traditional IRA before age

59½ if they are part of a series of substantially equal pay-

ments over your life (or your life expectancy), or over the

lives (or the joint life expectancies) of you and your benefi-

ciary, without having to pay the 10% additional tax.

Publication 590-B (2023) Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs 25

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The IRS has provided three general methods of com-

puting the annual distribution amounts for meeting the re-

quirements for a series of substantially equal periodic pay-

ments: Notice 2022-6 explains the three methods and

identifies tables to be used for 2023 and after. (See Notice

2022-6 at IRS.gov/irb/2022-05_IRB#NOT-2022-06).

The three methods are generally referred to as the re-

quired minimum distribution method (RMD method), the

fixed amortization method, and the fixed annuitization

method. The latter two methods may require professional

assistance.

The RMD method, when used for this purpose, re-

sults in the exact amount required to be distrib-

uted each year, not the minimum amount.

Distributions received as periodic payments on or

after December 29, 2022, will not fail to be treated

as substantially equal merely because they are re-

ceived as an annuity.

Note. For a series of substantially equal periodic pay-

ments established in 2022, you may apply the guidance

either in Notice 2022-6 at IRS.gov/irb/

2022-05_IRB#NOT-2022-06, or in Revenue Ruling

2002-62 which is on page 710 of Internal Revenue Bulletin

2002-42 at https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-irbs/irb02-42.pdf.

Note. Distributions received as periodic payments on

or after December 29, 2022, will not fail to be treated as

substantially equal merely because they are received as

an annuity.

Recapture tax for changes in distribution method

under equal payment exception. You may have to pay

an early distribution recapture tax if you modify (for rea-

sons other than your death or disability) the annual

amount distributed to be different from the annual amount

determined under the distribution method that you initially

established under the substantially equal periodic pay-

ment exception, and if the modification occurs before the

date limitation explained in Modification date below.

The recapture tax is imposed with respect to the calen-

dar year in which the modification first occurs. The amount

of tax is the amount of early distribution additional taxes

that would have been imposed in prior years had the ex-

ception not applied in those prior years, plus interest for

the deferral periods.

Modification date. The recapture tax applies if you

modify the series of payments (other than because of

death or disability) before the later of these two dates:

1. The 5th anniversary of the date of the first distribution

of the series; or

2. The date you reach age 59½.

However, the following two situations are not treated as a

modification of the series for purposes of the recapture

tax: (a) if your account is completely depleted of all as-

sets; or (b) if you make a one-time change to the required

minimum distribution method from one of the other meth-

ods.

CAUTION

TIP

In the event of a modification that triggers the recapture

tax, the tax does not apply to any amounts distributed af-

ter you reach age 59½.

Report the recapture tax (including the interest on the

deferral periods) on line 4 of Form 5329. Attach an explan-

ation to the form. Don't write the explanation next to the

line or enter any amount for the recapture on line 1 or 3 of

the form.

One-time switch. If you are receiving a series of sub-

stantially equal periodic payments, you can make a

one-time switch to the required minimum distribution

method at any time without incurring the additional tax.

Once a change is made, you must follow the required min-

imum distribution method in all subsequent years.

Higher education expenses. Even if you are under age

/2, if you paid expenses for higher education during the

year, part (or all) of any distribution may not be subject to

the 10% additional tax. The part not subject to the tax is

generally the amount that isn't more than the qualified

higher education expenses (defined next) for the year for

education furnished at an eligible educational institution

(defined below). The education must be for you, your

spouse, or the children or grandchildren of you or your

spouse.

When determining the amount of the distribution that

isn't subject to the 10% additional tax, include qualified

higher education expenses paid with any of the following

funds.

•

Payment for services, such as wages.

•

A loan.

•

A gift.

•

An inheritance given to either the student or the indi-

vidual making the withdrawal.

•

A withdrawal from personal savings (including savings

from a qualified tuition program).

Don't include expenses paid with any of the following

funds.

•

Tax-free distributions from a Coverdell education sav-

ings account.

•

Tax-free part of scholarships and fellowships.

•

Pell grants.

•

Employer-provided educational assistance.

•

Veterans' educational assistance.

•

Any other tax-free payment (other than a gift or inheri-

tance) received as educational assistance.

Qualified higher education expenses. Qualified

higher education expenses are tuition, fees, books, sup-

plies, and equipment required for the enrollment or attend-

ance of a student at an eligible educational institution.

They also include expenses for special needs services in-

curred by or for special needs students in connection with

their enrollment or attendance. In addition, if the individual

is at least a half-time student, room and board are quali-

fied higher education expenses.

26 Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs Publication 590-B (2023)

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Eligible educational institution. This is any college,

university, vocational school, or other postsecondary edu-

cational institution eligible to participate in the student aid

programs administered by the U.S. Department of Educa-

tion. It includes virtually all accredited, public, nonprofit,

and proprietary (privately owned profit-making) postse-

condary institutions. The educational institution should be

able to tell you if it is an eligible educational institution.

For more information, see chapter 9 of Pub. 970.

First home. Even if you are under age 59

/2, you don't

have to pay the 10% additional tax on up to $10,000 of

distributions you receive to buy, build, or rebuild a first

home. To qualify for treatment as a first-time homebuyer

distribution, the distribution must meet all the following re-

quirements.

1. It must be used to pay qualified acquisition costs (de-

fined next) before the close of the 120th day after the

day you received it.

2. It must be used to pay qualified acquisition costs for

the main home of a first-time homebuyer (defined be-

low) who is any of the following.

a. Yourself.

b. Your spouse.

c. Your or your spouse's child.

d. Your or your spouse's grandchild.

e. Your or your spouse's parent or other ancestor.

3. When added to all your prior qualified first-time home-

buyer distributions, if any, total qualifying distributions

can't be more than $10,000.

If both you and your spouse are first-time home-

buyers (defined later), each of you can receive

distributions up to $10,000 for a first home without

having to pay the 10% additional tax.

Qualified acquisition costs. Qualified acquisition

costs include the following items.

•

Costs of buying, building, or rebuilding a home.

•

Any usual or reasonable settlement, financing, or

other closing costs.

First-time homebuyer. Generally, you are a first-time

homebuyer if you had no present interest in a main home

during the 2-year period ending on the date of acquisition

of the home which the distribution is being used to buy,

build, or rebuild. If you are married, your spouse must also

meet this no-ownership requirement.

Date of acquisition. The date of acquisition is the

date that:

•

You enter into a binding contract to buy the main home

for which the distribution is being used, or

•

The building or rebuilding of the main home for which

the distribution is being used begins.

TIP

If you received a distribution to buy, build, or re-

build a first home and the purchase or construc-

tion was canceled or delayed, you could generally

contribute the amount of the distribution to an IRA within

120 days of the distribution and not pay income tax or the

10% additional tax on early distributions. This contribution

is treated as a rollover contribution to the IRA.

Qualified reservist distributions. A qualified reservist

distribution isn't subject to the additional tax on early distri-

butions.

Definition. A distribution you receive is a qualified re-

servist distribution if the following requirements are met.

•

You were ordered or called to active duty after Sep-

tember 11, 2001.

•

You were ordered or called to active duty for a period

of more than 179 days or for an indefinite period be-

cause you are a member of a reserve component.

•

The distribution is from an IRA or from amounts attrib-

utable to elective deferrals under a section 401(k) or

403(b) plan or a similar arrangement.

•

The distribution was made no earlier than the date of

the order or call to active duty and no later than the

close of the active duty period.

Reserve component. The term “reserve component”

means the:

•

Army National Guard of the United States,

•

Army Reserve,

•

Naval Reserve,

•

Marine Corps Reserve,

•

Air National Guard of the United States,

•

Air Force Reserve,

•

Coast Guard Reserve, or

•

Reserve Corps of the Public Health Service.

Qualified birth or adoption distribution. A qualified

birth or adoption distribution is any distribution from an ap-

plicable eligible retirement plan if made during the 1-year

period beginning on the date on which your child was born

or the date on which the legal adoption of your child was

finalized.

A qualified birth or adoption distribution must not ex-

ceed $5,000 per taxpayer. In addition, an eligible adoptee

is any individual (other than the child of the taxpayer’s

spouse) who has not reached age 18 or is physically or

mentally incapable of self-support.

Amount may be repaid. If you receive a qualified

birth or adoption distribution, you can make one or more

contributions to an eligible retirement plan during the

3-year period beginning on the day after the date on which

such distribution was received. You make this repayment if

you are a beneficiary of that plan, the plan accepts rollover

contributions, and the total of those contributions does not

exceed the amount of the qualified birth or adoption

distribution.

TIP

Publication 590-B (2023) Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs 27

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In the case of a qualified birth or adoption distribution

made on or before December 29, 2022, you can make

one or more contributions after the distribution but before

January 1, 2026.

Additional 10% Tax

The additional tax on early distributions is 10% of the

amount of the early distribution that you must include in

your gross income. This tax is in addition to any regular in-

come tax resulting from including the distribution in in-

come.

Use Form 5329 to figure the tax. See the discussion of

Form 5329, later, under Reporting Additional Taxes for in-

formation on filing the form.

Example. Tom Jones, who is 35 years old, receives a

$3,000 distribution from his traditional IRA account. Tom

doesn't meet any of the exceptions to the 10% additional

tax, so the $3,000 is an early distribution. Tom never made

any nondeductible contributions to his IRA. He must in-

clude the $3,000 in his gross income for the year of the

distribution and pay income tax on it. Tom must also pay

an additional tax of $300 (10% (0.10) × $3,000). He files

Form 5329. See the filled-in Form 5329, later.

Early distributions of funds from a SIMPLE retire-

ment account made within 2 years of beginning

participation in the SIMPLE are subject to a 25%,

rather than a 10%, early distributions tax.

Nondeductible contributions. The tax on early distribu-

tions doesn't apply to the part of a distribution that repre-

sents a return of your nondeductible contributions (basis).

Excess Accumulations (Insufficient

Distributions)

You can't keep amounts in your traditional IRA (including

SEP and SIMPLE IRAs) indefinitely. Generally, you must

begin receiving distributions by April 1 of the year follow-

ing the year in which you reach age 72 (or age 73). The

required minimum distribution for any year after the year in

which you reach age 72 (or age 73) must be made by De-

cember 31 of that later year.

Tax on excess. If distributions are less than the re-

quired minimum distribution for the year, discussed earlier

under When Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required Mini-

mum Distributions), you may have to pay a 25% excise tax

for that year on the amount not distributed as required.

Additional tax rate for excess accumulations re-

duced. The additional tax rate for distributions that are

less than the required minimum distribution amount (ex-

cess accumulations) is reduced to 25% for tax years be-

ginning after December 29, 2022.

You may be subject to a reduced additional tax rate of

10% of the amount not distributed, if, during the correction

window, you take a distribution of the amount on which the

CAUTION

tax is due and submit a tax return reflecting this additional

tax.

The “correction window” is the period of time beginning

on the date on which the additional tax is imposed on the

distribution shortfall and ends on the earliest of the follow-

ing dates:

•

The date of mailing the deficiency notice with respect

to the imposition of this tax, or

•

The date the tax is assessed, or

•

The last day of the second taxable year that begins af-

ter the date of the taxable year in which the additional

tax is imposed.

Reporting the tax. Use Form 5329 to report the tax on

excess accumulations. See the discussion of Form 5329,

later, under Reporting Additional Taxes for more informa-

tion on filing the form.

Request to waive the tax. If the excess accumulation is

due to reasonable error, and you have taken, or are taking,

steps to remedy the insufficient distribution, you can re-

quest that the tax be waived. If you believe you qualify for

this relief, attach a statement of explanation and complete

Form 5329 as instructed under Waiver of tax for reasona-

ble cause in the Instructions for Form 5329.

Exemption from tax. If you are unable to take required

distributions because you have a traditional IRA invested

in a contract issued by an insurance company that is in

state insurer delinquency proceedings, the 25% excise tax

doesn't apply if the conditions and requirements of Reve-

nue Procedure 92-10 are satisfied. Those conditions and

requirements are summarized below. Revenue Procedure

92-10 is in Cumulative Bulletin 1992-1. You can read the

revenue procedure at most IRS offices, at many public li-

braries, and online at IRS.gov.

Conditions. To qualify for exemption from the tax, the

assets in your traditional IRA must include an affected in-

vestment. Also, the amount of your required distribution

must be determined as discussed earlier under When

Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required Minimum Distribu-

tions).

Affected investment defined. Affected investment

means an annuity contract or a guaranteed investment

contract (with an insurance company) for which payments

under the terms of the contract have been reduced or sus-

pended because of state insurer delinquency proceedings

against the contracting insurance company.

Requirements. If your traditional IRA (or IRAs) in-

cludes assets other than your affected investment, all tra-

ditional IRA assets, including the available portion of your

affected investment, must be used to satisfy as much as

possible of your IRA distribution requirement. If the affec-

ted investment is the only asset in your IRA, as much of

the required distribution as possible must come from the

available portion, if any, of your affected investment.

Available portion. The available portion of your affec-

ted investment is the amount of payments remaining after

28 Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs Publication 590-B (2023)

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they have been reduced or suspended because of state

insurer delinquency proceedings.

Make up of shortfall in distribution. If the payments

to you under the contract increase because all or part of

the reduction or suspension is canceled, you must make

up the amount of any shortfall in a prior distribution be-

cause of the proceedings. You make up (reduce or elimi-

nate) the shortfall with the increased payments you re-

ceive.

You must make up the shortfall by December 31 of the

calendar year following the year that you receive in-

creased payments.

Reporting Additional Taxes

Generally, you must use Form 5329 to report the tax on

excess contributions, early distributions, and excess accu-

mulations.

Filing a tax return. If you must file an individual income

tax return, complete Form 5329 and attach it to your Form

1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR. Enter the total additional

taxes due on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 8.

Not filing a tax return. If you don't have to file a return,

but do have to pay one of the additional taxes mentioned

earlier, file the completed Form 5329 with the IRS at the

time and place you would have filed Form 1040, 1040-SR,

or 1040-NR. Be sure to include your address on page 1

and your signature and date on page 2. Enclose, but don't

attach, a check or money order made payable to “United

States Treasury” for the tax you owe, as shown on Form

5329. Write your social security number and “2023 Form

5329” on your check or money order.

Form 5329 not required. You don't have to use Form

5329 if any of the following situations exists.

•

Distribution code 1 (early distribution) is correctly

shown in box 7 of Form 1099-R. If you don't owe any

other additional tax on a distribution, multiply the taxa-

ble part of the early distribution by 10% and enter the

result on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 8. Enter “No” to

the left of the line to indicate that you don't have to file

Form 5329. However, if you owe this tax and also owe

any other additional tax on a distribution, don't enter

this 10% additional tax directly on your Form 1040,

1040-SR, or 1040-NR. You must file Form 5329 to re-

port your additional taxes.

•

If you rolled over part or all of a distribution from a

qualified retirement plan, the part rolled over isn't sub-

ject to the tax on early distributions.

•

You have a qualified disaster distribution.

Publication 590-B (2023) Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs 29

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Form 5329

2023

Additional Taxes on Qualified Plans

(Including IRAs) and Other Tax-Favored Accounts

Department of the Treasury

Internal Revenue Service

Attach to Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR.

Go to www.irs.gov/Form5329 for instructions and the latest information.

OMB No. 1545-0074

Attachment

Sequence No.

Name of individual subject to additional tax. If married filing jointly, see instructions. Your social security number

Fill in Your Address Only

if You Are Filing This

Form by Itself and Not

With Your Tax Return

Home address (number and street), or P.O. box if mail is not delivered to your home Apt. no.

City, town or post office, state, and ZIP code. If you have a foreign address, also complete the

spaces below. See instructions.

If this is an amended

return, check here

Foreign country name Foreign province/state/county Foreign postal code

If you only owe the additional 10% tax on the full amount of the early distributions, you may be able to report this tax directly on

Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 8, without filing Form 5329. See instructions.

Part I

Additional Tax on Early Distributions. Complete this part if you took a taxable distribution (other than a qualified

disaster distribution) before you reached age 59½ from a qualified retirement plan (including an IRA) or modified

endowment contract (unless you are reporting this tax directly on Schedule 2 (Form 1040)—see above). You may also

have to complete this part to indicate that you qualify for an exception to the additional tax on early distributions or for

certain Roth IRA distributions. See instructions.

Early distributions includible in income (see instructions). For Roth IRA distributions, see instructions .

