How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

How-To Guide

SAP Business One 8.82 and higher

Document Version: 1.0 – 2012-09-01

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How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory

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How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

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How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Table of Contents

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Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 5

Defining Initial Settings ............................................................................................................................................. 6

Initializing a Perpetual Inventory System ........................................................................................................................... 6

Defining Primary G/L Accounts .......................................................................................................................................... 8

Defining an Opening Inventory Account ............................................................................................................................ 11

Defining Item Defaults ........................................................................................................................................................ 12

Defining Warehouses .......................................................................................................................................................... 13

Drop-Ship Warehouses ......................................................................................................................................... 15

Defining a Default Warehouse .............................................................................................................................. 15

Defining Item Groups .......................................................................................................................................................... 17

Perpetual Inventory System by Moving Average ................................................................................................ 20

Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................. 20

Defining Item Cost When Using Moving Average Valuation Method ............................................................................ 20

Examples of Journal Entry Structures When Using the Moving Average Valuation Method ...................................... 22

Sales Documents .................................................................................................................................................. 22

Purchasing Documents ........................................................................................................................................ 24

Special Scenarios for A/P Documents ............................................................................................................... 29

Inventory Transactions ........................................................................................................................................ 34

Perpetual Inventory System by Standard Price .................................................................................................. 38

Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................. 38

Defining Item Cost when Using the Standard Price Valuation Method ........................................................................ 38

Examples of Journal Entry Structures When Using the Standard Price Valuation Method........................................ 39

Sales Documents .................................................................................................................................................. 40

Purchasing Documents ........................................................................................................................................ 42

Special Scenarios for A/P Documents ................................................................................................................47

Inventory Transactions ......................................................................................................................................... 51

Perpetual Inventory System by FIFO .................................................................................................................... 56

Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................. 56

Defining Item Cost When Using FIFO Valuation Method ................................................................................................ 56

Examples of Journal Entry Structures When Using the FIFO Valuation Method .......................................................... 57

Sales Documents .................................................................................................................................................. 58

Purchasing Documents ........................................................................................................................................ 60

Special Scenarios for A/P Documents ............................................................................................................... 64

Inventory Transactions .........................................................................................................................................67

Handling Small Values ............................................................................................................................................. 72

Handling Small Values for All Valuation Methods ............................................................................................................ 72

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How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Table of Contents

Updating Valuation Methods .................................................................................................................................. 74

Revaluing the Inventory ........................................................................................................................................... 76

Printing Inventory Revaluation Documents ..................................................................................................................... 81

Working with Inventory Audit Reports ..................................................................................................................83

Generating Inventory Audit Reports ................................................................................................................................. 83

Examples of Inventory Audit Reports for Different Calculation Methods ..................................................................... 87

Moving Average ..................................................................................................................................................... 88

Standard Price ....................................................................................................................................................... 89

FIFO 90

Cost of Revaluation Document in Inventory Audit Report .............................................................................................. 91

Unexpected Results in Inventory Audit Report ................................................................................................................ 91

Difference Between Inventory Audit Report and Inventory Account Balance ................................................. 91

Number of Records Returned is Too Large......................................................................................................... 91

Unexpected Results Due to Particular Basic Initial Settings ............................................................................. 91

Working with Inventory Valuation Simulation Reports .......................................................................................95

Working with a Purchase Accounts Posting System .......................................................................................... 99

Defining Purchase Accounts ............................................................................................................................................. 99

Examples for Journal Entry Structures Used When Working with a Purchase Accounts Posting System .............. 100

Goods Receipt POs and A/P Invoices ................................................................................................................ 101

Closing a Goods Receipt PO ............................................................................................................................... 103

Goods Return ....................................................................................................................................................... 104

A/P Credit Memo................................................................................................................................................. 104

Landed Costs ....................................................................................................................................................... 105

Authorizations ......................................................................................................................................................... 107

Database Tables Reference ................................................................................................................................... 108

Copyrights, Trademarks, and Disclaimers .......................................................................................................... 109

How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Introduction

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Introduction

A perpetual inventory system reflects the value of inventory postings in terms of monetary transactions in the

accounting system. These monetary transactions are carried out only when items defined as inventory items are

received or released from stock.

