Microsoft Word - GlobalRecommendationsSummary19Nov2014Landscape

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GlobalRecommendationsforEPAandDHAIntake(Rev19November2014)

Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

Global WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)

 Authoritative

Body

Generaladultpopulation  n‐3PUFAs:1‐2%of

energy/day

2003

FoodandAgricultureOrganization

oftheUnitedNations(FAO)



Authoritative

Body

0‐6months  DHA:0.1‐0.18%E 2008

6‐24months  DHA:10‐12mg/kgbw

2‐4years  EPA+DHA:100‐150mg

4‐6years  EPA+DHA:150‐200mg

6‐10years  EPA+DHA:200‐250mg

Pregnant/Lactating

Women

 EPA+DHA:0.3g/dof

whichatleastshouldbe

0.2g/d

InternationalSocietyfortheStudy

ofFattyAcidsandLipids(ISSFAL)



Expert

Scientific

Organization

Generaladultpopulation

forcardiovascular

health



 atleast500mg/dayof

EPA+DHA

2004

Pregnant/Lactating

Women



 DHA:200mg/day 2007

NATOWorkshopon‐3and‐6

FattyAcids

5

Workshop GeneralAdult

Population

 300‐400mg

EPA+DHA/day

1989

WorldAssociationofPerinatal

Medicine

6

Working

Group

PregnantandLactating

Women

 200mgDHA/day 2008

Infants,when

breastfeedingisnot

possible

 0.2‐0.5%wttotalfat

WorldGastroenterology

Organisation

7

Expert

Scientific

Organization

GeneralAdult

Population

 3‐5servings/wkoffish 2008

Australia NationalHeartFoundationof

Australia



Expert

Scientific

Organization

Generaladultpopulation

tolowerriskofCHD



 500mgEPA+DHAper

day,obtainedthrough

fish,fishoilcapsules,or

enrichedfoods&drinks

2008

Patientswith

documentedCHD

 1000mgEPA+DHAper

day,obtainedthrough

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Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

fish,fishoilcapsules,or

enrichedfoods&drinks

Patientswith

hypertriglyceridemia

 1200mgofEPA+DHAper

day,obtainedthrough

fish,fishoilcapsulesor

enrichedfoods&drinks

asfirst‐linetherapy

 Increaseto4000mgof

EPA+DHAperday,as

needed.

Australian&NewZealandHealth

Authorities(DepartmentofHealth&

Ageing,NationalHealth&Medical

ResearchCouncil)

9



Authoritative

Bodies

Infants(0‐12mo)  0.5gn‐3polyunsaturated

fats/dayadequateintake 

2006

Boys&Girls(1‐3yrs)  40mgtotalLCn‐3

(DHA+EPA+DPA)/day

adequateintake 

Boys&Girls(4‐8yrs)  55mgtotalLCn‐3

(DHA+EPA+DPA)/day

adequateintake 

Boys&Girls(9‐13yrs)  70mgtotalLCn‐3

(DHA+EPA+DPA)/day

adequateintake 

Boys(14‐18yrs)  125mgtotalLCn‐3

(DHA+EPA+DPA)/day

adequateintake 

Girls(14‐18yrs)  85mgtotalLCn‐3

(DHA+EPA+DPA)/day

adequateintake 

Men(19+yrs)  160mgtotalLCn‐3

(DHA+EPA+DPA)perday

adequateintake 

Women(19+yrs)  90mgtotalLCn‐3

(DHA+EPA+DPA)/day

adequateintake 

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Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