2 Early distributions included on line 1 that are not subject to the additional tax (see instructions).

Enter the appropriate exception number from the instructions:

. . . . . . . . . .

3 Amount subject to additional tax. Subtract line 2 from line 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Additional tax. Enter 10% (0.10) of line 3. Include this amount on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 8 . . 4

Caution: If any part of the amount on line 3 was a distribution from a SIMPLE IRA, you may have to

include 25% of that amount on line 4 instead of 10%. See instructions.

Part II

Additional Tax on Certain Distributions From Education Accounts and ABLE Accounts. Complete this

part if you included an amount in income, on Schedule 1 (Form 1040), line 8z, from a Coverdell education savings

account (ESA) or a qualified tuition program (QTP), or on Schedule 1 (Form 1040), line 8q, from an ABLE account.

5 Distributions included in income from a Coverdell ESA, a QTP, or an ABLE account . . . . . .

6 Distributions included on line 5 that are not subject to the additional tax (see instructions) . . . . 6

7 Amount subject to additional tax. Subtract line 6 from line 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

8 Additional tax. Enter 10% (0.10) of line 7. Include this amount on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 8 . .

Part III

Additional Tax on Excess Contributions to Traditional IRAs. Complete this part if you contributed more to

your traditional IRAs for 2023 than is allowable or you had an amount on line 17 of your 2022 Form 5329.

Enter your excess contributions from line 16 of your 2022 Form 5329. See instructions. If zero, go to line 15

10 If your traditional IRA contributions for 2023 are less than your maximum

allowable contribution, see instructions. Otherwise, enter -0- . . . . . .

11 2023 traditional IRA distributions included in income (see instructions) . . . 11

12 2023 distributions of prior year excess contributions (see instructions) . . . 12

13 Add lines 10, 11, and 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

14 Prior year excess contributions. Subtract line 13 from line 9. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . 14

15 Excess contributions for 2023 (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

16 Total excess contributions. Add lines 14 and 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Additional tax. Enter 6% (0.06) of the smaller of line 16 or the value of your traditional IRAs on December

31, 2023 (including 2023 contributions made in 2024). Include this amount on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 8

Part IV

Additional Tax on Excess Contributions to Roth IRAs. Complete this part if you contributed more to your Roth

IRAs for 2023 than is allowable or you had an amount on line 25 of your 2022 Form 5329.

Enter your excess contributions from line 24 of your 2022 Form 5329. See instructions. If zero, go to line 23

19 If your Roth IRA contributions for 2023 are less than your maximum allowable

contribution, see instructions. Otherwise, enter -0- . . . . . . . . .

20 2023 distributions from your Roth IRAs (see instructions) . . . . . . . 20

21 Add lines 19 and 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

22 Prior year excess contributions. Subtract line 21 from line 18. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . 22

23 Excess contributions for 2023 (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

24 Total excess contributions. Add lines 22 and 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Additional tax. Enter 6% (0.06) of the smaller of line 24 or the value of your Roth IRAs on December 31,

2023 (including 2023 contributions made in 2024). Include this amount on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 8

For Privacy Act and Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see your tax return instructions.

Cat. No. 13329Q

Form 5329 (2023)

Tom Jones

004-00-0000

3000

300

-0-

30 Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs Publication 590-B (2023)

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Roth IRAs

Reminders

Disaster relief. If you were affected by a qualified disas-

ter, see chapter 3.

Designated Roth accounts. Designated Roth accounts

are separate accounts under section 401(k), 403(b), or

457(b) plans that accept elective deferrals that are refer-

red to as Roth contributions. These elective deferrals are

included in your income, but qualified distributions from

these accounts aren't included in your income. Designa-

ted Roth accounts aren't IRAs and shouldn’t be confused

with Roth IRAs. Contributions, up to their respective limits,

can be made to Roth IRAs and designated Roth accounts

according to your eligibility to participate. A contribution to

one doesn't impact your eligibility to contribute to the

other. See Pub. 575 for more information on designated

Roth accounts.

Introduction

Regardless of your age, you may be able to establish and

make nondeductible contributions to an individual retire-

ment plan called a Roth IRA.

Contributions not reported. You don't report Roth IRA

contributions on your return.

What Is a Roth IRA?

A Roth IRA is an individual retirement plan that, except as

explained in this chapter, is subject to the rules that apply

to a traditional IRA (defined next). It can be either an ac-

count or an annuity. Individual retirement accounts and

annuities are described in How Can a Traditional IRA Be

Opened? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A.

To be a Roth IRA, the account or annuity must be des-

ignated as a Roth IRA when it is opened. A deemed IRA

can be a Roth IRA, a Roth SEP IRA or a Roth SIMPLE

IRA.

Unlike a traditional IRA, you can't deduct contributions

to a Roth IRA. But, if you satisfy the requirements, quali-

fied distributions (discussed later) are tax free and you

can leave amounts in your Roth IRA as long as you live.

Beginning in 2023, SEP and SIMPLE IRAs can be

designated as Roth IRAs.

Traditional IRA. A traditional IRA is any IRA that isn't a

Roth IRA or SIMPLE IRA. Traditional IRAs are discussed

in chapter 1.

Are Distributions Taxable?

You don't include in your gross income qualified distribu-

tions or distributions that are a return of your regular con-

tributions from your Roth IRA(s). You also don't include

distributions from your Roth IRA that you roll over tax free

into another Roth IRA. You may have to include part of

other distributions in your income. See Ordering Rules for

Distributions, later.

Basis of distributed property. The basis of property

distributed from a Roth IRA is its fair market value on the

date of distribution, whether or not the distribution is a

qualified distribution.

Withdrawals of contributions by due date. If you with-

draw contributions (including any net earnings on the con-

tributions) by the due date of your return for the year in

which you made the contribution, the contributions are

treated as if you never made them. If you have an exten-

sion of time to file your return, you can withdraw the contri-

butions and earnings by the extended due date. The with-

drawal of contributions is tax free, but you must include

the earnings on the contributions in income for the year in

which you made the contributions.

What Are Qualified Distributions?

A qualified distribution is any payment or distribution from

your Roth IRA that meets the following requirements.

1. It is made after the 5-year period beginning with the

first tax year for which a contribution was made to a

Roth IRA set up for your benefit.

2. The payment or distribution is:

a. Made on or after the date you reach age 59

/2,

b. Made because you are disabled (defined earlier),

c. Made to a beneficiary or to your estate after your

death, or

d. One that meets the requirements listed under First

home under Exceptions in chapter 1 (up to a

$10,000 lifetime limit).

TIP

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Figure 2-1. Is the Distribution From Your Roth IRA a Qualiﬁed Distribution?

Start Here

Has it been at least 5 years from the beginning of the

year for which you rst set up and contributed to a

Roth IRA?

Were you at least 59

⁄2 years old at the time of the

distribution?

Is the distribution being used to buy or rebuild a rst

home as explained in First home under Early

Distributions in chapter 1?

Is the distribution due to your being disabled (dened

under Early Distributions in chapter 1)?

Was the distribution made to the owner’s beneciary

or the owner’s estate?

The distribution from the Roth IRA is a qualied

distribution. It isn’t subject to tax or penalty.

The distribution from the Roth IRA

isn’t a qualied distribution. The

portion of the distribution allocable

to earnings may be subject to tax

and it may be subject to the 10%

additional tax.

Yes

32 Chapter 2 Roth IRAs Publication 590-B (2023)

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If you were affected by a qualified disaster, see

chapter 3.

Additional Tax on Early Distributions

If you receive a distribution that isn't a qualified distribu-

tion, you may have to pay the 10% additional tax on early

distributions as explained in the following paragraphs.

Distributions of conversion and certain rollover con-

tributions within 5-year period. If, within the 5-year pe-

riod starting with the first day of your tax year in which you

convert an amount from a traditional IRA or roll over an

amount from a qualified retirement plan to a Roth IRA, you

take a distribution from a Roth IRA, you may have to pay

the 10% additional tax on early distributions. You must

generally pay the 10% additional tax on any amount attrib-

utable to the part of the amount converted or rolled over

(the conversion or rollover contribution) that you had to in-

clude in income (recapture amount). A separate 5-year

period applies to each conversion and rollover. See Order-

ing Rules for Distributions, later, to determine the recap-

ture amount, if any.

The 5-year period used for determining whether the

10% early distribution tax applies to a distribution from a

conversion or rollover contribution is separately deter-

mined for each conversion and rollover, and isn't necessa-

rily the same as the 5-year period used for determining

whether a distribution is a qualified distribution. See What

Are Qualified Distributions, earlier.

For example, if a calendar-year taxpayer makes a con-

version contribution on February 25, 2023, and makes a

regular contribution for 2022 on the same date, the 5-year

period for the conversion begins January 1, 2023, while

the 5-year period for the regular contribution begins on

January 1, 2022.

Unless one of the exceptions listed later applies, you

must pay the additional tax on the portion of the distribu-

tion attributable to the part of the conversion or rollover

contribution that you had to include in income because of

the conversion or rollover.

You must pay the 10% additional tax in the year of the

distribution, even if you had included the conversion or

rollover contribution in an earlier year. You must also pay

the additional tax on any portion of the distribution attribut-

able to earnings on contributions.

Other early distributions. Unless one of the exceptions

listed below applies, you must pay the 10% additional tax

on the taxable part of any distributions that aren't qualified

distributions.

Exceptions. You may not have to pay the 10% additional

tax in the following situations.

•

You have reached age 59

/2.

•

You are totally and permanently disabled.

•

You have been certified as having a terminal illness.

•

You are the beneficiary of a deceased IRA owner.

TIP

•

You use the distribution to buy, build, or rebuild a first

home.

•

The distributions are part of a series of substantially

equal payments.

•

You have unreimbursed medical expenses that are

more than 7.5% of your AGI (defined earlier) for the

year.

•

You are paying medical insurance premiums during a

period of unemployment.

•

The distribution is a corrective distribution.

•

The distributions are for your qualified higher educa-

tion expenses.

•

The distribution is due to an IRS levy of the IRA or re-

tirement plan.

•

The distribution is a qualified reservist distribution.

•

The distribution is a qualified birth or adoption distribu-

tion.

•

The distribution is a qualified disaster distribution or

qualified disaster recovery distribution.

Most of these exceptions are discussed earlier in chap-

ter 1 under Early Distributions.

If you were affected by a qualified disaster, see

chapter 3.

Ordering Rules for Distributions

If you receive a distribution from your Roth IRA that isn't a

qualified distribution, part of it may be taxable. There is a

set order in which contributions (including conversion con-

tributions and rollover contributions from qualified retire-

ment plans) and earnings are considered to be distributed

from your Roth IRA. For these purposes, disregard the

withdrawal of excess contributions and the earnings on

them (discussed under What if You Contribute Too Much?

in chapter 2 of Pub. 590-A). Order the distributions as fol-

lows.

1. Regular contributions.

2. Conversion and rollover contributions, on a first-in,

first-out basis (generally, total conversions and roll-

overs from the earliest year first). See Aggregation

(grouping and adding) rules, later. Take these conver-

sion and rollover contributions into account as follows.

a. Taxable portion (the amount required to be inclu-

ded in gross income because of the conversion or

rollover) first.

b. Nontaxable portion.

3. Earnings on contributions.

Disregard rollover contributions from other Roth IRAs for

this purpose.

TIP

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Aggregation (grouping and adding) rules. Deter-

mine the taxable amounts distributed (withdrawn), distri-

butions, and contributions by grouping and adding them

together as follows.

•

Add together all distributions from all your Roth IRAs

during the year.

•

Add together all regular contributions made for the

year (including contributions made after the close of

the year, but before the due date of your return). Add

this total to the total undistributed regular contributions

made in prior years.

•

Add together all conversion and rollover contributions

made during the year. For purposes of the ordering

rules, in the case of any conversion or rollover in which

the conversion or rollover distribution is made in 2023

and the conversion or rollover contribution is made in

2024, treat the conversion or rollover contribution as

contributed before any other conversion or rollover

contributions made in 2024.

Add any recharacterized contributions that end up in a

Roth IRA to the appropriate contribution group for the year

that the original contribution would have been taken into

account if it had been made directly to the Roth IRA.

Disregard any recharacterized contribution that ends up

in an IRA other than a Roth IRA for the purpose of group-

ing (aggregating) both contributions and distributions.

Also, disregard any amount withdrawn to correct an ex-

cess contribution (including the earnings withdrawn) for

this purpose.

Example. On October 15, 2019, Amelia converted all

$80,000 in her traditional IRA to her Roth IRA. Her Forms

8606 from prior years show that $20,000 of the amount

converted is her basis.

Amelia included $60,000 ($80,000 − $20,000) in her

gross income.

On February 23, 2023, Amelia made a regular contribu-

tion of $5,000 to a Roth IRA. On November 8, 2023, at

age 60, Amelia took a $7,000 distribution from her Roth

IRA.

The first $5,000 of the distribution is a return of Amelia's

regular contribution and isn't includible in her income.

The next $2,000 of the distribution isn't includible in in-

come because it was included previously.

Figuring your recapture amount. If you had an early

distribution from your Roth IRAs in 2023, you must allo-

cate the early distribution by using the Recapture

Amount—Allocation Chart located in Appendix C.

Amount to include on Form 5329, line 1. Include on

line 1 of your 2023 Form 5329 the following four amounts

from the Recapture Amount—Allocation Chart that you fil-

led out.

•

The amount you allocated to line 20 of your 2023

Form 8606.

•

The amount(s) allocated to your 2015 through 2023

Forms 8606, line 18.

•

The amount(s) allocated to your 2020 through 2023

Forms 1040, 1040-SR or 1040-NR, line 5b; 2019 Form

1040 or 1040-SR, line 4d; 2018 Form 1040, line 4b;

your 2016 and 2017 Forms 1040, line 16b; Forms

1040A, line 12b; or 2015 through 2019 Forms

1040-NR, line 17b.

•

The amount from your 2023 Form 8606, line 25c.

Also, include any amount you allocated to line 20 of

your 2023 Form 8606 on your 2023 Form 5329, line 2, and

enter exception number 09.

Example. Ishmael, age 32, opened a Roth IRA in

2000. He made the following transactions into his Roth

IRA.

•

In 2005, he converted $10,000 from his traditional IRA

into his Roth IRA. He filled out a 2005 Form 8606 and

attached it to his 2005 Form 1040. He entered $0 on

line 17 of Form 8606 because he took a deduction for

all the contributions to the traditional IRA; therefore, he

Illustrated Recapture Amount—Allocation Chart

Enter the amount from your 2023 Form 8606,

line 19 ......................................

$85,500

Before you begin: You will need your prior year Form(s) 8606 and income tax return(s) if you entered an amount on any line(s) as indicated below.

You will now allocate the amount you entered above (2023 Form 8606, line 19) in the order shown, to the amounts on the lines listed below (to the

extent a prior year distribution wasn't allocable to the amount). The maximum amount you can enter on each line below is the amount entered on the

referenced lines of the form for that year. Note. Once you have allocated the full amount from your 2023 Form 8606, line 19, STOP. See Ishmael’s

Example above.

Tax Year Your Form

2023 Form 8606, line 20 ................. $10,000 Form 8606, line 22 ................. $55,500

2005 Form 8606, line 18 ................. $10,000 Form 8606, line 17 ................. $-0-

2016 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form 1040A,

line 12b; or Form 1040NR,

line 17b* ........................

$20,000

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form 1040A,

line 12a; or Form 1040NR,

line 17a** .......................

$20,000

2023 Form 8606, line 25c ................

* Only include those amounts rolled over to a Roth IRA.

** Only include any contributions (usually box 5 of Form 1099-R) that were taxable to you when made and rolled over to a Roth IRA.

34 Chapter 2 Roth IRAs Publication 590-B (2023)

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has no basis. He entered $10,000 on line 18 of Form

8606. He also entered zero on Form 1040, line 15a,

and $10,000 on line 15b.

•

In 2016, he rolled over the balance of his qualified re-

tirement plan, $20,000, into a Roth IRA when he

changed jobs. He used a 2016 Form 1040 to file his

taxes. He entered $20,000 on line 16a of Form 1040

because that was the amount reported in box 1 of his

2016 Form 1099-R. Box 5 of his 2016 Form 1099-R

reported $0 because he didn't make any after-tax con-

tributions to the qualified retirement plan. He entered

$20,000 on line 16b of Form 1040 because that is the

taxable amount that was rolled over in 2016.