You should determine a perpetual inventory system during basic initialization, before posting any transactions.

SAP Business One provides the following three valuation methods for calculating the inventory value:

Moving Average – Calculates the average cost for the item in each sales, purchasing, inventory, and production

transaction.

Standard Price – Calculates the inventory value by a fixed price, which is then used for all transactions.

FIFO (First In First Out) – With this method, goods purchased first (or produced first) are sold first, regardless of

the actual goods flow.

o Each inventory receipt transaction creates a layer of quantities linked to costs. A FIFO layer is defined as

the quantity of an item in a warehouse with a particular cost value.

o Each inventory release transaction uses quantities and their corresponding costs from the first open layer

or layers.

When you use a perpetual inventory system, SAP Business One lets you do the following:

 Manage the three methods in the same company.

You can select a certain valuation method on the level of item and item group.

 Update the valuation method of your items globally. For more information, see Updating Valuation Methods.

 Update the calculated item cost for each item, if required. For information, see Revaluing the Inventory.

Note

The SAP Business One 8.8 family release includes enhancements and changes in inventory management

regarding the different valuation methods. The changes are described in this document; however, for

more examples, see the document Enhancements in Inventory Management in the documentation area of

SAP Business One Customer Portal at http://service.sap.com/smb/sbocustomer/documentation.

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How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Defining Initial Settings

When you decide to use the perpetual inventory system, employees responsible for logistics and accounting must

analyze the accounting transactions carried out in the background for each inventory transaction. You need to

determine special G/L accounts for the inventory transactions. This influences the settings for warehouses and

item groups.

Initializing a Perpetual Inventory System

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Administration  System Initialization  Company Details 

Basic Initialization tab.

2. To initialize the perpetual inventory system, select the Use Perpetual Inventory checkbox.

Caution

This selection is irreversible after you create an inventory transaction.

3. In the Item Groups Valuation Method dropdown list, select an inventory valuation method.

How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Defining Initial Settings

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The default valuation method of new items is taken from their linked item groups, and the valuation method of

new item groups is the method selected in this field.

The cost calculated for the items is in local currency.

Note

You can change the selected valuation method in the Item Groups Valuation Method field at any time;

however, changes apply only to item groups added after the change, not to the ones added before.

4. To manage the cost of items for each warehouse individually, select the Manage Item Cost per Warehouse

checkbox. When this checkbox is deselected, calculating inventory price is combined for all warehouses.

Caution

This selection is irreversible after you create an inventory transaction.

Example

The following example shows the difference between managing the item cost per company and for each

warehouse individually. The moving average valuation method is used.

Transaction

Manage Item Cost per Company

Manage Item Cost per

Warehouse

Item Cost in

Warehouse 1

Item Cost in

Warehouse 2

 Goods receipt PO 1

 Quantity of 1

 Price 10

 Warehouse 1

 Goods receipt PO 2

 Quantity of 1

 Price 30

 Warehouse 2

20 = (10*1 + 30*1) / 2

To document your inventory transactions on the expenses side as well as to conduct a perpetual inventory

system, select the Use Purchase Accounts Posting System checkbox. When the checkbox is selected, each journal

entry includes additional rows reflecting the company's expenses. For more information, see Working with a

Purchase Accounts Posting System

Note

o Once you have recorded transactions, you cannot modify this setting.

o This checkbox is not relevant for the US and Canada localizations.

5. To allow items to be included in documents such as deliveries or A/R invoices, even when the item cost has

not been defined, select the Allow Stock Release Without Item Cost checkbox.

6. To save your changes, choose the Update button.

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How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Defining Initial Settings

Defining Primary G/L Accounts

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Administration  Setup  Financials  G/L Account

Determination  Inventory tab.