Pregnancy(14‐18yrs)  110mgtotalLCn‐3

(DHA+EPA+DPA)/day

Pregnancy(19‐50yrs)  115mgtotalLCn‐3

(DHA+EPA+DPA)/day

Lactating(14‐18yrs)  140mgLCn‐3

(DHA+EPA+DPA)/day

Lactating(19‐50yrs)  145mgLCn‐3

(DHA+EPA+DPA)/day

Men‐Suggesteddietary

targettoreducechronic

diseaserisk

 610mgLCn‐3

(DHA+EPA+DPA)/day

Women‐Suggested

dietarytargettoreduce

chronicdiseaserisk

 430mgLCn‐3

(DHA+EPA+DPA)/day

DefenceScienceandTechnology

Organisation,Australian

GovernmentDepartmentof

Defence

10

Authoritative

Body

Malesoldiers  610mgEPA+DPA+DHA/

day

2009

Femalesoldiers  430mgEPA+DPA+DHA/

day

Europe ExpertWorkshopoftheEuropean

AcademyofNutritionalSciences

11

Expert

Scientific

Organization

GeneralAdult

Population

 Peoplewhodonoteat

fishshouldconsider

obtaining200mgEPA+

DHAfromothersources

1998

EuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority

Authoritative

Body

GeneralAdult

Population

 250mgEPA+DHA/day 2010

Pregnant&Lactating

Women

 100‐200mgDHA/dayin

additiontogeneraladult

requirements

Children7‐24months  100mgDHA/day

Children2‐18years  250mgEPA+DHA/day

ThePeriLipandEARNESTprojectsof

theEuropeanCommission

4

Expert

Scientific

Organization

Pregnant&Lactating

Women

 200mgDHA/day 2007

FifthJointTaskForceofthe Expert GeneralAdult  Fishatleasttwicea 2012

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Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

EuropeanSocietyofCardiology

andOtherSocietieson

CardiovascularDiseasePrevention

inClinical

Practice(constitutedby

representativesofninesocieties

andbyinvitedexperts)



Scientific

Organization

Populationfor

CardiovascularDisease

RiskReduction

week,oneofwhichtobe

oilyﬁsh.

TaskForceon

theManagementofST‐

SegmentElevationAcuteMyocardial

Infarctionof

theEuropeanSocietyofCardiology



Expert

Scientific

Organization



 Increaseconsumptionof

omega‐3fattyacid(oily

fish)

 Supplementationwith1g

offishoilinpatientswith

alowintakeofoilyfish

 omega‐3supplements

shouldbeconsideredin

patientswhodonot

toleratestatins,

especiallyifTG>150

mg/dL(1.7

mmol/L)

2008

TaskForceforthemanagementof

dyslipidaemiasoftheEuropean

SocietyofCardiology(ESC)andthe

EuropeanAtherosclerosisSociety

(EAS)



Expert

Scientific

Organization

GeneralAdult

Populationfor

CardiovascularDisease

RiskReduction

 Atleasttwoorthree

portionsoffishperweek

2011

Secondarypreventionof

CVD

 1g/dayn‐3unsaturated

fats,whichisnoteasyto

deriveexclusivelyfrom

naturalfoodsources,and

useofnutraceutical

and/orpharmacological

supplementsmaybe

considered

 TheTaskForcefortheDiagnosisand

TreatmentofAcuteand

Expert

Scientific

patientswith

symptomatic(NYHA

Ann‐3PUFAfpreparation

maybeconsideredtoreduce

2012

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Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

ChronicHeartFailure2012ofthe

EuropeanSocietyofCardiology.

Developedincollaborationwiththe

HeartFailureAssociation(HFA)

oftheESC



Organization classII–IV)systolicheart

failure

theriskofdeathandtherisk

ofcardiovascular

hospitalizationinpatients

treatedwithanACEinhibitor

(orARB),beta‐blocker,and

anMRA(orARB)

France AFFSA

 Authoritative

Body

GeneralAdult

Population

 500mgEPA+DHA/day

 250mgEPA/day

 250mgDHA/day

2010

MetabolicSyndrome‐

Diabetes‐ObesityRisk

Reduction

 500mgEPA+DHA/day

CardiovascularRisk

Reduction

 500‐750mgEPA+DHA/

day

Breast&ColonCancer

RiskReduction

 500mgEPA+DHA/day

NeuropsychiatricRisk

Reduction

 >200‐300mgEPA+DHA/

day

Age‐RelatedMacular

DegenerationRisk

Reduction

 500mgEPA+DHA/day

Infants(0‐6months)  0.32%offatsfromDHA

 EPA<DHA

Infants&Toddlers(6

monthsto3years)

 70mgDHA/day

Children(3‐9years)  125mgDHA/day

 250mgEPA+DHA/day

Adolescents(9to18

years)