The total balance in his Roth IRA as of January 1,

2023, was $105,000 ($50,000 in contributions from 2000

through 2022 + $10,000 from the 2005 conversion +

$20,000 from the 2016 rollover + $25,000 from earnings).

He hasn't taken any early distribution from his Roth IRA

before 2023. In 2023, he made a contribution of $5,500 to

his Roth IRA.

In August 2023 he took a $85,500 early distribution

from his Roth IRA to use as a down payment on the pur-

chase of his first home. See his filled out Illustrated Re-

capture Amount Allocation Chart to see how he allocated

the amounts from the above transactions. Based on his al-

location, he would enter $20,000 on his 2023 Form 5329,

line 1 (see Amount to include on Form 5329, line 1, ear-

lier). He should also report $10,000 on his 2023 Form

5329, line 2, and enter exception 09 because that amount

isn't subject to the 10% additional tax on early distribu-

tions.

How Do You Figure the Taxable Part?

To figure the taxable part of a distribution that isn't a quali-

fied distribution, complete Form 8606, Part III.

Must You Withdraw or Use

Assets?

You aren't required to take distributions from your Roth

IRA at any age. The minimum distribution rules that apply

to traditional IRAs don't apply to Roth IRAs while the

owner is alive. However, after the death of a Roth IRA

owner, certain of the minimum distribution rules that apply

to traditional IRAs also apply to Roth IRAs as explained

later under Distributions After Owner's Death.

Minimum distributions. You can't use your Roth IRA

to satisfy minimum distribution requirements for your tradi-

tional IRA. Nor can you use distributions from traditional

IRAs for required distributions from Roth IRAs. See Distri-

butions to beneficiaries, later.

Distributions After Owner's Death

If a Roth IRA owner dies, the minimum distribution rules

that apply to traditional IRAs apply to Roth IRAs as though

the Roth IRA owner died before their required beginning

date. See When Can You Withdraw or Use Assets? in

chapter 1.

Distributions to beneficiaries. Generally, the entire in-

terest in the Roth IRA must be distributed by the end of

the 5th or 10th calendar year, as applicable, after the year

of the owner's death unless the interest is payable to an

eligible designated beneficiary over the life or life expect-

ancy of the eligible designated beneficiary. See When

Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required Minimum Distribu-

tions) in chapter 1.

If paid as an annuity, the entire interest must be payable

over a period not greater than the designated beneficiary's

life expectancy and distributions must begin before the

end of the calendar year following the year of death. Distri-

butions from another Roth IRA can't be substituted for

these distributions unless the other Roth IRA was inheri-

ted from the same decedent.

If the sole beneficiary is the spouse, they can either de-

lay distributions until the decedent would have reached

age 73 or treat the Roth IRA as their own.

Combining with other Roth IRAs. A beneficiary can

combine an inherited Roth IRA with another Roth IRA

maintained by the beneficiary only if the beneficiary either:

•

Inherited the other Roth IRA from the same decedent,

•

Was the spouse of the decedent and the sole benefi-

ciary of the Roth IRA and elects to treat it as their own

IRA.

Distributions that aren't qualified distributions. If a

distribution to a beneficiary isn't a qualified distribution, it

is generally includible in the beneficiary's gross income in

the same manner as it would have been included in the

owner's income had it been distributed to the IRA owner

when they were alive.

If the owner of a Roth IRA dies before the end of:

•

The 5-year period beginning with the first tax year for

which a contribution was made to a Roth IRA set up

for the owner's benefit, or

•

The 5-year period starting with the year of a conver-

sion contribution from a traditional IRA or a rollover

from a qualified retirement plan to a Roth IRA.

Each type of contribution is divided among multiple bene-

ficiaries according to the pro-rata share of each. See Or-

dering Rules for Distributions, earlier.

Example. When Ms. Hibbard died in 2023, her Roth

IRA contained regular contributions of $4,000, a conver-

sion contribution of $10,000 that was made in 2019, and

earnings of $2,000. No distributions had been made from

her IRA. She had no basis in the conversion contribution

in 2019.

When she established this Roth IRA (her first) in 2019,

she named each of her four children as equal beneficia-

ries. Each child will receive one-fourth of each type of con-

tribution and one-fourth of the earnings. An immediate dis-

tribution of $4,000 to each child will be treated as $1,000

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from regular contributions, $2,500 from conversion contri-

butions, and $500 from earnings.

In this case, because the distributions are made before

the end of the applicable 5-year period for a qualified dis-

tribution, each beneficiary includes $500 in income for

2023. The 10% additional tax on early distributions

doesn't apply because the distribution was made to the

beneficiaries as a result of the death of the IRA owner.

If distributions from an inherited Roth IRA are less

than the required minimum distribution for the

year, discussed in chapter 1 under When Must

You Withdraw Assets? (Required Minimum Distributions),

you may have to pay a 25% excise tax for that year on the

amount not distributed as required. For the tax on excess

accumulations (insufficient distributions), see Excess Ac-

cumulations (Insufficient Distributions) under What Acts

Result in Penalties or Additional Taxes? in chapter 1. If this

applies to you, substitute “Roth IRA” for “traditional IRA” in

that discussion.

Disaster-Related Relief

Introduction

Special rules apply to tax-favored withdrawals, income in-

clusion, and repayments for individuals who suffered eco-

nomic losses as a result of certain major disasters. See

Qualified Disaster Recovery Distributions and Qualified

Disaster Distributions, later, for more information.

The principles set forth in Notice 2005-92, 2005-51

I.R.B. 1165, available at IRS.gov/IRB/2020-28_IRB (which

provides guidance on the tax-favored treatment of distri-

butions for victims of Hurricane Katrina), and Notice

2020-50, 2020-28 I.R.B. 35, available at IRS.gov/IRB/

2020-28_IRB (which provides guidance on the tax-favored

treatment of distributions for individuals impacted by the

coronavirus pandemic), generally also apply to these

rules.

If you received a qualified disaster recovery distribution

or a qualified disaster distribution (both defined later), it is

taxable, but isn’t subject to the 10% additional tax on early

distributions. (Use Form 8915-F to figure the taxable por-

tion of the distribution.) However, the distribution is inclu-

ded in income ratably over 3 years unless you elect to re-

port the entire amount in the year of distribution. For

example, if you received a $60,000 qualified disaster dis-

tribution in 2020, you can include $20,000 in your income

in 2020, 2021, and 2022. However, you can elect to in-

clude the entire distribution in your income in the year it

was received. Also, you can repay the distribution and not

be taxed on the distribution. See Repayment of Qualified

CAUTION

Disaster and Qualified Disaster Recovery Distributions,

later.

The distribution limit for qualified disaster recov-

ery distributions is not the same as the limit for

qualified disaster distributions. See Distribution

limit for qualified disaster recovery distributions and Distri-

bution limit for qualified disaster distributions, for more in-

formation.

If you received a distribution from an eligible retirement

plan to purchase or construct a main home but didn’t pur-

chase or construct a main home because of a major dis-

aster, you may be able to repay the distribution and not

pay income tax or the 10% additional tax on early distribu-

tions. See Recontribution of Qualified Distributions for the

Purchase or Construction of a Main Home, later.

Use Forms 8915-C, 8915-D, and 8915-F to report quali-

fied disaster distributions and repayments. Also report re-

payments of qualified distributions for home purchases

and construction that were canceled because of qualified

2018, 2019, 2020, or later disasters on Form 8915-C,

8915-D, or 8915-F, as applicable.

Qualified Disaster Recovery

Distributions

Qualified disaster recovery distributions. A qualified

disaster recovery distribution is a qualified disaster distri-

bution that meets certain criteria as described in the SE-

CURE 2.0 Act of 2022. It is a distribution made from an

eligible retirement plan to an individual whose main home

was in a qualified disaster area during the period descri-

bed in Qualified disaster recovery distribution, later. This

individual must have sustained an economic loss because

of the disaster.

Main home (principal place of abode). Generally, your

main home is the home where you live most of the time. A

temporary absence due to special circumstances, such as

illness, education, business, military service, evacuation,

or vacation, won’t change your main home.

Qualified disaster. A qualified disaster means any major

disaster declared by the President under section 401 of

the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency As-

sistance Act after December 27, 2020.

Qualified disaster area. A qualified disaster area

means any area with respect to which the major disaster

was declared under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief

and Emergency Assistance Act. This term does not in-

clude any area which is a qualified disaster area solely by

reason of section 301 of the Taxpayer Certainty and Dis-

aster Tax Relief Act of 2020.

A qualified disaster area under section 301 of the

Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of

2020 would be a major disaster that was declared

by the President during the period between January 1,

2020, and February 25, 2021. Also, this disaster must

CAUTION

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have an incident period that began on or after December

28, 2019, and on or before December 27, 2020, and must

have ended no later than January 26, 2021. The definition

of a qualified disaster loss does not extend to any major

disaster which has been declared only by reason of

COVID-19.

Incident period. The incident period for any qualified

disaster is the period specified by the Federal Emergency

Management Agency (FEMA) as the period during which

the disaster occurred.

Qualified disaster recovery distribution. A qualified

disaster recovery distribution is any distribution:

•

Made on or after the first day of the incident period of

a qualified disaster and before the date that is 180

days after the applicable date with respect to such dis-

aster; and

•

Made to an individual whose principal place of abode

at any time during the incident period of such qualified

disaster is located in the qualified disaster area; and

•

That individual has sustained an economic loss by

reason of such qualified disaster.

Applicable date. The term applicable date means the

latest of:

•

December 29, 2022;

•

The first date of the incident period for the qualified

disaster; or

•

The declaration date of the qualified disaster.

Distribution limit for qualified disaster recovery dis-

tributions. The total of your qualified disaster recovery

distributions from all plans is limited to $22,000 per disas-

ter. If you take distributions from more than one type of

plan, such as a 401(k) plan and an IRA, and the total

amount of your distribution exceeds $22,000, you may al-

locate the $22,000 limit among the plans by any reasona-

ble method you choose.

Economic loss. Qualified disaster distributions are per-

mitted without regard to your need or the actual amount of

your economic loss. Examples of an economic loss in-

clude, but aren’t limited to:

1. Loss, damage to, or destruction of real or personal

property from fire, flooding, looting, vandalism, theft,

wind, or other cause;

2. Loss related to displacement from your home; or

3. Loss of livelihood due to temporary or permanent lay-

offs.

Eligible retirement plan. An eligible retirement plan can

be any of the following.

•

A qualified pension, profit-sharing, or stock bonus

plan (including a 401(k) plan).

•

The federal Thrift Savings Plan.

•

A qualified annuity plan.

•

A tax-sheltered annuity contract.

•

A governmental section 457 deferred compensation

plan.

•

A traditional, SEP, SIMPLE, or Roth IRA (including

Roth SEP and SIMPLE IRAs).

Qualified Disaster

Distributions

The definition of a qualified disaster distribution is a distri-

bution made from an eligible retirement plan to an individ-

ual whose main home was in a qualified disaster area (de-

scribed next) at any time during that disaster's incident

period and who sustained an economic loss because of

the disaster.

Qualified disaster area for qualified disaster distri-

butions. A qualified disaster area is any area with re-

spect to which a major disaster was declared after 2017

and before February 26, 2021, by the President under

section 401 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and

Emergency Assistance Act, except the California wildfire

disaster area defined in the Bipartisan Budget Act of

2018, or any area with respect to which a major disaster

has been declared solely due to COVID-19.

Incident period for qualified distributions. The inci-

dent period for any qualified disaster is the period speci-

fied by the Federal Emergency Management Agency

(FEMA) as the period during which the disaster occurred,

but not including any dates before 2018. This includes

those disasters that occurred on or after December 28,

2020, and continued no later than January 26, 2021.

Qualified disaster distribution. Qualified disaster distri-

butions for 2018, 2019, and 2020 disasters are those dis-

tributions from an eligible retirement plan:

1. Made on or after the first day of the incident period of

a qualified disaster and before June 17, 2020 (before

June 25, 2021, for a qualified 2020 disaster);

2. Made to an individual whose main home at any time

during the incident period of such qualified disaster

was in the qualified disaster area; and

3. That individual sustained an economic loss because

of the disaster.

Distribution limit for qualified disaster distributions.

The total of your qualified disaster distributions from all

plans is limited to $100,000 per disaster for certain major

disasters that occurred in 2018, 2019, and 2020. If you

take distributions from more than one type of plan, such

as a 401(k) plan and an IRA, and the total amount of your

distributions exceeds $100,000 for a single disaster, you

may allocate the $100,000 limit among the plans by any

reasonable method you choose.

Example. In 2020, you received a distribution of

$50,000. In 2021, you receive a distribution of $125,000

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for the same disaster. Separately, each distribution meets

the requirements for a qualified disaster distribution. If you

decide to treat the entire $50,000 received in 2020 as a

qualified disaster distribution, only $50,000 of the 2021

distribution can be treated as a qualified disaster distribu-

tion for the same disaster.

Taxation of Qualified Disaster

and Qualified Disaster

Recovery Distributions

Qualified disaster or qualified disaster recovery distribu-

tions are included in income in equal amounts over 3

years. However, if you elect, you can include the entire

distribution in your income in the year it was received.

Qualified disaster or qualified disaster recovery distri-

butions aren’t subject to the 10% additional tax (or the ad-

ditional 25% tax for certain distributions from SIMPLE

IRAs) on early distributions from qualified retirement plans

(including IRAs). Also, if you are receiving substantially

equal periodic payments from a qualified retirement plan,

the receipt of a qualified disaster distribution (or qualified

disaster recovery distribution) from that plan won't be trea-

ted as a change in those substantially equal payments

merely because of that distribution. However, any distribu-

tions you received in excess of the $100,000 qualified dis-

aster distribution limit (or the $22,000 qualified disaster re-

covery distribution limit), may be subject to the additional

tax on early distributions.

Repayment of Qualified

Disaster and Qualified Disaster

Recovery Distributions

If you choose, you can generally repay any portion of a

qualified disaster distribution (or qualified disaster recov-

ery distribution) that is eligible for tax-free rollover treat-

ment to an eligible retirement plan. Also, you can repay a

qualified disaster distribution made on account of a hard-

ship from a retirement plan. However, see Exceptions,

later, for qualified disaster distributions (or qualified disas-

ter recovery distributions) you cannot repay.

You have 3 years from the day after the date you re-

ceived the qualified disaster distribution (or qualified dis-

aster recovery distribution) to make a repayment. The

amount of your repayment can't be more than the amount

of the original distribution. Amounts that are repaid are

treated as trustee-to-trustee transfers and are not included

in income. Also, for purposes of the one-rollover-per-year

limitation for IRAs, a repayment to an IRA is not consid-

ered a rollover.

For more information on how to report distributions and

repayments, see the Instructions for Form 8915-C (in the

case of qualified 2018 disasters), the Instructions for Form

8915-D (in the case of qualified 2019 disasters), or the In-

structions for Form 8915-F (in the case of qualified distri-

butions received in 2020 and later years).

Exceptions. You cannot repay the following types of

distributions.

1. Qualified disaster distributions (or qualified disaster

recovery distributions) received as a beneficiary

(other than as a surviving spouse).

2. Required minimum distributions.

3. Periodic payments (other than from an IRA) that are

for:

a. A period of 10 years or more,

b. Your life or life expectancy, or

c. The joint lives or joint life expectancies of you and

your beneficiary.

Repayment of distributions if reporting under the

1-year election. If you elect to include all of your quali-

fied disaster distributions (or qualified disaster recovery

distributions) received in a year in income for that year and

then repay any portion of the distribution during the allow-

able 3-year period, the amount repaid will reduce the

amount included in income for the year of distribution. If

the repayment is made after the due date (including exten-

sions) for your return for the year of distribution, you will

need to file, with an amended return, a revised Form

8915-C (if the repayment is for a qualified 2018 disaster

distribution), a revised Form 8915-D (if the repayment is

for a qualified 2019 disaster distribution), or a revised

Form 8915-F (in the case of qualified distributions re-

ceived in 2020 and later years). See Amending Your Re-

turn, later.

Example. Maria received a $19,000 qualified disaster

recovery distribution on February 15, 2023. After receiving

a reimbursement from her insurance company for a casu-

alty loss, Maria repays $19,000 of the qualified disaster re-

covery distribution on September 10, 2023. She reports

the distribution and repayment on Form 8915-F, which she

files with her timely filed 2023 tax return. As a result, no

portion of the distribution is included in income on her re-

turn.