2. Define primary G/L accounts to be selected as defaults in new warehouses, item groups, and items master

data. The following table describes the usage of each account:

Type of Account

Description

Inventory Account

Reflects the actual inventory value recorded in any

inbound or outbound inventory transaction, goods

receipt and issue production.

Cost of Goods Sold Account

Used in A/R outbound or inbound transactions to

reflect the actual inventory value of goods sold. In the

case of based A/R returns, it always reflects the COGS

value from the base document.

Allocation Account

A clearing account used as an offsetting account to the

inventory account only on the A/P side (in goods

receipt POs, goods returns, and in A/P credit memos,

A/P invoices based on goods receipt POs). The

balance of this G/L account reflects the total amount

of open goods receipt POs and goods returns

How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Defining Initial Settings

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Type of Account

Description

Variance Account (Price Difference Account)

Used only with a standard price valuation method. In

certain scenarios, if there are differences between the

standard price and the actual price in purchasing and

inventory documents, these differences are recorded

in the variance account.

Price Difference Account

Used in purchasing transactions to reflect price

differences between target A/P documents or non-

based returns and insufficient inventory levels or

inventory value. With inventory revaluation, this

account is used for debiting or crediting inventory

value of non-existing inventory quantity, if the current

on-hand quantity is either zero or less than the

quantity that is being revaluated by target A/P

document. Price difference amount is then fully or

proportionally posted to the price difference account.

Negative Inventory Adj. Acct

Used to reflect differences between the static price

and inbound or outbound transactions amounts in the

negative zone. This account replaces the price

difference and the exchange rate differences accounts

while relevant scenarios are done in the negative zone.

In such cases, the moving average or FIFO prices are

held static; SAP Business One saves and uses the last

price for the item before zeroing the stock. The

differences between these prices and inventory values

resulting from the addition of new documents are

posted to this account.

Note

This account is not relevant for the standard

price valuation method.

Caution

From an accounting perspective, we do not

recommend using negative inventory.

However, to use negative inventory, deselect

the Block Negative Inventory checkbox in

Administration  System Initialization 

Document Settings  General tab.

Inventory Offset - Decr. Acct

Used to balance the inventory account in case of

outbound inventory transactions (goods issue,

inventory posting).

Inventory Offset - Incr. Acct

Used to balance the inventory account in case of

inbound inventory transactions (goods receipt,

inventory posting).

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How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Defining Initial Settings

Type of Account

Description

Sales Returns Account

Reflects the actual inventory value recorded in A/R

return documents (excluding A/R credit memo based

on A/R reserve invoice).

Purchase Account / Purchase Returns Account / Cost

of Goods Purchased / Purchase Balance Account

When working with the purchase accounts posting

system, you should define the relevant default

accounts. For more information, see Working with a

Purchase Accounts Posting System.

Exchange Rate Differences Account

Used in purchasing transactions to reflect price

differences caused by changes in the exchange rate

between based A/P invoices and insufficient inventory

levels or values.

In certain scenarios, when you create a target

document based on a base document, a difference in

local currency occurs if the following conditions exist:

 The item price is in a foreign currency.

 The target document is connected to a different

exchange rate.

That difference is posted to this account.

This account is only used while item has a positive or

zero in-stock quantity (except when processing based

A/P returns and based A/P credit memos in moving

average price valuation method).

Goods Clearing Account

An offsetting account to the allocation and expense

clearing costs, used when closing goods receipt POs or

goods returns. In this case, no inventory entry is

registered, however, a journal entry is created

including this account.

G/L Decrease Account

Used as balancing account when the stock value is

decreased by a material revaluation transaction.

G/L Increase Account

Used as balancing account when the stock value is

increased by a material revaluation transaction.

WIP Inventory Account

An offsetting account to the inventory account used in

the production process; it reflects the value of a

production order during its various stages.