 250mgDHA/day

 250mgEPA+DHA/day

Pregnant&Lactating

Women

 250mgDHA/day

 250mgEPA+DHAday

Austria AustrianSocietyforNutrition

 Expert

Scientific

Generaladultpopulation  250mgLCPUFA/dayfor

primarypreventionof

2008

Page6of25



Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

Organization CVD

Generaladultpopulation  0.5%ofenergytotaln‐3

PUFAintake

CHDPatients  1gLCPUFA/dayfor

secondarypreventionof

CVD

Pregnant&nursing

women

 Atleast200mgDHA/day

Germany GermanSocietyforNutrition

 Expert

Scientific

Organization

Generaladultpopulation  250mgLCPUFA/dayfor

primarypreventionof

CVD

2008

Generaladultpopulation  0.5%ofenergytotaln‐3

PUFAintake

CHDPatients  1gLCPUFA/dayfor

secondarypreventionof

CVD

Pregnant&nursing

women

 Atleast200mgDHA/day

HealthyStart‐YoungFamily

Network

25,45,57



Expert

Scientific

Organization

Pregnantwomen

 tosupplythe

recommended

200mg/dayofDHA,

consume2servings/wk

ofmarinefish,including

atleastoneservingof

fattyseafish(suchas

mackerel,Herring,

sardines,salmon)

 pregnantwomenwhodo

notregularlyconsume

fish,theuseof

supplementswiththe

Omega‐

3fattyacidDHA

isrecommended

2012‐2013

Page7of25



Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

Switzerland SwissSocietyforNutritionResearch

/SwissNutritionAssociation



Expert

Scientific

Organization

Generaladultpopulation  250mgLCPUFA/dayfor

primarypreventionof

CVD

2008

Generaladultpopulation  0.5%ofenergytotaln‐3

PUFAintake

CHDPatients  1gLCPUFA/dayfor

secondarypreventionof

CVD

Pregnant&nursing

women

 Atleast200mgDHA/day

Poland PolishGynecologicalSociety

 Scientific

Organization

PregnantWomen  pregnantwomenatlow

riskofpretermbirth

shouldtakeatleast600

mg/dayDHA

 pregnantwomenathigh

riskofpretermbirth

shouldtakeatleast1000

mg/dayDHA

2014

Belgium SuperiorHealthCouncilofBelgium

 Authoritative

Body

Pregnant&nursing

women

 250mgDHA/day 2004

Generaladultpopulation

(primary

cardioprevention)

 Twoservingsoffatty

fish/wk

secondary

cardioprevention

 1gEPA+DHAperday

Netherlands HealthCounciloftheNetherlands Authoritative

Body

0‐5months

  

 DHA:20mg/kg/day

2001

6‐11months

  N‐3fattyacidsfromfish:

15‐20mg/kg/day

1‐18yearsold

  N‐3fattyacidsfromfish:

15‐20mg/kg/day

19years+

  N‐3fattyacidsfromfish:

20mg/kg/day

Page8of25



Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

Pregnantwomen

  N‐3fattyacidsfromfish:

20mg/kg/day

Lactatingwomen

  N‐3fattyacidsformfish:

20mg/kg/day

Adults



 n‐3fattyacidsfromfish:

450mg/day

2006

Scandinavia NordicCouncilofMinisters

Authoritative

Body

6‐11months  n‐3fattyacidsshould

contributeatleast1E%

2013

12‐23months  n‐3fattyacidsshould

contributeatleast0.5E%

Adultsandchildrenfrom

2yrsofage

 n‐3fattyacidsshould

contributeatleast1.0E%

Pregnant&Lactating

Women

 1E%fromn‐3fattyacids

ofwhich200mg/d

shouldbeDHA

UnitedKingdom BritishNutritionFounda tion

Expert

Scientific

Organization

Adults,19‐50yrs



 onetotwoportionsof

oil‐richfishperweek,

whichwillprovidearound

2‐3goftheverylong

chainn‐3fattyacids

 weeklyintakeof1.5gof

EPA+DHA

1999

CommitteeonMedicalAspectsof

FoodPolicy(COMA)

23

Authoritative

Body

Adults



 atleasttwoportionsof

fish,ofwhichoneshould

beoily,weekly

 n‐3PUFAintake:0.2

g/day

1994

ScientificAdvisoryCommitteeon

Nutrition(SACN)

24

Authoritative

Body



Adults  atleasttwoportionsof

fish,ofwhichoneshould

beoily,weekly

 n‐3PUFAintake:0.45

g/day

2004

NationalInstituteforHealthand Authoritative Peopleathighriskofor  consumeatleasttwo 2008

Page9of25



Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

ClinicalExcellence(May2008)