Repayment of distributions if reporting under the

3-year method. If you are reporting the distribution in in-

come over the 3-year period and you repay any portion of

the distribution to an eligible retirement plan before filing

your tax return, the repayment will reduce the portion of

the distribution that is included in income for the year. If

you repay a portion after the due date (including exten-

sions) for filing your return, the repayment will reduce the

portion of the distribution that is included in income on

your next year’s return, unless you are eligible to amend

your applicable prior year return or returns. (This would be

a return for a year beginning the year of the distribution

and included in the 3-year period.)

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If, during a year in the 3-year period, you repay

more than is otherwise includible in income for

that year, the excess may be carried forward or

back to reduce the amount included in income for the

year.

Example. John received an $18,000 qualified disaster

recovery distribution on November 15, 2023. He doesn’t

elect to include the entire distribution in his 2023 income

but elects to include $6,000 on each of his 2023, 2024,

and 2025 tax returns. On November 10, 2024, John re-

pays $9,000. He makes no other repayments during the

allowable 3-year period. John may report the distribution

and repayment in either of the following two ways.

•

Report $0 in income on his 2024 return and carry the

$3,000 excess repayment ($9,000 -$6,000) forward to

2025 and reduce the amount reported in that year to

$3,000.

•

Report $0 in income on his 2024 return, report $6,000

on his 2025 return, and file an amended return for

2023 to reduce the amount previously included in in-

come to $3,000 ($6,000 - $3,000).

Reporting repayments. See Form 8915-C (for qualified

2018 disaster distributions), Form 8915-D (for qualified

2019 disaster distributions), or Form 8915-F (for qualified

2020 disaster distributions) if you received a qualified dis-

tribution that you repaid, in whole or in part, before June

18, 2020 (June 25, 2021, for qualified 2020 distributions).

Also, use Form 8915-F for qualified disaster recovery dis-

tributions that you receive as a result of qualified disasters

occurring after January 25, 2021.

Recontribution of Qualified

Distributions for the Purchase

or Construction of a Main

Home

If you received a qualified distribution to purchase or con-

struct a main home in certain major disaster areas, you

can recontribute all or any part of that distribution to an eli-

gible retirement plan.

Applicable recontribution period. You can make this

recontribution (or recontributions) during the following pe-

riods:

•

On or after the first day of the incident period of the

qualified disaster and before June 17, 2020, for quali-

fied 2018 and 2019 disasters; or

•

On or after the first day of the incident period of the

qualified disaster and before June 25, 2021, for quali-

fied 2020 disasters; or

•

On or after the first day of the incident period of a

qualified disaster under the SECURE 2.0 Act of 2020

TIP

and ending on the date that is 180 days after the appli-

cable date for that disaster.

Note. A qualified disaster under the SECURE 2.0 Act

of 2020 is any major disaster declared by the President

under section 401 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief

and Emergency Assistance Act after December 27, 2020.

Qualified home purchase distribution. To be a quali-

fied distribution for the purpose of a home purchase or

construction, the distribution must meet all of the following

requirements.

1. The distribution is a hardship distribution from a

401(k) plan, a hardship distribution from a tax-shel-

tered annuity plan (403(b) plan), or a qualified

first-time homebuyer distribution from an IRA.

2. The distribution was received during the period begin-

ning on the date which is 180 days before the first day

of the incident period of the qualified disaster and

ending on the date which is 30 days after the last day

of such incident period.

3. The distribution was to be used to purchase or con-

struct a main home in the disaster area and the home

was not purchased or constructed because of the dis-

aster.

Any amount that is recontributed during the applicable

recontribution period, is treated as a trustee-to-trustee

transfer and is not included in income. Also, for purposes

of the one-rollover-per-year limitation for IRAs, a recontri-

bution to an IRA is not considered a rollover.

A qualified distribution not recontributed during the ap-

plicable recontribution period, may be taxable for the year

distributed and subject to the additional 10% tax (or the

additional 25% tax for certain SIMPLE IRAs) on early dis-

tributions.

See Form 8915-C (for qualified 2018 disaster distribu-

tions), Form 8915-D (for qualified 2019 disaster distribu-

tions), or Form 8915-F (for qualified 2020 disaster distribu-

tions) if you received a qualified distribution that you

recontributed, in whole or in part, before the applicable re-

contribution period. See Form 8915-F for qualified disas-

ters that occur after January 25, 2021.

Coronavirus-Related

Distributions

In tax year 2020, you were able to take a coronavirus-rela-

ted distribution from a retirement plan if that distribution

was made:

1. Before December 31, 2020; and

2. To a qualified individual.

Generally, you were a qualified individual if you, your

spouse, or your dependent was diagnosed with the virus

SARS-Covid-2 or with coronavirus disease 2019 or if you

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experienced adverse financial consequences as a result

of the coronavirus pandemic.

Repayment of Qualified

Coronavirus-Related Distributions

The 1-year election. If you made a qualified coronavi-

rus-related distribution before December 31, 2020, you

could elect to include all that distribution in your income

for 2020 and then repay any portion of it during the allowa-

ble 3-year period. The amount repaid reduces the amount

included in income for the year of the distribution.

The 3-year election. If you are reporting the qualified co-

ronavirus-related distribution in income over a 3-year pe-

riod and, during a year in the 3-year period, you repay

more than the amount that is otherwise includible income

for that year, the excess may be carried forward or back to

reduce the amount included in income for the year.

If the repayment is made after the due date (including

extensions) for your return for the year of distribution, you

will need to file a revised Form 8915-F with an amended

return. See Amending Your Return, later.

Additional Disaster Relief

Issues

Amending Your Return

If, after filing your original return, you make a repayment,

the repayment may reduce the amount of your qualified

disaster distributions that were previously included in in-

come. Depending on when a repayment is made, you may

need to file an amended tax return to refigure your taxable

income.

If you make a repayment by the due date of your origi-

nal return (including extensions), include the repayment

on your amended return.

If you make a repayment after the due date of your orig-

inal return (including extensions), include it on your amen-

ded return only if either of the following applies.

•

You elected to include all of your qualified disaster dis-

tributions in income in the year of the distribution (not

over 3 years) on your original return.

•

The amount of the repayment exceeds the portion of

the qualified disaster distributions that are includible in

income for 2021 and you choose to carry the excess

back to your 2019 or 2020 tax return.

Example. You received a qualified disaster distribution

in the amount of $90,000 on October 16, 2019. You

choose to spread the $90,000 over 3 years ($30,000 in in-

come for 2019, 2020, and 2021). On November 19, 2021,

you make a repayment of $45,000. For 2021, none of the

qualified disaster distribution is includible in income. The

excess repayment of $15,000 can be carried back to 2020

or 2019, as applicable.

File Form 1040-X to amend a return you have already

filed. Generally, Form 1040-X must be filed within 3 years

after the date the original return was filed, or within 2 years

after the date the tax was paid, whichever is later.

Form 8915-F Replaces Form 8915-E

Form 8915-F replaces Form 8915-E for reporting qualified

2020 disaster distributions and repayments of those distri-

butions made in 2021, 2022, and 2023, as applicable. In

previous years, distributions and repayments would be re-

ported on the applicable Form 8915 for that year's disas-

ters. For example, Form 8915-D, Qualified 2019 Disaster

Retirement Plan Distributions and Repayments, would be

used to report qualified 2019 disaster distributions and re-

payments.

Form 8915-F is a forever form. Beginning in 2021, addi-

tional alphabetical Forms 8915 will not be issued. For

more information, see the Instructions for Form 8915-F.

Mandatory 60-Day Postponement

Certain taxpayers affected by a federally declared disaster

that is declared after December 20, 2019, may be eligible

for a mandatory 60-day postponement for certain tax

deadlines such as filing or paying income, excise, and em-

ployment taxes; and making contributions to a traditional

IRA or Roth IRA.

The period beginning on the earliest incident date

specified in the disaster declaration and ending on the

date that is 60 days after either the earliest incident date

or the date of the declaration, whichever is later, is the pe-

riod during which the deadlines are postponed.

For information about disaster relief available in your

area, including postponements, go to IRS News Around

the Nation.

How To Get Tax Help

If you have questions about a tax issue; need help prepar-

ing your tax return; or want to download free publications,

forms, or instructions, go to IRS.gov to find resources that

can help you right away.

Preparing and filing your tax return. After receiving all

your wage and earnings statements (Forms W-2, W-2G,

1099-R, 1099-MISC, 1099-NEC, etc.); unemployment

compensation statements (by mail or in a digital format) or

other government payment statements (Form 1099-G);

and interest, dividend, and retirement statements from

banks and investment firms (Forms 1099), you have sev-

eral options to choose from to prepare and file your tax re-

turn. You can prepare the tax return yourself, see if you

qualify for free tax preparation, or hire a tax professional to

prepare your return.

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Free options for tax preparation. Your options for pre-

paring and filing your return online or in your local

community, if you qualify, include the following.

•

Free File. This program lets you prepare and file your

federal individual income tax return for free using soft-

ware or Free File Fillable Forms. However, state tax

preparation may not be available through Free File. Go

to IRS.gov/FreeFile to see if you qualify for free online

federal tax preparation, e-filing, and direct deposit or

payment options.

•

VITA. The Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA)

program offers free tax help to people with

low-to-moderate incomes, persons with disabilities,

and limited-English-speaking taxpayers who need

help preparing their own tax returns. Go to IRS.gov/

VITA, download the free IRS2Go app, or call

800-906-9887 for information on free tax return prepa-

ration.

•

TCE. The Tax Counseling for the Elderly (TCE) pro-

gram offers free tax help for all taxpayers, particularly

those who are 60 years of age and older. TCE volun-

teers specialize in answering questions about pen-

sions and retirement-related issues unique to seniors.

Go to IRS.gov/TCE or download the free IRS2Go app

for information on free tax return preparation.

•

MilTax. Members of the U.S. Armed Forces and quali-

fied veterans may use MilTax, a free tax service of-

fered by the Department of Defense through Military

OneSource. For more information, go to

MilitaryOneSource (MilitaryOneSource.mil/MilTax).

Also, the IRS offers Free Fillable Forms, which can

be completed online and then e-filed regardless of in-

come.

Using online tools to help prepare your return. Go to

IRS.gov/Tools for the following.

•

The Earned Income Tax Credit Assistant (IRS.gov/

EITCAssistant) determines if you’re eligible for the

earned income credit (EIC).

•

The Online EIN Application (IRS.gov/EIN) helps you

get an employer identification number (EIN) at no

cost.

•

The Tax Withholding Estimator (IRS.gov/W4App)

makes it easier for you to estimate the federal income

tax you want your employer to withhold from your pay-

check. This is tax withholding. See how your withhold-

ing affects your refund, take-home pay, or tax due.

•

The First-Time Homebuyer Credit Account Look-up

(IRS.gov/HomeBuyer) tool provides information on

your repayments and account balance.

•

The Sales Tax Deduction Calculator (IRS.gov/

SalesTax) figures the amount you can claim if you

itemize deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040).

Getting answers to your tax questions. On

IRS.gov, you can get up-to-date information on

current events and changes in tax law.

•

IRS.gov/Help: A variety of tools to help you get an-

swers to some of the most common tax questions.

•

IRS.gov/ITA: The Interactive Tax Assistant, a tool that

will ask you questions and, based on your input, pro-

vide answers on a number of tax topics.

•

IRS.gov/Forms: Find forms, instructions, and publica-

tions. You will find details on the most recent tax

changes and interactive links to help you find answers

to your questions.

•

You may also be able to access tax information in your

e-filing software.

Need someone to prepare your tax return? There are

various types of tax return preparers, including enrolled

agents, certified public accountants (CPAs), accountants,

and many others who don’t have professional credentials.

If you choose to have someone prepare your tax return,

choose that preparer wisely. A paid tax preparer is:

•

Primarily responsible for the overall substantive accu-

racy of your return,

•

Required to sign the return, and

•

Required to include their preparer tax identification

number (PTIN).

Although the tax preparer always signs the return,

you're ultimately responsible for providing all the

information required for the preparer to accurately

prepare your return and for the accuracy of every item re-

ported on the return. Anyone paid to prepare tax returns

for others should have a thorough understanding of tax

matters. For more information on how to choose a tax pre-

parer, go to Tips for Choosing a Tax Preparer on IRS.gov.

Employers can register to use Business Services On-

line. The Social Security Administration (SSA) offers on-

line service at SSA.gov/employer for fast, free, and secure

W-2 filing options to CPAs, accountants, enrolled agents,

and individuals who process Form W-2, Wage and Tax

Statement, and Form W-2c, Corrected Wage and Tax

Statement.

IRS social media. Go to IRS.gov/SocialMedia to see the

various social media tools the IRS uses to share the latest

information on tax changes, scam alerts, initiatives, prod-

ucts, and services. At the IRS, privacy and security are our

highest priority. We use these tools to share public infor-

mation with you. Don’t post your social security number

(SSN) or other confidential information on social media

sites. Always protect your identity when using any social

networking site.

The following IRS YouTube channels provide short, in-

formative videos on various tax-related topics in English,

Spanish, and ASL.

•

Youtube.com/irsvideos.

•

Youtube.com/irsvideosmultilingua.

•

Youtube.com/irsvideosASL.

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Watching IRS videos. The IRS Video portal

(IRSVideos.gov) contains video and audio presentations

for individuals, small businesses, and tax professionals.

Online tax information in other languages. You can

find information on IRS.gov/MyLanguage if English isn’t

your native language.

Free Over-the-Phone Interpreter (OPI) Service. The

IRS is committed to serving taxpayers with limited-English

proficiency (LEP) by offering OPI services. The OPI Serv-

ice is a federally funded program and is available at Tax-

payer Assistance Centers (TACs), most IRS offices, and

every VITA/TCE tax return site. The OPI Service is acces-

sible in more than 350 languages.

Accessibility Helpline available for taxpayers with

disabilities. Taxpayers who need information about ac-

cessibility services can call 833-690-0598. The Accessi-

bility Helpline can answer questions related to current and

future accessibility products and services available in al-

ternative media formats (for example, braille, large print,

audio, etc.). The Accessibility Helpline does not have ac-

cess to your IRS account. For help with tax law, refunds, or

account-related issues, go to IRS.gov/LetUsHelp.

Note. Form 9000, Alternative Media Preference, or

Form 9000(SP) allows you to elect to receive certain types

of written correspondence in the following formats.

•

Standard Print.

•

Large Print.

•

Braille.

•

Audio (MP3).

•

Plain Text File (TXT).

•

Braille Ready File (BRF).

Disasters. Go to IRS.gov/DisasterRelief to review the

available disaster tax relief.

Getting tax forms and publications. Go to IRS.gov/

Forms to view, download, or print all the forms, instruc-

tions, and publications you may need. Or, you can go to

IRS.gov/OrderForms to place an order.

Getting tax publications and instructions in eBook

format. Download and view most tax publications and in-

structions (including the Instructions for Form 1040) on

mobile devices as eBooks at IRS.gov/eBooks.

IRS eBooks have been tested using Apple's iBooks for

iPad. Our eBooks haven’t been tested on other dedicated

eBook readers, and eBook functionality may not operate

as intended.

Access your online account (individual taxpayers

only). Go to IRS.gov/Account to securely access infor-

mation about your federal tax account.

•

View the amount you owe and a breakdown by tax

year.

•

See payment plan details or apply for a new payment

plan.

•

Make a payment or view 5 years of payment history

and any pending or scheduled payments.

•

Access your tax records, including key data from your

most recent tax return, and transcripts.

•

View digital copies of select notices from the IRS.

•

Approve or reject authorization requests from tax pro-

fessionals.

•

View your address on file or manage your communica-

tion preferences.

Get a transcript of your return. With an online account,

you can access a variety of information to help you during

the filing season. You can get a transcript, review your

most recently filed tax return, and get your adjusted gross

income. Create or access your online account at IRS.gov/

Account.

Tax Pro Account. This tool lets your tax professional

submit an authorization request to access your individual

taxpayer IRS online account. For more information, go to

IRS.gov/TaxProAccount.

Using direct deposit. The safest and easiest way to re-

ceive a tax refund is to e-file and choose direct deposit,

which securely and electronically transfers your refund di-

rectly into your financial account. Direct deposit also

avoids the possibility that your check could be lost, stolen,

destroyed, or returned undeliverable to the IRS. Eight in

10 taxpayers use direct deposit to receive their refunds. If

you don’t have a bank account, go to IRS.gov/

DirectDeposit for more information on where to find a bank

or credit union that can open an account online.