WIP Inventory Variance Account

This account contains the cost of the direct material,

direct labor, and factory overhead placed into the

products on the factory floor. A manufacturer must

disclose in its financial statements the cost of its work

in process as well as the cost of finished goods and on-

hand materials.

Expense Clearing Account

An offsetting account used as a clearing account for

freight charges influencing inventory value against the

How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Defining Initial Settings

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Type of Account

Description

inventory account in A/P documents, side by side with

the allocation account (A/P reserve invoice excluded,

the Stock in transit account is used instead).

Stock In Transit Account

 Clearing account used as an offsetting account to

the inventory account only in the A/P reserve

invoice and its targets documents). The balance of

this G/L account reflects the total amount of open

A/P reserve invoices.

For examples of usage of the accounts described above, see the following:

 Examples of Journal Entry Structures When Using the Moving Average Valuation Method

 Examples of Journal Entry Structures When Using the Standard Price Valuation Method

 Examples of Journal Entry Structures When Using the FIFO Valuation Method

Note

 The sum of the inventory account balance and the sales returns account balance reflects the total value of

the inventory.

 Due to various user actions, the total balance of the inventory and sales returns accounts might be different

from the inventory audit report. Those differences can be caused by one of the following scenarios:

o The inventory account is involved in a manual journal entry.

o In a service type document, you use a specific account as the inventory or sales returns account, as well

as another account type (for example, as an allocation account), or as the G/L account.

3. On the Purchasing tab, define an expense and inventory account.

This account is used for items managed by the moving average valuation method to reflect specific amount

differences. Those differences are caused when you manually change prices in A/P credit memos that are based

on A/P invoices.

4. To update changes, choose the Update button.

Defining an Opening Inventory Account

You should create an opening inventory G/L account in the chart of accounts. This G/L account is used as

an offsetting account to the warehouse inventory account to which you enter initial quantities.

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Inventory  Inventory Transactions  Inventory Opening

Balances, Inventory Tracking and Inventory Posting  Initial Quantity tab.

2. Specify the selection criteria of items for which you would like to enter initial quantities, and choose the OK

button.

The Initial Quantity window opens.

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How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Defining Initial Settings

3. In the Open Inventory Account field, specify an opening inventory account. The account is automatically

updated in the G/L Account field for all the items you selected. You can manually change the opening

inventory account for each item.

4. To save your changes, choose the Add button.

Note

The opening inventory account should be different from the inventory account. Otherwise, when you

enter an initial quantity, the same account is both credited and debited, producing a zero effect on the

account balance.

Defining Item Defaults

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Administration  System Initialization  General Settings 

Inventory tab.

2. In the Item Defaults area, specify the following information:

Field

Activity/Description

Default Warehouse

In the Default Warehouse dropdown list, choose a

default warehouse. This warehouse is used in all new

transactions. When modified, this setting is updated

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Defining Initial Settings

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Field

Activity/Description

immediately per company, for all users

Note

You can also set a default warehouse at the

item level and at the user level. For more

information, see Defining a Default

Warehouse

Set G/L Accounts By

When modified, this setting is updated immediately

per company, for all users.

In the Set G/L Accounts By dropdown list, choose the

method by which you would like to set the G/L

accounts connected to new item records only:

 Warehouse

The G/L accounts defined in the Warehouses – Setup

window, located under Administration  Setup 

Inventory  Warehouses  Accounting tab.

 Item Group

The G/L accounts defined in the Item Groups – Setup

window, located under Administration  Setup 

Inventory  Item Groups  Accounting tab.

 Item Level

Select this method to define G/L accounts for each

item manually on the Inventory Data tab in the Item

Master Data window.

Note

The list of accounts can be displayed in the

warehouse table. To display the relevant

accounts, click (Form Settings). Those

G/L accounts are enabled only if you choose

the Item Level option.

Auto. Add All Warehouse to New Items

SAP Business One adds all the existing warehouses

to every new item and every new added warehouse to

all the existing items.