 Body



withCVD portionsoffishperweek,

includingaportionofoily

fish

JointBritishSocieties

 Expert

Scientific

Organization

GeneralAdult

Population

 Regularintakeoffishand

othersourcesofomega3

fattyacids(atleasttwo

servingsoffishperweek)

2005

IrishHeartFoundation

 Expert

Scientific

Organization

GeneralAdult

Population

 200mg/daylong‐chain

fattyacids



BritishDieteticAssociation

 Expert

Scientific

Organization

GeneralPopulation  TwoPortionsperweekof

fish,oneofwhichshould

beoily;equals~450mg

EPA+DHA

2014

NationalCollaboratingCenterfor

PrimaryCare



Expert

Scientific

Organization

GeneralAdult

Population

 Atleasttwoservingsof

omega‐3fattyacid

containingfishperweek

2007

PeoplewithEstablished

CVD

 Atleasttwoservingsof

omega‐3fattyacid

containingfishperweek

week)

Italy ItalianMinistryofHealth

 Authoritative

Body

PregnantandNursing

Women

 Veganwomenshould

consumefoodsrichin

DHA

2007

Spain SpanishSocietyofIntensiveCare

MedicineandCoronaryUnitsand

SpanishSocietyofParenteraland

EnteralNutrition



Expert

Scientific

Organization

Individualswithacute

coronarysyndromeand

patientswithchronic

heartfailure

 Administrationof1g/day

ofomega‐3(EPA+DHA)in

theformoffishoilcan

preventsuddendeathin

thetreatmentofacute

coronarysyndromeand

canalsohelptoreduce

hospitaladmissionfor

cardiovascular

eventsin

2011

Page10of25



Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

patientswithchronic

heartfailure

SpanishSocietyofIntensiveCare

MedicineandCoronaryUnitsand

SpanishSocietyofParenteraland

EnteralNutrition



Expert

Scientific

Organization

patientswithacutelung

injury(ALI)oracute

respiratorydistress

syndrome(ARDS)

 Anenteraldietenriched

withω‐3dietfattyacids

mayhaveabeneficial

effects

2011

Russia CustomsUnionCommission

 Authoritative

Body

Adults  EPA600mg

 DHA700mg

2010

Brazil BrazilianSocietyofCardiology

 Expert

Scientific

Organization

Patientswithcoronary

arterydisease

 supplementationof1g/

dayofomega‐3(EPA+

DHA)capsules

2007

BrazilianNutrologyAssociation

(ABRAN)



Expert

Scientific

Organization

Womenwhoare

pregnantorlactating

 200mg/dayDHA 2014

Infants<6months 0.2to0.5%oftotallipidsas

DHA

2014

UnitedStates InstituteofMedicine

 Authoritative

Body

Boys&Girls1‐3yrs  ALA:0.7g/dayofwhich~

10%EPA+DHA

2005

Boys&Girls4‐8yrs  ALA:0.9g/dayofwhich~

10%EPA+DHA

Boys9‐13yrs  ALA:1.2g/dayofwhich~

10%EPA+DHA

Boys14‐18yrs  ALA:1.6g/dayofwhich~

10%EPA+DHA

Girls9‐13yrs  ALA:1.0g/dayofwhich~

10%EPA+DHA

Girls14‐18yrs  ALA:1.1g/dayofwhich~

10%EPA+DHA

Adultmen19yrs

 ALA:1.6g/dayofwhich~

10%EPA+DHA

Adultwomen19yrs

 ALA:1.1g/dayofwhich~

10%EPA+DHA

AmericanDiabetesAssociation

 Expert Individualswithdiabetes Eatfish(particularlyfatty 2013

Page11of25



Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

Scientific

Organization

fish)atleasttwotimes(two

servings)perweek.

AcademyofNutritionandDietetics

(formerlyAmericanDietetics

Association)

Expert

Scientific

Organization

GeneralAdult

Population



 500mgEPA+DHAperday 2014

Varied

 Thosewithincreased

requirements(e.g.,pregnant

andlactatingwomenorthose

withdiseasesassociatedwith

pooressentialfattyacid

status)orthoseatriskfor

poorconversion(e.g.,people

withdiabetes)maybenefit

fromdirectsourcesoflong‐

chainn‐3fattyacids,suchas

DHA‐richmicroalgae

2003

MarchofDimes

34

Expert

Scientific

Organization

PregnantandNursing

Women

 200mgDHA/day 2009

NationalHeart,Lung,andBlood

Institute,NationalCholesterol

EducationProgram

35

Authoritative

Body

PersonswithCHDor

multipleriskfactorsfor

CHD



 SupportedAHA

recommendationto

includefishaspartofa

CHDriskreductiondiet.