Reporting and resolving your tax-related identity

theft issues.

•

Tax-related identity theft happens when someone

steals your personal information to commit tax fraud.

Your taxes can be affected if your SSN is used to file a

fraudulent return or to claim a refund or credit.

•

The IRS doesn’t initiate contact with taxpayers by

email, text messages (including shortened links), tele-

phone calls, or social media channels to request or

verify personal or financial information. This includes

requests for personal identification numbers (PINs),

passwords, or similar information for credit cards,

banks, or other financial accounts.

•

Go to IRS.gov/IdentityTheft, the IRS Identity Theft

Central webpage, for information on identity theft and

data security protection for taxpayers, tax professio-

nals, and businesses. If your SSN has been lost or

stolen or you suspect you’re a victim of tax-related

identity theft, you can learn what steps you should

take.

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•

Get an Identity Protection PIN (IP PIN). IP PINs are

six-digit numbers assigned to taxpayers to help pre-

vent the misuse of their SSNs on fraudulent federal in-

come tax returns. When you have an IP PIN, it pre-

vents someone else from filing a tax return with your

SSN. To learn more, go to IRS.gov/IPPIN.

Ways to check on the status of your refund.

•

Go to IRS.gov/Refunds.

•

Download the official IRS2Go app to your mobile de-

vice to check your refund status.

•

Call the automated refund hotline at 800-829-1954.

The IRS can’t issue refunds before mid-February

for returns that claimed the EIC or the additional

child tax credit (ACTC). This applies to the entire

refund, not just the portion associated with these credits.

Making a tax payment. Payments of U.S. tax must be

remitted to the IRS in U.S. dollars. Digital assets are not

accepted. Go to IRS.gov/Payments for information on how

to make a payment using any of the following options.

•

IRS Direct Pay: Pay your individual tax bill or estimated

tax payment directly from your checking or savings ac-

count at no cost to you.

•

Debit Card, Credit Card, or Digital Wallet: Choose an

approved payment processor to pay online or by

phone.

•

Electronic Funds Withdrawal: Schedule a payment

when filing your federal taxes using tax return prepara-

tion software or through a tax professional.

•

Electronic Federal Tax Payment System: Best option

for businesses. Enrollment is required.

•

Check or Money Order: Mail your payment to the ad-

dress listed on the notice or instructions.

•

Cash: You may be able to pay your taxes with cash at

a participating retail store.

•

Same-Day Wire: You may be able to do same-day

wire from your financial institution. Contact your finan-

cial institution for availability, cost, and time frames.

Note. The IRS uses the latest encryption technology to

ensure that the electronic payments you make online, by

phone, or from a mobile device using the IRS2Go app are

safe and secure. Paying electronically is quick, easy, and

faster than mailing in a check or money order.

What if I can’t pay now? Go to IRS.gov/Payments for

more information about your options.

•

Apply for an online payment agreement (IRS.gov/

OPA) to meet your tax obligation in monthly install-

ments if you can’t pay your taxes in full today. Once

you complete the online process, you will receive im-

mediate notification of whether your agreement has

been approved.

•

Use the Offer in Compromise Pre-Qualifier to see if

you can settle your tax debt for less than the full

CAUTION

amount you owe. For more information on the Offer in

Compromise program, go to IRS.gov/OIC.

Filing an amended return. Go to IRS.gov/Form1040X

for information and updates.

Checking the status of your amended return. Go to

IRS.gov/WMAR to track the status of Form 1040-X amen-

ded returns.

It can take up to 3 weeks from the date you filed

your amended return for it to show up in our sys-

tem, and processing it can take up to 16 weeks.

Understanding an IRS notice or letter you’ve re-

ceived. Go to IRS.gov/Notices to find additional informa-

tion about responding to an IRS notice or letter.

Responding to an IRS notice or letter. You can now

upload responses to all notices and letters using the

Document Upload Tool. For notices that require additional

action, taxpayers will be redirected appropriately on

IRS.gov to take further action. To learn more about the

tool, go to IRS.gov/Upload.

Note. You can use Schedule LEP (Form 1040), Re-

quest for Change in Language Preference, to state a pref-

erence to receive notices, letters, or other written commu-

nications from the IRS in an alternative language. You may

not immediately receive written communications in the re-

quested language. The IRS’s commitment to LEP taxpay-

ers is part of a multi-year timeline that began providing

translations in 2023. You will continue to receive communi-

cations, including notices and letters, in English until they

are translated to your preferred language.

Contacting your local TAC. Keep in mind, many ques-

tions can be answered on IRS.gov without visiting a TAC.

Go to IRS.gov/LetUsHelp for the topics people ask about

most. If you still need help, TACs provide tax help when a

tax issue can’t be handled online or by phone. All TACs

now provide service by appointment, so you’ll know in ad-

vance that you can get the service you need without long

wait times. Before you visit, go to IRS.gov/TACLocator to

find the nearest TAC and to check hours, available serv-

ices, and appointment options. Or, on the IRS2Go app,

under the Stay Connected tab, choose the Contact Us op-

tion and click on “Local Offices.”

The Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS)

Is Here To Help You

What Is TAS?

TAS is an independent organization within the IRS that

helps taxpayers and protects taxpayer rights. TAS strives

to ensure that every taxpayer is treated fairly and that you

know and understand your rights under the Taxpayer Bill

of Rights.

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How Can You Learn About Your Taxpayer

Rights?

The Taxpayer Bill of Rights describes 10 basic rights that

all taxpayers have when dealing with the IRS. Go to

TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov to help you understand what

these rights mean to you and how they apply. These are

your rights. Know them. Use them.

What Can TAS Do for You?

TAS can help you resolve problems that you can’t resolve

with the IRS. And their service is free. If you qualify for

their assistance, you will be assigned to one advocate

who will work with you throughout the process and will do

everything possible to resolve your issue. TAS can help

you if:

•

Your problem is causing financial difficulty for you,

your family, or your business;

•

You face (or your business is facing) an immediate

threat of adverse action; or

•

You’ve tried repeatedly to contact the IRS but no one

has responded, or the IRS hasn’t responded by the

date promised.

How Can You Reach TAS?

TAS has offices in every state, the District of Columbia,

and Puerto Rico. To find your advocate’s number:

•

Go to TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov/Contact-Us;

•

Download Pub. 1546, The Taxpayer Advocate Service

Is Your Voice at the IRS, available at IRS.gov/pub/irs-

pdf/p1546.pdf;

•

Call the IRS toll free at 800-TAX-FORM

(800-829-3676) to order a copy of Pub. 1546;

•

Check your local directory; or

•

Call TAS toll free at 877-777-4778.

How Else Does TAS Help Taxpayers?

TAS works to resolve large-scale problems that affect

many taxpayers. If you know of one of these broad issues,

report it to TAS at IRS.gov/SAMS. Be sure to not include

any personal taxpayer information.

Low Income Taxpayer Clinics (LITCs)

LITCs are independent from the IRS and TAS. LITCs rep-

resent individuals whose income is below a certain level

and who need to resolve tax problems with the IRS. LITCs

can represent taxpayers in audits, appeals, and tax collec-

tion disputes before the IRS and in court. In addition,

LITCs can provide information about taxpayer rights and

responsibilities in different languages for individuals who

speak English as a second language. Services are offered

for free or a small fee. For more information or to find an

LITC near you, go to the LITC page at

TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov/LITC or see IRS Pub. 4134,

Low Income Taxpayer Clinic List, at IRS.gov/pub/irs-pdf/

p4134.pdf.

44 Publication 590-B (2023)

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Appendices

To help you complete your tax return, use the following ap-

pendices that include worksheets and tables.

1. Appendices A-1 and A-2—Worksheets for Deter-

mining Required Minimum Distributions.

2. Appendix B—Life Expectancy Tables. These tables

are included to assist you in computing your required

minimum distribution amount if you haven't taken all

your assets from all your traditional IRAs before age

/2 or age 72, whichever applies.

a. Table I (Single Life Expectancy).

b. Table II (Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy).

c. Table III (Uniform Lifetime).

3. Appendix C—Recapture Amount—Allocation Chart.

This chart allocates amounts that comprise an early

distribution.

4. Appendix D—Qualified Charitable Deduction Adjust-

ment Worksheet. This worksheet makes the adjust-

ment needed to figure the current year’s allowable

qualified charitable deduction.

Publication 590-B (2023) 45

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Worksheet for Determining Required

Minimum Distributions

Appendix A-1.

Keep for Your Records

Age 72 Worksheet. Use this table if you were born after June 30, 1949.

1. Age 72 73 74 75 76

2. Year age was reached

3. Value of IRA at the close of business on

December 31 of the year immediately prior to the

year on line 2

4. Distribution period from Table III or life expectancy

from Life Expectancy Table I or Table II

5. Required distribution (divide line 3 by line 4)

1. Age 77 78 79 80 81

2. Year age was reached

3. Value of IRA at the close of business on

December 31 of the year immediately prior to the

year on line 2

4. Distribution period from Table III or life expectancy

from Life Expectancy Table I or Table II

5. Required distribution (divide line 3 by line 4)

1. Age 82 83 84 85 86

2. Year age was reached

3. Value of IRA at the close of business on

December 31 of the year immediately prior to the

year on line 2

4. Distribution period from Table III or life expectancy

from Life Expectancy Table I or Table II

5. Required distribution (divide line 3 by line 4)

1. Age 87 88 89 90 91

2. Year age was reached

3. Value of IRA at the close of business on

December 31 of the year immediately prior to the

year on line 2

4. Distribution period from Table III or life expectancy

from Life Expectancy Table I or Table II

5. Required distribution (divide line 3 by line 4)

If you have more than one IRA, you must figure the required distribution separately for each IRA.

Use the appropriate life expectancy or distribution period for each year and for each IRA.

If you have more than one IRA, you must withdraw an amount equal to the total of the required distributions figured for each

IRA. You can, however, withdraw the total from one IRA or from more than one IRA.

46 Publication 590-B (2023)

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Worksheet for Determining Required

Minimum Distributions

Appendix A-2.

Keep for Your Records

Age 70

/2 Worksheet. Use this table if you were born before July 1, 1949.

1. Age 70

/2 71

/2 72

/2 73

/2 74

2. Year age was reached

3. Value of IRA at the close of business on

December 31 of the year immediately prior to the

year on line 2

4. Distribution period from Table III or life expectancy

from Life Expectancy Table I or Table II

5. Required distribution (divide line 3 by line 4)

1. Age 75

/2 76

/2 77

/2 78

/2 79

2. Year age was reached

3. Value of IRA at the close of business on

December 31 of the year immediately prior to the

year on line 2

4. Distribution period from Table III or life expectancy

from Life Expectancy Table I or Table II

5. Required distribution (divide line 3 by line 4)

1. Age 80

/2 81

/2 82

/2 83

/2 84

2. Year age was reached

3. Value of IRA at the close of business on

December 31 of the year immediately prior to the

year on line 2

4. Distribution period from Table III or life expectancy

from Life Expectancy Table I or Table II

5. Required distribution (divide line 3 by line 4)

1. Age 85

/2 86

/2 87

/2 88

/2 89

2. Year age was reached

3. Value of IRA at the close of business on

December 31 of the year immediately prior to the

year on line 2

4. Distribution period from Table III or life expectancy

from Life Expectancy Table I or Table II

5. Required distribution (divide line 3 by line 4)

If you have more than one IRA, you must figure the required distribution separately for each IRA.

Use the appropriate life expectancy or distribution period for each year and for each IRA.

If you have more than one IRA, you must withdraw an amount equal to the total of the required distributions figured for each

IRA. You can, however, withdraw the total from one IRA or from more than one IRA.

Publication 590-B (2023) 47

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Appendix B. Life Expectancy Tables

Table I

(Single Life Expectancy)

(For Use by Beneficiaries)

Age Life Expectancy Age Life Expectancy

0 84.6 30 55.3

1 83.7 31 54.4

2 82.8 32 53.4

3 81.8 33 52.5

4 80.8 34 51.5

5 79.8 35 50.5

6 78.8 36 49.6

7 77.9 37 48.6

8 76.9 38 47.7

9 75.9 39 46.7

10 74.9 40 45.7

11 73.9 41 44.8

12 72.9 42 43.8

13 71.9 43 42.9

14 70.9 44 41.9

15 69.9 45 41.0

16 69.0 46 40.0

17 68.0 47 39.0

18 67.0 48 38.1

19 66.0 49 37.1

20 65.0 50 36.2

21 64.1 51 35.3

22 63.1 52 34.3

23 62.1 53 33.4

24 61.1 54 32.5

25 60.2 55 31.6

26 59.2 56 30.6

27 58.2 57 29.8

28 57.3 58 28.9

29 56.3 59 28.0

48 Publication 590-B (2023)

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Appendix B. (Continued)

Table I

(Single Life Expectancy)

(For Use by Beneficiaries)

Age Life Expectancy Age Life Expectancy

60 27.1 91 5.3

61 26.2 92 4.9

62 25.4 93 4.6

63 24.5 94 4.3

64 23.7 95 4.0

65 22.9 96 3.7

66 22.0 97 3.4

67 21.2 98 3.2

68 20.4 99 3.0

69 19.6 100 2.8

70 18.8 101 2.6

71 18.0 102 2.5

72 17.2 103 2.3

73 16.4 104 2.2

74 15.6 105 2.1

75 14.8 106 2.1

76 14.1 107 2.1

77 13.3 108 2.0

78 12.6 109 2.0

79 11.9 110 2.0

80 11.2 111 2.0

81 10.5 112 2.0

82 9.9 113 1.9

83 9.3 114 1.9

84 8.7 115 1.8

85 8.1 116 1.8

86 7.6 117 1.6

87 7.1 118 1.4

88 6.6 119 1.1

89 6.1 120+ 1.0

90 5.7

Publication 590-B (2023) 49

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Appendix B. Life Expectancy Tables (Continued)

Table II

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

20 72.0 71.5 71.0 70.6 70.2 69.8 69.5 69.1 68.8 68.5

21 71.5 71.0 70.5 70.0 69.6 69.2 68.8 68.5 68.1 67.8

22 71.0 70.5 70.0 69.5 69.0 68.6 68.2 67.8 67.5 67.1

23 70.6 70.0 69.5 69.0 68.5 68.0 67.6 67.2 66.8 66.5

24 70.2 69.6 69.0 68.5 68.0 67.5 67.1 66.6 66.2 65.8

25 69.8 69.2 68.6 68.0 67.5 67.0 66.5 66.1 65.6 65.2

26 69.5 68.8 68.2 67.6 67.1 66.5 66.0 65.5 65.1 64.6

27 69.1 68.5 67.8 67.2 66.6 66.1 65.5 65.0 64.5 64.1

28 68.8 68.1 67.5 66.8 66.2 65.6 65.1 64.5 64.0 63.5

29 68.5 67.8 67.1 66.5 65.8 65.2 64.6 64.1 63.5 63.0

30 68.3 67.5 66.8 66.2 65.5 64.9 64.2 63.7 63.1 62.6

31 68.0 67.3 66.6 65.8 65.2 64.5 63.9 63.2 62.7 62.1

32 67.8 67.0 66.3 65.6 64.9 64.2 63.5 62.9 62.3 61.7

33 67.6 66.8 66.0 65.3 64.6 63.9 63.2 62.5 61.9 61.3

34 67.4 66.6 65.8 65.1 64.3 63.6 62.9 62.2 61.5 60.9

35 67.2 66.4 65.6 64.8 64.1 63.3 62.6 61.9 61.2 60.5

36 67.1 66.2 65.4 64.6 63.8 63.1 62.3 61.6 60.9 60.2

37 66.9 66.1 65.2 64.4 63.6 62.8 62.1 61.3 60.6 59.9

38 66.8 65.9 65.1 64.2 63.4 62.6 61.9 61.1 60.3 59.6

39 66.6 65.8 64.9 64.1 63.3 62.4 61.6 60.9 60.1 59.4

40 66.5 65.6 64.8 63.9 63.1 62.3 61.5 60.7 59.9 59.1

41 66.4 65.5 64.6 63.8 62.9 62.1 61.3 60.5 59.7 58.9

42 66.3 65.4 64.5 63.6 62.8 61.9 61.1 60.3 59.5 58.7

43 66.2 65.3 64.4 63.5 62.7 61.8 61.0 60.1 59.3 58.5

44 66.1 65.2 64.3 63.4 62.5 61.7 60.8 60.0 59.1 58.3

45 66.0 65.1 64.2 63.3 62.4 61.5 60.7 59.8 59.0 58.1

46 65.9 65.0 64.1 63.2 62.3 61.4 60.6 59.7 58.8 58.0

47 65.9 65.0 64.0 63.1 62.2 61.3 60.5 59.6 58.7 57.9

48 65.8 64.9 64.0 63.0 62.1 61.2 60.3 59.5 58.6 57.7

49 65.7 64.8 63.9 63.0 62.1 61.2 60.3 59.4 58.5 57.6

50 65.7 64.8 63.8 62.9 62.0 61.1 60.2 59.3 58.4 57.5

51 65.6 64.7 63.8 62.8 61.9 61.0 60.1 59.2 58.3 57.4

52 65.6 64.7 63.7 62.8 61.9 60.9 60.0 59.1 58.2 57.3

53 65.5 64.6 63.7 62.7 61.8 60.9 59.9 59.0 58.1 57.2

54 65.5 64.6 63.6 62.7 61.7 60.8 59.9 59.0 58.0 57.1

55 65.5 64.5 63.6 62.6 61.7 60.8 59.8 58.9 58.0 57.1

56 65.4 64.5 63.5 62.6 61.6 60.7 59.8 58.8 57.9 57.0

57 65.4 64.5 63.5 62.5 61.6 60.7 59.7 58.8 57.9 56.9

58 65.4 64.4 63.5 62.5 61.6 60.6 59.7 58.7 57.8 56.9

59 65.4 64.4 63.4 62.5 61.5 60.6 59.6 58.7 57.8 56.8

50 Publication 590-B (2023)

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Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