Defining Warehouses

To define a new warehouse, do the following:

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Administration → Setup → Inventory → Warehouses.

The Warehouses – Setup window appears.

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How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Defining Initial Settings

In the Warehouse Code field, enter the code of the new warehouse. In the Warehouse Name field, enter the name

of the warehouse.

2. On the General tab, view or define the following:

Note

Fields that are self-explanatory are not described in the table below.

Field/Checkbox

Activity/Description

Nettable

This checkbox is selected by default. It enables the

warehouse to be automatically involved in the MRP

process. If you deselect this checkbox and also

deselect the Drop Ship checkbox, you make this

warehouse a non-nettable warehouse.

Drop Ship

This checkbox is enabled only when the Nettable

checkbox is deselected.

Select this option to define the warehouse as a drop-

ship warehouse. A drop-ship warehouse is used when

the company does not manage inventory, but receives

commission for every order.

Note

You cannot change the setting of the Drop

Ship checkbox after a drop-ship warehouse is

recorded in an existing document.

3. On the Accounting tab, you can define the G/L accounts for the item group. The default G/L accounts are

taken from the G/L Account Determination window.

4. Choose the Add button.

How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Defining Initial Settings

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Drop-Ship Warehouses

Drop shipping entails transferring goods directly from your vendor to your customer without holding the items as

inventory in your warehouses. A drop-ship warehouse does not actually contain items; it is a ‘’virtual’’ warehouse.

The moment the goods ‘’enter’’ the drop-ship warehouse, you ship them to your customer. The system does not

record any inventory postings for documents using this type of warehouse.

To work with drop shipping in SAP Business One, you must create a drop-ship warehouse.

When you work with a perpetual inventory system, documents in which drop-ship warehouses are used create

journal entries that do not reflect the inventory value of the items received or released from a drop-ship

warehouse.

Note

If you manage an item in a drop-ship warehouse as well as in a regular warehouse, inventory postings

occur only when you create documents involving the regular warehouse.

Note

Drop-ship warehouses cannot be used for serial batch numbers and cannot be included in an MRP run.

Defining a Default Warehouse

You can set a default warehouse at three levels:

1. Item level – in the Item Master Data window

2. User level – in the User Defaults window

3. Company level – in the General Settings window (Administration → System Initialization → General Settings →

Inventory tab → Items subtab)

The system takes the default warehouse according to the order above; for a new transaction, the system takes

the default warehouse from the item level. If an item does not have a defined default warehouse at the item level, it

takes the default warehouse from the user level. If there is no default warehouse defined at the user level, it takes

the default warehouse defined in the general settings.

Defining a Default Warehouse in General Settings

For information about how to define the default warehouse in the general settings, see Defining Item Defaults.

Defining a Default Warehouse at User Level

From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Administration → Setup → General → User Defaults.

The User Defaults window appears.

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How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Defining Initial Settings

For any new user defaults code, you can define a default warehouse in the Warehouse field, as shown in the

window above.

You can change this setting for an existing user defaults code at any time. However, the change applies to new

transactions only. If you create a document based on a document that was created before the change, the

warehouse from the base document is used.

Defining a Default Warehouse at Item Level

To choose a default warehouse for an item, do the following:

1. Open the Item Master Data window of the relevant item.

2. On the Inventory tab, select the row of the warehouse you would like to set as the default.

How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Defining Initial Settings

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Choose the Set Default Whse button.

The row of the default warehouse is now displayed in bold.

3. Choose the Update button.

You can change this setting at any time. However, the change applies to new transactions only. If you create a

document based on a document that was created before the change, the warehouse from the base document is

used.

Defining Item Groups

You can classify all or part of your inventory into item groups. For example, you can create groups that

correspond to your business areas and assign the items to a business area using the group, or you can classify

similar items to one general group. You can use the groups to format your reports and evaluations and to process

items together as a group.