Higherdietaryintakesof

n‐3PUFAsareanoption

forreducingCHDrisk

2001

Omega‐3FattyAcidsSubco mmittee,

assembledbytheCommitteeon

ResearchonPsychiatricTreatments

oftheAmericanPsychiatric

Association(APA)



Expert

Scientific

Organization

Adults  Eatfish>/=2X/wk 2006

Patientswithmood,

impulsecontrol,or

psychoticdisorders

 1gEPA+DHA/day

AmericanHeartAssociation Expert

Scientific

Organization

AlladultswithoutCHD



 Eatfish(particularlyfatty

fish)atleasttwotimesa

week;includeoilsand

2002

Page12of25



Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

foodsrichinALA

Generaladult

population



 Fishwith500mgormore

ofEPA+DHAper85g(3

ozcooked)canapplyfor

theAHAHeart‐Check

foodcertification

programat

heartcheckmark.org.

unknown

PatientswithCHD



 Consumeapproximately

1g/dayofEPA+DHA

preferablyfromoilyfish.

EPA+DHAsupplements

couldbeconsideredin

consultationwiththe

physician

2002

Patientswithhigh

triglycerides



 2‐4g/dayEPA+DHAas

capsulesundera

physician’scare

2002

Patientswithhigh

triglycerides



 …increasing

consumptionofmarine‐

basedomega‐3

products,…,willfurther

optimizetriglyceride‐

loweringefforts.

2011

CardiovascularDisease

RiskReductionin

Women



 Consumefish,especially

oilyfish,atleasttwicea

week

 Consumptionofomega‐3

fattyacidsintheformof

fishorincapsuleform

maybeconsideredin

womenwith

hypercholesterolemia

2011

Page13of25



Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

and/or

hypertriglyceridemiafor

primaryandsecondary

prevention

PatientswithCoronary

andOther

AtheroscleroticVascular

Disease



 Forallpatients,itmaybe

reasonableto

recommendomega‐3

fattyacidsfromfishor

fishoilcapsules(1g/d)

forCVDriskreduction

2011

U.S.DeptofAgricultureandU.S.

DepartmentofHealthandHuman

Services

40

Authoritative

Body

Generaladultpopulation



 Increasetheamountand

varietyofseafood

consumedbychoosing

seafoodinplaceofsome

meatandpoultry

2010

Pregnantor

breastfeedingwomen

 consumeatleast8and

upto12ouncesofa

varietyofseafoodper

week

ExecutiveOfficeofthePresident

 Authoritative

Body

Generalpopulation

 DietaryGuidelinesand

FoodGuidePyramid

shouldberevisedto

2003

Page14of25



Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

emphasizethebenefits

of…increasing

consumptionoffoods

richinomega‐3fatty

acids

AgencyforHealthcareResearchand

Quality



Authoritative

Body

Generalpopulation

 Fishandfishoil

supplementsreducethe

riskofcardiovascular

disease

2004

AmericanAcademyofPediatrics

 Expert

Scientific

Organization

NursingWomen

 Themother’sdietshould

includeanaveragedaily

intakeof200to300

mgoftheω‐3long‐chain

PUFAs(DHA)to

guaranteeasufficient

concentrationof

preformedDHAin

themilk.Consumptionof

1to2portionsoffish

(e.g.,herring,canned

light

tuna,salmon)per

weekwillmeetthisneed.

Theconcernregarding

thepossibleriskfrom

intakeof

excessivemercuryor

othercontaminants

isoffsetbythe

neurobehavioral

benefitsofanadequate

DHAintakeandcan

beminimizedbyavoiding

theintakeofpredatory

2012

Page15of25



Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

fish(e.g.,pike,marlin,

mackerel,tilefish,

swordfish).