60 65.3 64.4 63.4 62.4 61.5 60.5 59.6 58.7 57.7 56.8

61 65.3 64.3 63.4 62.4 61.5 60.5 59.6 58.6 57.7 56.7

62 65.3 64.3 63.4 62.4 61.4 60.5 59.5 58.6 57.6 56.7

63 65.3 64.3 63.3 62.4 61.4 60.5 59.5 58.6 57.6 56.7

64 65.2 64.3 63.3 62.3 61.4 60.4 59.5 58.5 57.6 56.6

65 65.2 64.3 63.3 62.3 61.4 60.4 59.5 58.5 57.5 56.6

66 65.2 64.2 63.3 62.3 61.3 60.4 59.4 58.5 57.5 56.6

67 65.2 64.2 63.3 62.3 61.3 60.4 59.4 58.5 57.5 56.5

68 65.2 64.2 63.2 62.3 61.3 60.3 59.4 58.4 57.5 56.5

69 65.2 64.2 63.2 62.3 61.3 60.3 59.4 58.4 57.5 56.5

70 65.2 64.2 63.2 62.2 61.3 60.3 59.4 58.4 57.4 56.5

71 65.1 64.2 63.2 62.2 61.3 60.3 59.3 58.4 57.4 56.5

72 65.1 64.2 63.2 62.2 61.3 60.3 59.3 58.4 57.4 56.5

73 65.1 64.2 63.2 62.2 61.2 60.3 59.3 58.4 57.4 56.4

74 65.1 64.1 63.2 62.2 61.2 60.3 59.3 58.3 57.4 56.4

75 65.1 64.1 63.2 62.2 61.2 60.3 59.3 58.3 57.4 56.4

76 65.1 64.1 63.2 62.2 61.2 60.2 59.3 58.3 57.4 56.4

77 65.1 64.1 63.1 62.2 61.2 60.2 59.3 58.3 57.3 56.4

78 65.1 64.1 63.1 62.2 61.2 60.2 59.3 58.3 57.3 56.4

79 65.1 64.1 63.1 62.2 61.2 60.2 59.3 58.3 57.3 56.4

80 65.1 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.2 60.2 59.2 58.3 57.3 56.4

81 65.1 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.2 60.2 59.2 58.3 57.3 56.4

82 65.1 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.2 60.2 59.2 58.3 57.3 56.3

83 65.1 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.2 60.2 59.2 58.3 57.3 56.3

84 65.1 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.2 60.2 59.2 58.3 57.3 56.3

85 65.1 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.2 60.2 59.2 58.3 57.3 56.3

86 65.1 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

87 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

88 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

89 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

90 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

91 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

92 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

93 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

94 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

95 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

96 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

97 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

98 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

99 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

Publication 590-B (2023) 51

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Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

100 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

101 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

102 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

103 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

104 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

105 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

106 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

107 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

108 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

109 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

110 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

111 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

112 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

113 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

114 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

115 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

116 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

117 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

118 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

119 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

120+ 65.0 64.1 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

30 62.0 61.6 61.1 60.7 60.3 59.9 59.5 59.2 58.9 58.6

31 61.6 61.1 60.6 60.1 59.7 59.3 58.9 58.6 58.2 57.9

32 61.1 60.6 60.1 59.6 59.1 58.7 58.3 57.9 57.6 57.2

33 60.7 60.1 59.6 59.1 58.6 58.1 57.7 57.3 56.9 56.6

34 60.3 59.7 59.1 58.6 58.1 57.6 57.2 56.7 56.3 55.9

35 59.9 59.3 58.7 58.1 57.6 57.1 56.6 56.2 55.7 55.3

36 59.5 58.9 58.3 57.7 57.2 56.6 56.1 55.6 55.2 54.7

37 59.2 58.6 57.9 57.3 56.7 56.2 55.6 55.1 54.6 54.2

38 58.9 58.2 57.6 56.9 56.3 55.7 55.2 54.6 54.1 53.6

39 58.6 57.9 57.2 56.6 55.9 55.3 54.7 54.2 53.6 53.1

40 58.4 57.6 56.9 56.3 55.6 55.0 54.3 53.8 53.2 52.7

41 58.1 57.4 56.7 56.0 55.3 54.6 54.0 53.4 52.8 52.2

42 57.9 57.1 56.4 55.7 55.0 54.3 53.6 53.0 52.4 51.8

43 57.7 56.9 56.2 55.4 54.7 54.0 53.3 52.6 52.0 51.4

44 57.5 56.7 55.9 55.2 54.4 53.7 53.0 52.3 51.6 51.0

45 57.3 56.5 55.7 54.9 54.2 53.4 52.7 52.0 51.3 50.7

46 57.2 56.3 55.5 54.7 54.0 53.2 52.4 51.7 51.0 50.3

47 57.0 56.2 55.4 54.5 53.7 53.0 52.2 51.5 50.7 50.0

48 56.9 56.0 55.2 54.4 53.6 52.8 52.0 51.2 50.5 49.7

52 Publication 590-B (2023)

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Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

49 56.7 55.9 55.0 54.2 53.4 52.6 51.8 51.0 50.2 49.5

50 56.6 55.8 54.9 54.1 53.2 52.4 51.6 50.8 50.0 49.2

51 56.5 55.6 54.8 53.9 53.1 52.2 51.4 50.6 49.8 49.0

52 56.4 55.5 54.7 53.8 52.9 52.1 51.3 50.4 49.6 48.8

53 56.3 55.4 54.6 53.7 52.8 52.0 51.1 50.3 49.5 48.6

54 56.2 55.3 54.5 53.6 52.7 51.8 51.0 50.1 49.3 48.5

55 56.2 55.3 54.4 53.5 52.6 51.7 50.9 50.0 49.1 48.3

56 56.1 55.2 54.3 53.4 52.5 51.6 50.7 49.9 49.0 48.2

57 56.0 55.1 54.2 53.3 52.4 51.5 50.6 49.8 48.9 48.0

58 56.0 55.0 54.1 53.2 52.3 51.4 50.5 49.7 48.8 47.9

59 55.9 55.0 54.1 53.2 52.2 51.3 50.5 49.6 48.7 47.8

60 55.9 54.9 54.0 53.1 52.2 51.3 50.4 49.5 48.6 47.7

61 55.8 54.9 54.0 53.0 52.1 51.2 50.3 49.4 48.5 47.6

62 55.8 54.8 53.9 53.0 52.1 51.1 50.2 49.3 48.4 47.5

63 55.7 54.8 53.9 52.9 52.0 51.1 50.2 49.3 48.3 47.4

64 55.7 54.8 53.8 52.9 52.0 51.0 50.1 49.2 48.3 47.4

65 55.7 54.7 53.8 52.8 51.9 51.0 50.1 49.1 48.2 47.3

66 55.6 54.7 53.7 52.8 51.9 50.9 50.0 49.1 48.2 47.2

67 55.6 54.7 53.7 52.8 51.8 50.9 50.0 49.0 48.1 47.2

68 55.6 54.6 53.7 52.7 51.8 50.9 49.9 49.0 48.1 47.1

69 55.6 54.6 53.7 52.7 51.8 50.8 49.9 49.0 48.0 47.1

70 55.5 54.6 53.6 52.7 51.7 50.8 49.9 48.9 48.0 47.0

71 55.5 54.6 53.6 52.7 51.7 50.8 49.8 48.9 47.9 47.0

72 55.5 54.5 53.6 52.6 51.7 50.8 49.8 48.9 47.9 47.0

73 55.5 54.5 53.6 52.6 51.7 50.7 49.8 48.8 47.9 46.9

74 55.5 54.5 53.6 52.6 51.7 50.7 49.8 48.8 47.9 46.9

75 55.5 54.5 53.5 52.6 51.6 50.7 49.7 48.8 47.8 46.9

76 55.4 54.5 53.5 52.6 51.6 50.7 49.7 48.8 47.8 46.9

77 55.4 54.5 53.5 52.6 51.6 50.7 49.7 48.8 47.8 46.9

78 55.4 54.5 53.5 52.6 51.6 50.6 49.7 48.7 47.8 46.8

79 55.4 54.5 53.5 52.5 51.6 50.6 49.7 48.7 47.8 46.8

80 55.4 54.4 53.5 52.5 51.6 50.6 49.7 48.7 47.8 46.8

81 55.4 54.4 53.5 52.5 51.6 50.6 49.7 48.7 47.7 46.8

82 55.4 54.4 53.5 52.5 51.6 50.6 49.7 48.7 47.7 46.8

83 55.4 54.4 53.5 52.5 51.6 50.6 49.6 48.7 47.7 46.8

84 55.4 54.4 53.5 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.7 47.7 46.8

85 55.4 54.4 53.5 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.7 47.7 46.8

86 55.4 54.4 53.5 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.7 47.7 46.7

87 55.4 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.7 47.7 46.7

88 55.4 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.7 47.7 46.7

Publication 590-B (2023) 53

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The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

89 55.4 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.7 47.7 46.7

90 55.4 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

91 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

92 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

93 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

94 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

95 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

96 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

97 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

98 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

99 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

100 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

101 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

102 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

103 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

104 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

105 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

106 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

107 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

108 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

109 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

110 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

111 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

112 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

113 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

114 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

115 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

116 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

117 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

118 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

119 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

120+ 55.3 54.4 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

40 52.2 51.7 51.2 50.8 50.4 50.0 49.7 49.3 49.0 48.8

41 51.7 51.2 50.7 50.2 49.8 49.4 49.0 48.7 48.4 48.1

42 51.2 50.7 50.2 49.7 49.2 48.8 48.4 48.0 47.7 47.4

43 50.8 50.2 49.7 49.2 48.7 48.3 47.8 47.4 47.1 46.7

44 50.4 49.8 49.2 48.7 48.2 47.7 47.3 46.8 46.4 46.1

45 50.0 49.4 48.8 48.3 47.7 47.2 46.7 46.3 45.9 45.5

46 49.7 49.0 48.4 47.8 47.3 46.7 46.2 45.7 45.3 44.9

47 49.3 48.7 48.0 47.4 46.8 46.3 45.7 45.2 44.8 44.3

54 Publication 590-B (2023)

Page 55 of 69 Fileid: … ions/p590b/2023/a/xml/cycle04/source 11:55 - 12-Mar-2024

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

48 49.0 48.4 47.7 47.1 46.4 45.9 45.3 44.8 44.3 43.8

49 48.8 48.1 47.4 46.7 46.1 45.5 44.9 44.3 43.8 43.3

50 48.5 47.8 47.1 46.4 45.7 45.1 44.5 43.9 43.3 42.8

51 48.3 47.5 46.8 46.1 45.4 44.7 44.1 43.5 42.9 42.3

52 48.0 47.3 46.5 45.8 45.1 44.4 43.8 43.1 42.5 41.9

53 47.8 47.1 46.3 45.6 44.8 44.1 43.4 42.8 42.1 41.5

54 47.7 46.9 46.1 45.3 44.6 43.8 43.1 42.5 41.8 41.2

55 47.5 46.7 45.9 45.1 44.3 43.6 42.9 42.2 41.5 40.8

56 47.3 46.5 45.7 44.9 44.1 43.4 42.6 41.9 41.2 40.5

57 47.2 46.3 45.5 44.7 43.9 43.1 42.4 41.6 40.9 40.2

58 47.1 46.2 45.4 44.5 43.7 42.9 42.2 41.4 40.7 39.9

59 46.9 46.1 45.2 44.4 43.6 42.8 42.0 41.2 40.4 39.7

60 46.8 46.0 45.1 44.3 43.4 42.6 41.8 41.0 40.2 39.5

61 46.7 45.8 45.0 44.1 43.3 42.4 41.6 40.8 40.0 39.2

62 46.6 45.7 44.9 44.0 43.1 42.3 41.5 40.6 39.8 39.0

63 46.5 45.7 44.8 43.9 43.0 42.2 41.3 40.5 39.7 38.9

64 46.5 45.6 44.7 43.8 42.9 42.1 41.2 40.4 39.5 38.7

65 46.4 45.5 44.6 43.7 42.8 41.9 41.1 40.2 39.4 38.6

66 46.3 45.4 44.5 43.6 42.7 41.8 41.0 40.1 39.3 38.4

67 46.3 45.4 44.4 43.5 42.6 41.8 40.9 40.0 39.1 38.3

68 46.2 45.3 44.4 43.5 42.6 41.7 40.8 39.9 39.0 38.2

69 46.2 45.2 44.3 43.4 42.5 41.6 40.7 39.8 38.9 38.1

70 46.1 45.2 44.3 43.3 42.4 41.5 40.6 39.7 38.8 38.0

71 46.1 45.1 44.2 43.3 42.4 41.5 40.6 39.7 38.8 37.9

72 46.0 45.1 44.2 43.2 42.3 41.4 40.5 39.6 38.7 37.8

73 46.0 45.1 44.1 43.2 42.3 41.4 40.4 39.5 38.6 37.7

74 46.0 45.0 44.1 43.2 42.2 41.3 40.4 39.5 38.6 37.7

75 45.9 45.0 44.1 43.1 42.2 41.3 40.3 39.4 38.5 37.6

76 45.9 45.0 44.0 43.1 42.2 41.2 40.3 39.4 38.5 37.5

77 45.9 45.0 44.0 43.1 42.1 41.2 40.3 39.3 38.4 37.5

78 45.9 44.9 44.0 43.0 42.1 41.2 40.2 39.3 38.4 37.5

79 45.9 44.9 44.0 43.0 42.1 41.1 40.2 39.3 38.3 37.4

80 45.9 44.9 43.9 43.0 42.1 41.1 40.2 39.2 38.3 37.4

81 45.8 44.9 43.9 43.0 42.0 41.1 40.1 39.2 38.3 37.3

82 45.8 44.9 43.9 43.0 42.0 41.1 40.1 39.2 38.3 37.3

83 45.8 44.9 43.9 43.0 42.0 41.1 40.1 39.2 38.2 37.3

84 45.8 44.9 43.9 42.9 42.0 41.0 40.1 39.2 38.2 37.3

85 45.8 44.8 43.9 42.9 42.0 41.0 40.1 39.1 38.2 37.3

86 45.8 44.8 43.9 42.9 42.0 41.0 40.1 39.1 38.2 37.2

87 45.8 44.8 43.9 42.9 42.0 41.0 40.1 39.1 38.2 37.2

Publication 590-B (2023) 55

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The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

88 45.8 44.8 43.9 42.9 42.0 41.0 40.0 39.1 38.2 37.2

89 45.8 44.8 43.9 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.1 38.1 37.2

90 45.8 44.8 43.9 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.1 38.1 37.2

91 45.8 44.8 43.9 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.1 38.1 37.2