Whenever you create an item that belongs to a group, the item draws the defaults set from the item group, for

example, the valuation method, the G/L account, the default warehouse and so on.

To create an item group:

1. From the Business One Main Menu, choose Administration → Setup → Inventory → Item Groups.

The Item Groups – Setup window appears.

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Defining Initial Settings

2. In the Item Group Name field, enter the name of the group you want to create.

3. On the General tab, view or specify the following information:

Field/Checkbox

Activity/Description

Planning Method

 MRP - Select this if you want this item group to be

planned by MRP.

 None - Select this if you do not want this item

group to be planned by MRP.

Procurement

 Make – Select this if you want MRP to generate

production order recommendations for this item

group.

 Buy – Select this if you want MRP to generate

purchase order recommendations for the item

group.

Order Interval

Select one of the defined intervals or select Define New

to open the Order Interval - Setup window. In MRP

calculations, the system automatically groups the

recommended orders into interval periods and

arranges orders within the same period into the first

working day of that period.

Order Multiple

Enter the numeric value to define the size of the lots

for the MRP.

Minimum Order Qty

Enter the value to define the minimum lot size.

Lead Time

Enter the number of days to calculate the duration of

time from ordering a product to the time when the

product is received or produced.

Cycle Group

Select an inventory cycle for this group. The inventory

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Defining Initial Settings

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Field/Checkbox

Activity/Description

cycles define and schedule inventory counts.

Alert

Activates alert notifications of inventory counts for this

group.

Default Valuation Method

Select the default valuation method for the item group.

Note

You can change the valuation method for a

group at any time. However, the change

applies only to the relevant items that you

create after the change, not retroactively

4. On the Accounting tab, define the G/L accounts for the item group, if necessary. The item group draws the

default G/L accounts from the Inventory tab of the G/L Account Determination window.

5. Choose the Add button.

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How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Perpetual Inventory System by Moving Average

Overview

When managing a perpetual inventory system by moving average, an inventory receipt posting debits the

inventory account of each warehouse according to the price entered in the document. This price also updates the

item cost. An inventory release posting credits the inventory/sales returns account according to the item cost.

Note

Due to various user actions, the item cost per item, as displayed on the Inventory Data tab in the Item

Master Data window, might be different from the moving average price per item calculated by the

inventory valuation simulation report. For example, working with negative inventory could be a cause of

those differences.

Defining Item Cost When Using Moving Average Valuation Method

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Inventory  Item Master Data  Inventory Data tab.

2. Create a new item.

3. From the Valuation Method dropdown list, choose Moving Average.

The default inventory valuation method of a new item is taken from its linked item group. For information about

the valuation method of a new item group, see Defining Item Groups.

Note

It is possible to change the valuation method of an item at any time, as long as the item is not linked to any

open documents (goods receipt PO, delivery, return and goods return) and its in-stock quantity is zero.

4. If in the Company Details window, the Manage Item Cost per Warehouse checkbox is selected, the item cost is

calculated separately for each warehouse and is displayed in the warehouse row in the table.

How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Perpetual Inventory System by Moving Average

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If the button is deselected, a single item cost is managed for all the warehouses and is displayed above the

warehouses table.

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How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Perpetual Inventory System by Moving Average

5. Choose the Add button.

Note

You cannot enter the item cost into the Item Master Data window manually for an item with moving

average price valuation. Hence, the default cost of a newly created item without any transactions is zero.

You can set the item cost in two ways:

o Incoming inventory transaction – Any incoming inventory transaction sets the current moving

average price. If your initial settings allow negative inventory, an outgoing transaction takes the

current moving average price, which is zero, regardless of the item price entered in the document.

o Inventory revaluation – You can perform inventory revaluation for a new item to set its cost. For more

information, see Revaluing the Inventory.

Examples of Journal Entry Structures When Using the Moving

Average Valuation Method

The moving average valuation method takes the weighted average of all units available for sale to determine the

item cost. SAP Business One saves the cumulative quantity and the cumulative value of the item in stock. The

item cost is the quotient of the cumulative value divided by the cumulative quantity.