Poorlynourished

mothersorthoseon

selectivevegandietsmay

requireasupplementof

DHAaswellas

multivitamins

Canada



MinisterofNationalHealthand

Welfare,Canada



Authoritative

Body

Generaladultpopulation

 1.2‐1.6g/daytotaln‐3

PUFAs(ALA,EPA,DHA)

1990

 DietitiansofCanada

 Expert

Scientific

Organization

Generaladultpopulation

 500mgn‐3long‐chain

PUFAs/day

2007

India CardiologySocietyofIndia

 Expert

Scientific

Organization

Forpatientswithhigh 

triglyceridesand

patientsafterMIfor

secondaryprevention

 Omega‐3acidethyl

esters(2‐4g/day)

2012

China ChineseNutritionSociety

 Expert

Scientific

Organization

0upto4years

 100mg/dayDHA

2014

18+years

 250–2000mg/day

EPA+DHA

Pregnant&lactating

women

 250mg/dayEPA+DHAof

which200mgshouldbe

DHA

Japan MinistryofHealth,Labourand

Welfare



Authoritative

Body

0‐5months–boysand

girls

 0.9gtotalomega‐3per

day

2014

6‐11months‐boysand

girls

 0.8gtotalomega‐3per

day

1‐2years–Boys

 0.7gtotalomega‐3per

day

1‐2years–Girls

 0.8gtotalomega‐3per

day

Page16of25



Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

3‐5years–Boys

 1.3gtotalomega‐3per

day

3‐5years–Girls

 1.1gtotalomega‐3per

day

6‐7years–Boys

 1.4totalomega‐3perday

6‐7years–Girls

 1.3gtotalomega‐3per

day

8‐9years–Boys

 1.7gtotalomega‐3per

day

8‐9years–Girls

 1.4gtotalomega‐3per

day

10‐11years–Boys

 1.7gtotalomega‐3per

day

10‐11years–Girls

 1.5gtotalomega‐3per

day

12‐14years–Boys

 2.1gtotalomega‐3per

day

12‐14years–Girls

 1.8gtotalomega‐3per

day

15‐17years–Boys

 2.3gtotalomega‐3per

day

15‐17years–Girls

 1.7gtotalomega‐3per

day

Adults(18‐29years)–

Men

 2.0gtotalomega‐3per

day

18‐29years–Women

 1.6gtotalomega‐3per

day

30‐49years–Men

 2.1gtotalomega‐3per

day

30‐49years–Women

 1.6gtotalomega‐3per

day

50‐69years–Men

 2.4gtotalomega‐3per

Page17of25



Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

day

50‐69years–Women

 2.0gtotalomega‐3per

day

Over70years–Men

 2.2gtotalomega‐3per

day

Over70years–Women

 1.9gtotalomega‐3per

day

PregnantWomen

 1.8gtotalomega‐3per

day

NursingWomen

 1.8gtotalomega‐3per

day

AcuteSTSegment

ElevationMyocardial

Infarction



 Increasedintakeof

omega3–fattyacids(1g

daily)isbeneficial.

 Eatfishatleasttwicea

week.

Malaysia MinistryofHealth Authoritative

Body

WomenwithCHD



 omega‐3‐fatty‐acids

(>1gm/day)havebeen

foundtobebeneficial

2007

Managementof

Dyslipidemia



 Adoseof3‐9gm/dayto

lowerTGlevels

 Adoseof0.75‐1gm/day

assecondaryprevention

topreventsuddendeath

2008

Forpeoplewithhighrisk

orsecondaryprevention

 1000mgEPA+DHA/day

assupplementforpeople

whodon’teatfish

2011

Singapore HealthPromotionBoard

 Authoritative

Body

Generalpopulation

 2servings/weekfish

2014

Page18of25



Country/Region Organization Org.Type TargetPopulation Recommendation PublicationDate

Israel IsraelHeartSociety

 Expert

Scientific

Organization

Forthegeneralpublicor

primaryprevention

 500‐1000mgEPA+

DHA/dayasfish

2011



References

1

JointWHO/FAOExpertConsultationonDiet,NutritionandthePreventionofChronicDiseases(2002:Geneva,Switzerland)Diet,nutritionandthe

preventionofchronicdiseases:ReportofajointWHO/FAOexpertconsultation,Geneva,28January‐‐1February2002.WHOtechnicalreportseries916.