92 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.1 38.1 37.2

93 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.1 38.1 37.2

94 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.1 38.1 37.2

95 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.1 38.1 37.2

96 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.1 38.1 37.2

97 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.1 38.1 37.2

98 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.1 38.1 37.2

99 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.1 38.1 37.2

100 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

101 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

102 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

103 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

104 45.8 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

105 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

106 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

107 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

108 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

109 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

110 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

111 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

112 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

113 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

114 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

115 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

116 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

117 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

118 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

119 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

120+ 45.7 44.8 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.1

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

50 42.3 41.8 41.4 40.9 40.6 40.2 39.8 39.5 39.2 39.0

51 41.8 41.3 40.8 40.4 40.0 39.6 39.2 38.9 38.6 38.3

52 41.4 40.8 40.3 39.9 39.4 39.0 38.6 38.2 37.9 37.6

53 40.9 40.4 39.9 39.4 38.9 38.4 38.0 37.6 37.3 36.9

54 40.6 40.0 39.4 38.9 38.4 37.9 37.5 37.1 36.7 36.3

55 40.2 39.6 39.0 38.4 37.9 37.4 36.9 36.5 36.1 35.7

56 39.8 39.2 38.6 38.0 37.5 36.9 36.5 36.0 35.5 35.1

56 Publication 590-B (2023)

Page 57 of 69 Fileid: … ions/p590b/2023/a/xml/cycle04/source 11:55 - 12-Mar-2024

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

57 39.5 38.9 38.2 37.6 37.1 36.5 36.0 35.5 35.0 34.6

58 39.2 38.6 37.9 37.3 36.7 36.1 35.5 35.0 34.5 34.1

59 39.0 38.3 37.6 36.9 36.3 35.7 35.1 34.6 34.1 33.6

60 38.7 38.0 37.3 36.6 36.0 35.3 34.8 34.2 33.6 33.1

61 38.5 37.7 37.0 36.3 35.7 35.0 34.4 33.8 33.2 32.7

62 38.3 37.5 36.8 36.1 35.4 34.7 34.1 33.4 32.8 32.3

63 38.1 37.3 36.6 35.8 35.1 34.4 33.8 33.1 32.5 31.9

64 37.9 37.1 36.3 35.6 34.9 34.2 33.5 32.8 32.2 31.5

65 37.7 36.9 36.2 35.4 34.6 33.9 33.2 32.5 31.9 31.2

66 37.6 36.8 36.0 35.2 34.4 33.7 33.0 32.3 31.6 30.9

67 37.5 36.6 35.8 35.0 34.2 33.5 32.7 32.0 31.3 30.6

68 37.3 36.5 35.7 34.9 34.1 33.3 32.5 31.8 31.1 30.4

69 37.2 36.4 35.5 34.7 33.9 33.1 32.3 31.6 30.9 30.1

70 37.1 36.2 35.4 34.6 33.8 33.0 32.2 31.4 30.7 29.9

71 37.0 36.1 35.3 34.5 33.6 32.8 32.0 31.2 30.5 29.7

72 36.9 36.0 35.2 34.3 33.5 32.7 31.9 31.1 30.3 29.5

73 36.8 36.0 35.1 34.2 33.4 32.6 31.7 30.9 30.1 29.4

74 36.8 35.9 35.0 34.1 33.3 32.4 31.6 30.8 30.0 29.2

75 36.7 35.8 34.9 34.1 33.2 32.4 31.5 30.7 29.9 29.1

76 36.6 35.7 34.9 34.0 33.1 32.3 31.4 30.6 29.8 29.0

77 36.6 35.7 34.8 33.9 33.0 32.2 31.3 30.5 29.7 28.8

78 36.5 35.6 34.7 33.9 33.0 32.1 31.2 30.4 29.6 28.7

79 36.5 35.6 34.7 33.8 32.9 32.0 31.2 30.3 29.5 28.7

80 36.5 35.5 34.6 33.7 32.9 32.0 31.1 30.3 29.4 28.6

81 36.4 35.5 34.6 33.7 32.8 31.9 31.1 30.2 29.3 28.5

82 36.4 35.5 34.6 33.7 32.8 31.9 31.0 30.1 29.3 28.4

83 36.4 35.4 34.5 33.6 32.7 31.8 31.0 30.1 29.2 28.4

84 36.3 35.4 34.5 33.6 32.7 31.8 30.9 30.0 29.2 28.3

85 36.3 35.4 34.5 33.6 32.7 31.8 30.9 30.0 29.1 28.3

86 36.3 35.4 34.5 33.5 32.6 31.7 30.9 30.0 29.1 28.2

87 36.3 35.4 34.4 33.5 32.6 31.7 30.8 29.9 29.1 28.2

88 36.3 35.3 34.4 33.5 32.6 31.7 30.8 29.9 29.0 28.2

89 36.3 35.3 34.4 33.5 32.6 31.7 30.8 29.9 29.0 28.2

90 36.3 35.3 34.4 33.5 32.6 31.7 30.8 29.9 29.0 28.1

91 36.2 35.3 34.4 33.5 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.9 29.0 28.1

92 36.2 35.3 34.4 33.5 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 29.0 28.1

93 36.2 35.3 34.4 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 29.0 28.1

94 36.2 35.3 34.4 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.1

95 36.2 35.3 34.4 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.1

96 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

Publication 590-B (2023) 57

Page 58 of 69 Fileid: … ions/p590b/2023/a/xml/cycle04/source 11:55 - 12-Mar-2024

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

97 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

98 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

99 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

100 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

101 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

102 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

103 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

104 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

105 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

106 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

107 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

108 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

109 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

110 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

111 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

112 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

113 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

114 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

115 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

116 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

117 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

118 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

119 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0

120+ 36.2 35.3 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.6 29.8 28.9 28.0

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

60 32.6 32.2 31.7 31.3 31.0 30.6 30.3 30.0 29.7 29.4

61 32.2 31.7 31.2 30.8 30.4 30.0 29.7 29.4 29.1 28.8

62 31.7 31.2 30.8 30.3 29.9 29.5 29.1 28.7 28.4 28.1

63 31.3 30.8 30.3 29.8 29.4 28.9 28.5 28.2 27.8 27.5

64 31.0 30.4 29.9 29.4 28.9 28.4 28.0 27.6 27.2 26.9

65 30.6 30.0 29.5 28.9 28.4 28.0 27.5 27.1 26.7 26.3

66 30.3 29.7 29.1 28.5 28.0 27.5 27.0 26.6 26.2 25.8

67 30.0 29.4 28.7 28.2 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.7 25.3

68 29.7 29.1 28.4 27.8 27.2 26.7 26.2 25.7 25.2 24.8

69 29.4 28.8 28.1 27.5 26.9 26.3 25.8 25.3 24.8 24.3

70 29.2 28.5 27.9 27.2 26.6 26.0 25.4 24.9 24.3 23.9

71 29.0 28.3 27.6 26.9 26.3 25.7 25.1 24.5 24.0 23.4

72 28.8 28.1 27.4 26.7 26.0 25.4 24.8 24.2 23.6 23.1

73 28.6 27.9 27.2 26.5 25.8 25.1 24.5 23.9 23.3 22.7

74 28.4 27.7 27.0 26.2 25.5 24.9 24.2 23.6 23.0 22.4

75 28.3 27.5 26.8 26.1 25.3 24.6 24.0 23.3 22.7 22.1

58 Publication 590-B (2023)

Page 59 of 69 Fileid: … ions/p590b/2023/a/xml/cycle04/source 11:55 - 12-Mar-2024

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

76 28.2 27.4 26.6 25.9 25.2 24.4 23.7 23.1 22.4 21.8

77 28.0 27.3 26.5 25.7 25.0 24.3 23.5 22.9 22.2 21.5

78 27.9 27.1 26.4 25.6 24.8 24.1 23.4 22.7 22.0 21.3

79 27.8 27.0 26.2 25.5 24.7 23.9 23.2 22.5 21.8 21.1

80 27.8 26.9 26.1 25.3 24.6 23.8 23.1 22.3 21.6 20.9

81 27.7 26.9 26.0 25.2 24.5 23.7 22.9 22.2 21.5 20.7

82 27.6 26.8 26.0 25.2 24.4 23.6 22.8 22.1 21.3 20.6

83 27.5 26.7 25.9 25.1 24.3 23.5 22.7 22.0 21.2 20.5

84 27.5 26.7 25.8 25.0 24.2 23.4 22.6 21.9 21.1 20.4

85 27.4 26.6 25.8 25.0 24.1 23.3 22.6 21.8 21.0 20.3

86 27.4 26.6 25.7 24.9 24.1 23.3 22.5 21.7 20.9 20.2

87 27.4 26.5 25.7 24.9 24.0 23.2 22.4 21.6 20.9 20.1

88 27.3 26.5 25.6 24.8 24.0 23.2 22.4 21.6 20.8 20.0

89 27.3 26.4 25.6 24.8 24.0 23.1 22.3 21.5 20.7 20.0

90 27.3 26.4 25.6 24.7 23.9 23.1 22.3 21.5 20.7 19.9

91 27.3 26.4 25.6 24.7 23.9 23.1 22.3 21.5 20.7 19.9

92 27.2 26.4 25.5 24.7 23.9 23.0 22.2 21.4 20.6 19.8

93 27.2 26.4 25.5 24.7 23.8 23.0 22.2 21.4 20.6 19.8

94 27.2 26.3 25.5 24.7 23.8 23.0 22.2 21.4 20.6 19.8

95 27.2 26.3 25.5 24.6 23.8 23.0 22.2 21.4 20.6 19.7

96 27.2 26.3 25.5 24.6 23.8 23.0 22.2 21.3 20.5 19.7

97 27.2 26.3 25.5 24.6 23.8 23.0 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.7

98 27.2 26.3 25.5 24.6 23.8 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.7

99 27.2 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.8 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.7

100 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.8 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.7

101 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.8 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.7

102 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.7

103 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.6

104 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.6

105 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.6

106 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.6

107 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.6

108 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.6

109 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.4 19.6

110 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.4 19.6

111 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.4 19.6

112 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.4 19.6

113 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.4 19.6

114 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.4 19.6

115 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.4 19.6

116 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.4 19.6

117 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.2 20.4 19.6

118 27.1 26.3 25.4 24.5 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.2 20.4 19.6

119 27.1 26.2 25.4 24.5 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.2 20.4 19.6

120+ 27.1 26.2 25.4 24.5 23.7 22.9 22.0 21.2 20.4 19.6

Publication 590-B (2023) 59

Page 60 of 69 Fileid: … ions/p590b/2023/a/xml/cycle04/source 11:55 - 12-Mar-2024

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

70 23.4 22.9 22.5 22.2 21.8 21.5 21.2 20.9 20.6 20.4

71 22.9 22.5 22.0 21.6 21.3 20.9 20.6 20.3 20.0 19.8

72 22.5 22.0 21.6 21.1 20.7 20.4 20.0 19.7 19.4 19.2

73 22.2 21.6 21.1 20.7 20.3 19.9 19.5 19.1 18.8 18.6

74 21.8 21.3 20.7 20.3 19.8 19.4 19.0 18.6 18.3 18.0

75 21.5 20.9 20.4 19.9 19.4 18.9 18.5 18.1 17.8 17.4

76 21.2 20.6 20.0 19.5 19.0 18.5 18.1 17.7 17.3 16.9

77 20.9 20.3 19.7 19.1 18.6 18.1 17.7 17.2 16.8 16.4

78 20.6 20.0 19.4 18.8 18.3 17.8 17.3 16.8 16.4 16.0

79 20.4 19.8 19.2 18.6 18.0 17.4 16.9 16.4 16.0 15.6

80 20.2 19.6 18.9 18.3 17.7 17.1 16.6 16.1 15.6 15.2

81 20.0 19.4 18.7 18.1 17.4 16.9 16.3 15.8 15.3 14.8

82 19.9 19.2 18.5 17.9 17.2 16.6 16.0 15.5 15.0 14.5

83 19.7 19.0 18.3 17.7 17.0 16.4 15.8 15.2 14.7 14.2

84 19.6 18.9 18.2 17.5 16.8 16.2 15.6 15.0 14.4 13.9

85 19.5 18.8 18.1 17.4 16.7 16.0 15.4 14.8 14.2 13.6

86 19.4 18.7 17.9 17.2 16.5 15.9 15.2 14.6 14.0 13.4

87 19.3 18.6 17.8 17.1 16.4 15.7 15.1 14.4 13.8 13.2

88 19.2 18.5 17.7 17.0 16.3 15.6 14.9 14.3 13.7 13.1

89 19.2 18.4 17.7 16.9 16.2 15.5 14.8 14.2 13.5 12.9

90 19.1 18.4 17.6 16.9 16.1 15.4 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.8

91 19.1 18.3 17.5 16.8 16.1 15.3 14.6 14.0 13.3 12.7

92 19.0 18.3 17.5 16.7 16.0 15.3 14.6 13.9 13.2 12.6

93 19.0 18.2 17.4 16.7 15.9 15.2 14.5 13.8 13.1 12.5

94 19.0 18.2 17.4 16.6 15.9 15.2 14.4 13.7 13.1 12.4

95 18.9 18.2 17.4 16.6 15.9 15.1 14.4 13.7 13.0 12.3

96 18.9 18.1 17.4 16.6 15.8 15.1 14.3 13.6 12.9 12.3

97 18.9 18.1 17.3 16.6 15.8 15.0 14.3 13.6 12.9 12.2

98 18.9 18.1 17.3 16.5 15.8 15.0 14.3 13.6 12.9 12.2

99 18.9 18.1 17.3 16.5 15.7 15.0 14.3 13.5 12.8 12.2

100 18.9 18.1 17.3 16.5 15.7 15.0 14.2 13.5 12.8 12.1

101 18.9 18.1 17.3 16.5 15.7 15.0 14.2 13.5 12.8 12.1

102 18.8 18.0 17.3 16.5 15.7 14.9 14.2 13.5 12.8 12.1

103 18.8 18.0 17.3 16.5 15.7 14.9 14.2 13.5 12.8 12.1

104 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.5 15.7 14.9 14.2 13.5 12.7 12.0

105 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.5 15.7 14.9 14.2 13.4 12.7 12.0

106 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.5 15.7 14.9 14.2 13.4 12.7 12.0

107 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.5 15.7 14.9 14.2 13.4 12.7 12.0

108 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.5 15.7 14.9 14.2 13.4 12.7 12.0

109 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.4 15.7 14.9 14.2 13.4 12.7 12.0

60 Publication 590-B (2023)

Page 61 of 69 Fileid: … ions/p590b/2023/a/xml/cycle04/source 11:55 - 12-Mar-2024

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

110 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.4 15.7 14.9 14.2 13.4 12.7 12.0

111 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.4 15.7 14.9 14.2 13.4 12.7 12.0

112 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.4 15.7 14.9 14.2 13.4 12.7 12.0

113 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.4 15.7 14.9 14.2 13.4 12.7 12.0

114 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.4 15.7 14.9 14.1 13.4 12.7 12.0

115 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.4 15.7 14.9 14.1 13.4 12.7 12.0

116 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.4 15.6 14.9 14.1 13.4 12.7 12.0

117 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.4 15.6 14.9 14.1 13.4 12.7 12.0

118 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.4 15.6 14.9 14.1 13.4 12.6 11.9

119 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.4 15.6 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.6 11.9

120+ 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.4 15.6 14.8 14.1 13.3 12.6 11.9

Publication 590-B (2023) 61

Page 62 of 69 Fileid: … ions/p590b/2023/a/xml/cycle04/source 11:55 - 12-Mar-2024

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89

80 14.7 14.4 14.0 13.7 13.4 13.1 12.9 12.7 12.5 12.3

81 14.4 14.0 13.6 13.2 12.9 12.6 12.4 12.2 12.0 11.8

82 14.0 13.6 13.2 12.8 12.5 12.2 11.9 11.7 11.5 11.3

83 13.7 13.2 12.8 12.4 12.1 11.8 11.5 11.2 11.0 10.8

84 13.4 12.9 12.5 12.1 11.7 11.4 11.1 10.8 10.5 10.3

85 13.1 12.6 12.2 11.8 11.4 11.0 10.7 10.4 10.1 9.9

86 12.9 12.4 11.9 11.5 11.1 10.7 10.4 10.0 9.8 9.5

87 12.7 12.2 11.7 11.2 10.8 10.4 10.0 9.7 9.4 9.1

88 12.5 12.0 11.5 11.0 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.4 9.1 8.8