The moving average price is calculated as follows:

Prerequisites

The following prerequisites apply to all the described examples:

 The business partner is tax exempted.

 The initial settings were defined as follows:

o In the Company Details window, on the Basic Initialization tab:

o The Use Purchase Accounts Posting System is deselected.

o The Use Negative Amount for Reverse Transaction is selected.

o The G/L accounts set for the items are by warehouse. For more information, see Defining Item Defaults.

 The G/L account code and name, ‘13400000-01-001-01', 'Inventory – Finished Goods' relates to the

release/receipt of items from/to warehouse 01.

 There are sufficient in-stock quantities of all the items involved in the scenarios below.

Sales Documents

Delivery and Delivery Based on a Return

The following journal entry is created when you add a delivery:

How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Perpetual Inventory System by Moving Average

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The amounts in the Debit and Credit columns are calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item in the

delivery document by its item cost.

The item cost in the delivery based on a return is taken from the return document. It updates the moving average

price.

Return and Return Based on a Delivery

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add a return:

The amounts in the Debit and Credit columns are calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item in the

delivery document by its item cost.

A return based on a delivery creates a transaction with the item cost taken from the base document. It updates

the moving average price.

If the return is the first transaction for an item, the cost and transaction value are zero. However, the item cost can

be set to a positive value using the inventory revaluation document; then the newly set item cost is used in the first

transaction for this item.

A/R Invoice Based on a Delivery

When basing an A/R invoice on a delivery, no inventory posting is created; thus, only a regular journal entry is

created in the accounting system.

A/R Invoice

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add an A/R invoice that is not based on a delivery:

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Note

This journal entry includes both the delivery’s inventory transaction and the invoice’s accounting

transaction.

A/R Credit Memo Based on a Return

When basing an A/R credit memo on a return, no inventory posting is created; thus, only a regular credit journal

entry is created in the accounting system.

A/R Credit Memo and A/R Credit Memo Based on an A/R Invoice

The following journal entry is created when you add an A/R credit memo:

The credit and debit amounts of both the sales returns and the cost-of-goods-sold accounts are calculated by

multiplying the quantity of each item in the document by its item cost.

Note

This scenario is not relevant for an A/R credit memo based on an A/R reserve invoice. A credit memo

based on an A/R invoice created a transaction with the item cost taken from the base document. It also

updates the moving average price.

Purchasing Documents

Goods Receipt PO

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add a goods receipt PO:

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The Debit and Credit amounts are calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item in the document by the price

specified in the goods receipt PO.

The allocation account functions as a temporary alternative to the vendor's account, which is cleared only after

you create a corresponding A/P invoice or goods return document.

Goods Receipt PO with Freight

A goods receipt PO with freight behaves like any other goods receipt PO document. In addition, the freight amount

recorded in the journal entry is the global amount of additional expenses for the entire quantity. The expenses

clearing account is a clearing account recorded counter to the inventory account.

Goods Receipt PO Based on Goods Return

A goods receipt purchase order based on a goods return uses the cost price from the goods return document.

Goods Return and Goods Return with Freight

In the following example, the item cost is 100 and the item price in the document is 150. The following journal

entry is created automatically when you add a goods return:

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The value of items returned in a non-based goods return is the current item cost calculated for the item and not

the unit price entered in the goods return document.

Goods Return Based on a Goods Receipt PO

Note

This journal entry is identical to the entry created by a goods receipt PO, only reversed.

The item is released from the inventory with the base document price.

Goods Return Based on a Goods Receipt PO with Freight

The item is released from the inventory with the base document price.

A/P Invoice Based on a Goods Receipt PO

When basing an A/P invoice on a goods receipt PO, the allocation costs account is debited, counter to the

vendor's account, which is credited:

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Note

The allocation account functions as a clearing account. In this example, it is debited by the amount in

which it was credited in the goods receipt PO.