[online]Availableat:http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_916.pdf?ua=1



FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(2010).Fatsandfattyacidsinhumannutrition:Reportofanexpertconsultation.FAOFood

andNutritionPaper91.Rome.[online]Availableat:http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1953e/i1953e00.pdf

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

KoletzkoBCetinIandBrennaJTforthePerinatalLipidIntakeWorkingGroup(2007).Consensusstatement‐Dietaryfatintakesforpregnant and

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KoletzkoBLienEAgostoniCBöhlesHCampoyCCetinIDecsiTDudenhausenJWDupontCForsythSHoesliIHolzgreveWLapillonneAPutetGSecher

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AIFSTconferenceJuly2008.[online]Availableat:http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/Fish‐position‐statement.pdf[Accessed

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Forbes‐EwanC.AustralianDefenceForceNutritionalRequirementsinthe21stCentury(Version1).HumanProtectionandPerformanceDivision,

DefenceScienceandTechnologyOrganisation,2009.



deDeckereEAKorverOVerschurenPMandKatanMB(1998).Healthaspectsoffishandn‐3polyunsaturatedfattyacidsfromplantandmarineorigin.

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

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PerkJDeBackerGGohlkeHGrahamIReinerZVerschurenMAlbusCBenlianPBoysenGCifkovaRDeatonCEbrahimSFisherMGermanoGHobbsR,

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theEuropeanSocietyofCardiologyandOtherSocietiesonCardiovascularDiseasePreventioninClinicalPractice(constitutedbyrepresentativesof

nine

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

VandeWerfFBaxJBetriuABlomstrom‐LundqvistCCreaFFalkVFilippatosGFoxKHuberKKastratiARosengrenAStegPGTubaroMVerheugtF

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

persistentST‐segmentelevation:theTaskForceontheManagementofST‐SegmentElevationAcuteMyocardialInfarctionoftheEuropeanSocietyof

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2014]



ReinerZCatapanoALDeBackerGGrahamITaskinenMRWiklundOAgewallSAlegriaEChapmanMJDurringtonPErdineSHalcoxJHobbsRKjekshus 

JFilardiPPRiccardiGStoreyandRFWoodD(2011).ESC/EASGuidelinesforthemanagementofdyslipidaemias:theTaskForceforthe

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dyslipidaemiasoftheEuropeanSocietyofCardiology(ESC)and theEuropeanAtherosclerosisSociety(EAS).EurHeartJ32:1769‐1818.[online]Available

at:http://www.escardio.org/guidelines‐surveys/esc‐guidelines/guidelinesdocuments/guidelines‐dyslipidemias‐ft.pdf[AccessedApril16,2014]



AFFSA(France).Avisdel’Agencefrançaisedesécuritésanitairedesalimentsrelatifàl’actualisationdesapportsnutritionnelsconseilléspourlesacides

gras.[online]Availableat:http://www.anses.fr/Documents/NUT2006sa0359EN.pdf[AccessedOctober11,2013]



D‐A‐CH,2008DeutscheGesellschaftfürErnährung,ÖsterreichischeGesellschaftfürErnährung,SchweizerischeGesellschaftfürErnährungsforschung,

SchweizerischeVereinigungfürErnährung:ReferenzwertefürdieNährstoffzufuhr,Umschau/BrausVerlag,Frankfurt.



SuperiorHealthCouncilofBelgium(2004).Recommendationsandclaimsmadeonomega‐3‐fattyAcids(SHC7945).



HealthCounciloftheNetherlands.Dietaryreferenceintakes:energy,proteins,fats,anddigestiblecarbohydrates.TheHague.HealthCouncilofthe

Netherlands,2001;publicationno.2001/19(inDutch,withasummaryandtableinEnglish).



HealthCounciloftheNetherlands.Guidelinesforahealthydiet2006.TheHague:HealthCounciloftheNetherlands,2006;publicationno.2006/21E.



NordicCouncilofMinisters(2013).NordicNutritionRecommendations2012‐Part1(5

ed).Nord2013:009.[online]Availableat

http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/nord‐2013‐009[accessed11October2013]



BritishNutritionFoundationConferenceheldon1December1999todrawattentiontothebriefingpaperon‘n‐3FattyacidsandHealth’.[online]

Availableat:http://nutrition.org.uk/attachments/156_n‐3%20Fatty%20acids%20and%20health%20summary.pdf[accessedApril16,2014]



CommitteeonMedicalAspectsofFoodPolicy(COMA),DepartmentofHealth.NutritionalAspectsofCardiovascularDisease.Rep ortonHealthand

SocialSubjectsNo46.S.3.7.3P:17London:HMSO1994.



ScientificAdvisoryCommitteeonNutrition.Adviceonfishconsumption:benefitsandrisks2004.London:TheStationaryOffice.[online]Availableat:

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

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