89 12.3 11.8 11.3 10.8 10.3 9.9 9.5 9.1 8.8 8.5

90 12.2 11.6 11.1 10.6 10.1 9.7 9.3 8.9 8.6 8.3

91 12.1 11.5 10.9 10.4 9.9 9.5 9.1 8.7 8.3 8.0

92 11.9 11.4 10.8 10.3 9.8 9.3 8.9 8.5 8.1 7.8

93 11.9 11.3 10.7 10.1 9.6 9.2 8.7 8.3 7.9 7.6

94 11.8 11.2 10.6 10.0 9.5 9.0 8.6 8.2 7.8 7.4

95 11.7 11.1 10.5 9.9 9.4 8.9 8.5 8.0 7.6 7.3

96 11.6 11.0 10.4 9.9 9.3 8.8 8.4 7.9 7.5 7.1

97 11.6 11.0 10.4 9.8 9.2 8.7 8.3 7.8 7.4 7.0

98 11.5 10.9 10.3 9.7 9.2 8.7 8.2 7.7 7.3 6.9

99 11.5 10.9 10.2 9.7 9.1 8.6 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.8

100 11.5 10.8 10.2 9.6 9.1 8.5 8.0 7.6 7.2 6.8

101 11.4 10.8 10.2 9.6 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.1 6.7

102 11.4 10.8 10.1 9.6 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.6

103 11.4 10.7 10.1 9.5 9.0 8.4 7.9 7.4 7.0 6.6

104 11.4 10.7 10.1 9.5 8.9 8.4 7.9 7.4 7.0 6.6

105 11.4 10.7 10.1 9.5 8.9 8.4 7.9 7.4 6.9 6.5

106 11.4 10.7 10.1 9.5 8.9 8.4 7.9 7.4 6.9 6.5

107 11.4 10.7 10.1 9.5 8.9 8.4 7.9 7.4 6.9 6.5

108 11.4 10.7 10.1 9.5 8.9 8.4 7.8 7.4 6.9 6.5

109 11.3 10.7 10.1 9.5 8.9 8.4 7.8 7.4 6.9 6.5

110 11.3 10.7 10.1 9.5 8.9 8.3 7.8 7.4 6.9 6.5

111 11.3 10.7 10.1 9.5 8.9 8.3 7.8 7.3 6.9 6.5

112 11.3 10.7 10.1 9.5 8.9 8.3 7.8 7.3 6.9 6.5

113 11.3 10.7 10.0 9.4 8.9 8.3 7.8 7.3 6.9 6.4

114 11.3 10.7 10.0 9.4 8.9 8.3 7.8 7.3 6.9 6.4

115 11.3 10.7 10.0 9.4 8.8 8.3 7.8 7.3 6.8 6.4

116 11.3 10.6 10.0 9.4 8.8 8.3 7.7 7.3 6.8 6.4

117 11.3 10.6 10.0 9.4 8.8 8.2 7.7 7.2 6.8 6.3

118 11.3 10.6 10.0 9.3 8.8 8.2 7.7 7.2 6.7 6.3

119 11.2 10.6 9.9 9.3 8.7 8.2 7.6 7.1 6.6 6.2

120+ 11.2 10.5 9.9 9.3 8.7 8.1 7.6 7.1 6.6 6.1

62 Publication 590-B (2023)

Page 63 of 69 Fileid: … ions/p590b/2023/a/xml/cycle04/source 11:55 - 12-Mar-2024

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

90 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.3 7.1 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.5

91 7.7 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.2 6.1

92 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.8

93 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.5

94 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.3

95 6.9 6.6 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.0

96 6.8 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.8

97 6.7 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.8 4.6

98 6.6 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.5

99 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.3

100 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.4 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.2

101 6.3 6.0 5.6 5.3 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.1

102 6.3 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.0

103 6.2 5.9 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.2 4.1 3.9

104 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8

105 6.1 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.1 4.0 3.8

106 6.1 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.8

107 6.1 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7

108 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7

109 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7

110 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7

111 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7

112 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.7

113 6.1 5.7 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.6

114 6.0 5.7 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.6

115 6.0 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.6

116 6.0 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.5

117 5.9 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.4

118 5.8 5.5 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.3

119 5.8 5.4 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.1

120+ 5.7 5.3 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.0

Publication 590-B (2023) 63

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The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

100 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6

101 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4

102 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3

103 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2

104 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1

105 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1

106 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0

107 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0

108 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

109 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

110 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

111 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

112 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9

113 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9

114 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9

115 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8

116 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8

117 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6

118 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

119 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

120+ 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120+

110 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.0

111 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0

112 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0

113 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.2 1.9

114 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.1 1.9

115 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.8

116 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8

117 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.6

118 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.4

119 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.1

120+ 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.0

64 Publication 590-B (2023)

Page 65 of 69 Fileid: … ions/p590b/2023/a/xml/cycle04/source 11:55 - 12-Mar-2024

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. Uniform Lifetime Table

Table III

(Uniform Lifetime)

(For Use by:

•

Unmarried Owners,

•

Married Owners Whose Spouses Aren't More Than 10 Years Younger, and

•

Married Owners Whose Spouses Aren't the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Age Distribution Period Age Distribution Period

72 27.4 97 7.8

73 26.5 98 7.3

74 25.5 99 6.8

75 24.6 100 6.4

76 23.7 101 6.0

77 22.9 102 5.6

78 22.0 103 5.2

79 21.1 104 4.9

80 20.2 105 4.6

81 19.4 106 4.3

82 18.5 107 4.1

83 17.7 108 3.9

84 16.8 109 3.7

85 16.0 110 3.5

86 15.2 111 3.4

87 14.4 112 3.3

88 13.7 113 3.1

89 12.9 114 3.0

90 12.2 115 2.9

91 11.5 116 2.8

92 10.8 117 2.7

93 10.1 118 2.5

94 9.5 119 2.3

95 8.9 120 and over 2.0

96 8.4

Publication 590-B (2023) 65

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Appendix C. Recapture Amount—Allocation Chart

Enter the amount from your 2023 Form

8606, line 19 ........................

Before you begin: You will need your prior year Form(s) 8606 and income tax return(s) if you entered an amount on

any line(s) as indicated below.

You will now allocate the amount you entered above (2023 Form 8606, line 19) in the order shown, to the amounts on

the lines listed below (to the extent a prior year distribution wasn't allocable to the amount). The maximum amount you

can enter on each line below is the amount entered on the referenced lines of the form for that year. Note. Once you

have allocated the full amount from your 2023 Form 8606, line 19, STOP.

Tax Year Your Form

2023 Form 8606, line 20 ............. Form 8606, line 22 ............

1998 Form 8606, line 16 ............. Form 8606, line 15 ............

1999 Form 8606, line 16 ............. Form 8606, line 15 ............

2000 Form 8606, line 16 ............. Form 8606, line 15 ............

2001 Form 8606, line 18 ............. Form 8606, line 17 ............

2002 Form 8606, line 18 ............. Form 8606, line 17 ............

2003 Form 8606, line 18 ............. Form 8606, line 17 ............

2004 Form 8606, line 18 ............. Form 8606, line 17 ............

2005 Form 8606, line 18 ............. Form 8606, line 17 ............

2006 Form 8606, line 18 ............. Form 8606, line 17 ............

2007 Form 8606, line 18 ............. Form 8606, line 17 ............

2008 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form

1040A, line 12b; or Form

1040NR, line 17b* ..............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form

1040A, line 12a; or Form

1040NR, line 17a** ............

2009 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form

1040A, line 12b; or Form

1040NR, line 17b* ..............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form

1040A, line 12a; or Form

1040NR, line 17a** ............

2010 Form 8606, lines 18 and

23* ...........................

Form 8606, lines 17 and

22** ..........................

2011 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form

1040A, line 12b; or Form

1040NR, line 17b* ..............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form

1040A, line 12a; or Form

1040NR, line 17a** ............

2012 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form

1040A, line 12b; or Form

1040NR, line 17b* ..............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form

1040A, line 12a; or Form

1040NR, line 17a** ............

2013 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form

1040A, line 12b; or Form

1040NR, line 17b* ..............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form

1040A, line 12a; or Form

1040NR, line 17a** ............

2014 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form

1040A, line 12b; or Form

1040NR, line 17b* ..............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form

1040A, line 12a; or Form

1040NR, line 17a** ............

2015 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form

1040A, line 12b; or Form

1040NR, line 17b* ..............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form

1040A, line 12a; or Form

1040NR, line 17a** ............

* Only include those amounts rolled over to a Roth IRA.

** Only include any contributions (usually box 5 of Form 1099-R) that were taxable to you when made and rolled over to a Roth IRA.

66 Publication 590-B (2023)

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The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix C. Recapture Amount—Allocation Chart (Continued)

Tax Year Your Form

2016 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form

1040A, line 12b; or Form

1040NR, line 17b* .............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form

1040A, line 12a; or Form

1040NR, line 17a** ............

2017 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form

1040A, line 12b; or Form

1040NR, line 17b* .............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form

1040A, line 12a; or Form

1040NR, line 17a** ............

2018 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 4b; or Form

1040NR, line 17b* .............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 4a; or Form

1040NR, line 17a** ............

2019 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 4d;

or Form 1040-NR,

line 17b* .....................

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 4c;

or Form 1040-NR,

line 17a** .....................

2020 Form 8606, line 18;

and Form 1040, 1040-SR, or

1040-NR, line 5b* .............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, 1040-SR, or

1040-NR, line 5a** ............

2021 Form 8606, line 18;

and Form 1040, 1040-SR, or

1040-NR, line 5b* .............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, 1040-SR, or

1040-NR, line 5a** ............

2022 Form 8606, line 18;

and Form 1040, 1040-SR, or

1040-NR, line 5b* .............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, 1040-SR, or

1040-NR, line 5a** ............

2023 Form 8606, line 18;

and Form 1040, 1040-SR, or

1040-NR, line 5b* .............

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, 1040-SR, or

1040-NR, line 5a** ............

2023 Form 8606, line 25c ...........

* Only include those amounts rolled over to a Roth IRA.

** Only include any contributions (usually box 5 of Form 1099-R) that were taxable to you when made and rolled over to a Roth IRA.

Appendix D. Qualified Charitable Deduction (QCD)

Adjustment Worksheet Keep for Your Records

Enter the total amounts of contributions deducted in prior years that you were age 70

/2 or older that did not reduce

the excludable amount of qualified charitable contributions in prior years. 1.

Enter the total amounts contributed and deducted during the current year if you were age 70

/2 (or older) at the end of

the year. If this is your first QCD worksheet, also include contributions you deducted in prior years during which you

were age 70

/2 (or older) at the end of the year. 2.

3. Add the amounts on lines 1 and 2. 3.

4. Enter the total amounts of qualified charitable distributions made during the current year, not to exceed $100,000. 4.

5. Subtract line 3 from line 4. This is the amount of your excludable qualified charitable distribution for the current year.* 5.

*If zero or less, you have no excludable qualified charitable distribution. If greater than zero, enter -0- on line 1 of your subsequent QCD worksheet. If less than zero,

enter the amount as a positive amount on line 1 of your subsequent QCD worksheet.

Publication 590-B (2023) 67

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To help us develop a more useful index, please let us know if you have ideas for index entries.

See “Comments and Suggestions” in the “Introduction” for the ways you can reach us.

Index

10-year rule 12

10% additional tax 24, 28

5-year rule 12

Account balance 7

Additional taxes 22, 28

(See also Penalties)

Reporting 29

Age 59 1/2 rule 24

Age 72 rule:

Required minimum distributions

(RMD) 6

Annuity contracts:

Borrowing on 22

Distribution from insurance

company 13

Distribution from IRA account 21

Early distributions 25

Assistance (See Tax help)

Basis:

Inherited IRAs 5

Roth IRAs 31

Beginning date, required 6

Beneficiaries 8

Change of 7

Death of beneficiary 9

Early distributions to 25

Individual as 10

More than one 9, 12

Roth IRAs 35

Sole beneficiary spouse more than

10 years younger 7

Change in marital status 7

Change of beneficiary 7

Charitable distributions,

qualified 13

Collectibles 23

Death of beneficiary 9

Deemed IRAs 2

Disabilities, persons with:

Early distributions to 25

Disaster-related relief 36

Distributions

After required beginning date 6

Age 59 1/2 rule 24

Beneficiaries (See Beneficiaries)

Delivered outside U.S. 21

Figuring nontaxable and taxable

amounts 15

From individual retirement

accounts 7

From individual retirement

annuities 7

Fully or partly taxable 15

Insufficient 28

Qualified charitable 13

Qualified HSA funding 14

Qualified reservist 27

Roth IRAs 31-35

Ordering rules for 33

Recapture amount 34

Taxable status of 13

Early distributions 22, 24-28

(See also Penalties)

Age 59 1/2 rule 24

Defined 24

Disability exception 25

First-time homebuyers,

exception 27

Higher education expenses,

exception 26

Medical insurance, exception 25

Roth IRAs 33

Unreimbursed medical expenses,

exception 25

Education expenses 26

Employer retirement plans:

Prohibited transactions 23

Estate tax 22

Deduction for inherited IRAs 5

Excess accumulations 28, 29

Roth IRAs 36

Exempt transactions 23

Failed financial institutions 13

Fiduciaries:

Prohibited transactions 22

First-time homebuyers 27

Five-year rule:

5-year rule 10

Form 1099-R 21

Distribution code 1 used on 29

Letter codes used on 21

Number codes used on 21

Form 5329 28, 29

Recapture tax 26

Form 8606 15, 16, 21

Higher education expenses 26

HSA funding distributions,

qualified 14

Individual retirement accounts:

Distributions from 7

Individual retirement annuities:

Distributions from 7

Individual retirement bonds:

Cashing in 21

Inherited IRAs 6

Insufficient distributions 28

Interest on IRA 2

Investment in collectibles:

Collectibles defined 23

Exception 24

IRA Owner:

And spouse more 10 years

younger 11

And spouse not more 10 years

younger 11

Life expectancy 7

Tables (Appendix B) 48

Mandatory 60-day

postponement 40

Marital status, change in 7

Medical expenses,

unreimbursed 25

Medical insurance 25

Minimum distribution (See Required

minimum distribution)

Missing children, photographs of 2

More than one beneficiary 9

More than one IRA:

Required minimum distribution 12

no designated beneficiary 11

No table 12

Nondeductible contributions 28

Penalties 22-29

Early distributions 24-28

Excess accumulations 28, 29

Exempt transactions 23

Prohibited transactions 22, 23

Reporting 29

Pledging account as security 22

Prohibited transactions 22, 23

Taxes on 23

Publications (See Tax help)

Qualified birth or adoption

distribution 27

Qualified charitable

distributions 13

68 Publication 590-B (2023)

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Recapture tax:

Changes in distribution method 26

Receivership distributions 24

Reporting:

Additional taxes 29

Nontaxable distribution on Form

8606 16

Taxable amounts 21

Taxable distributions 22

Required beginning date 6

Required minimum distribution 2,

6-13

Distribution period 7

During lifetime 7

Figuring 7

For beneficiary 10

Table to use 11

In year of owner's death 8

Installments allowed 12

More than one IRA 12

Sole beneficiary spouse who is

more than 10 years younger 7

Reservists:

Qualified reservist distribution 27

Roth IRAs 31-36

Defined 31

Distributions 31-35

After death of owner 35

Insufficient 36

Ordering rules for 33

Early distributions 33

Excess accumulations 36

Figuring taxable part 35

Withdrawing or using assets 35

Services received at reduced or no

cost 23

Students:

Education expenses 26

Substantially equal payments 25

Surviving spouse 8

Table I:

Eligible designated beneficiary 11

No designated beneficiary 11

Spousal beneficiary 11

Table I (Single Life Expectancy) 48

Table II 11

Table II (Joint Life and Last

Survivor Expectancy) 50

Table III 11

Table III (Uniform Lifetime) 65

Tables:

Life expectancy (Appendix B) 48

Using this publication (Table I-1) 4

Tax advantages of IRAs 3

Tax help 40

Ten-year rule:

10-year rule 10

Traditional IRAs 5-29

Age 59 1/2 rule 24

Defined 5

Inherited IRAs 6

Loss of IRA status 23

Withdrawing or using assets 6

Trusts:

As beneficiary 12

Unreimbursed medical

expenses 25

Withdrawing or using assets

Roth IRAs 35

Traditional IRAs 6

Withholding 21

Publication 590-B (2023) 69