If the price is changed in the A/P invoice, the inventory account is affected and the moving average price is

updated.

A/P Invoice

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add an A/P invoice that is not based on a goods

receipt PO:

The amount of the debited inventory account is calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item by the price

specified in the A/P invoice.

A/P Invoice with Freight

An A/P invoice with freight behaves like any other A/P invoice. In addition, the expenses clearing account is not

recorded in this journal entry since the inventory account reflects the item prices, including freight. As mentioned

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earlier, the expenses clearing account is a clearing account, and this journal entry recorded the final values for

affecting the inventory valuation. Therefore, no intermediate accounts are recorded here.

A/P Credit Memo Based on a Goods Return with or without Freight

In the following example, you base an A/P credit memo on a goods return. The item price in the goods return is 90

with a freight amount of 10, and the item cost is 80. The following journal entry is created automatically:

The price difference account is debited by the document total including freight charges minus the amount posted

to the inventory account in the goods return.

Note

The allocation account functions as a clearing account. In this example, it is debited by the amount in

which it was credited in the goods return.

A/P Credit Memo

In the following example, you create an A/P credit memo. The item price in the A/P credit memo is 70, and the

item cost is 100. The following journal entry is created automatically:

The amount of the debited inventory account is calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item in the

document by its item cost. The value of items returned is calculated from the current moving average price, not

the price entered in the document.

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A/P Credit Memo Based on an A/P Invoice

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add an A/P credit memo that is not based on a

goods return:

The item is released from the inventory with the base document price.

A/P Credit Memo with Freight and A/P Credit Memo Based on A/P

Invoice with Freight

The price difference account is debited by the document total including freight charges minus the amount posted

to the inventory account in the A/P invoice.

The item is released from the inventory with the base document price.

Special Scenarios for A/P Documents

A/P Invoice Based on a Goods Receipt PO – Exchange Rate

Differences

A difference in the local currency amount results from the following situation:

 You create an A/P invoice for a foreign currency vendor based on a goods receipt PO.

 In the invoice, the item price is defined with a foreign currency.

 The A/P invoice is connected to a different exchange rate from the one defined for the goods receipt PO.

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In the following example, the local currency for your company is US dollars. A goods receipt PO was created for

Foreign Vendor, whose currency is the euro. The goods receipt PO contains the following information:

 The posting date is July 1st. The exchange rate for that day is 1.

 1 unit of Item1 is managed by the moving average valuation method.

 The item price in the document is EUR 100.

On July 11th, an A/P invoice was created for the vendor, based on the goods receipt PO from July 1st, and the

exchange rate on that day is 2.

There are four possible scenarios for this situation:

 The quantity of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is less than or equal to their

quantity in stock.

In the example, the quantity in stock is 2. Since the actual inventory valuation changes in this situation, the

inventory account is affected accordingly.

 The quantity in stock of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is zero.

Since there is no quantity in stock and the actual inventory valuation does not change in this situation; the

exchange rate differences account is affected accordingly.

 The quantity in stock of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is negative.

In the example, the quantity in stock is (-2). Since the in-stock quantity is negative and the actual inventory

valuation does not change in this situation, the negative inventory adjustment account is affected accordingly

 The quantity of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is greater than their quantity in

stock.

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In the example, the quantity in stock is 1. For this scenario, the quantity of the item in the documents is 2.

Since the actual inventory valuation changes only for the existing quantity in stock, the inventory account is

affected by the existing quantity and the exchange rate differences account is affected by the remaining

quantity.

Note

The above scenarios are also relevant for copying a goods return to an A/P credit memo.

A/P Invoice Based on a Goods Receipt PO – Price Differences

When copying a goods receipt PO to an A/P invoice, there might be a difference between the item prices

recorded in the goods receipt PO and their prices in the A/P invoice.

In the following example, a goods receipt PO was created for 1 unit of Item1, with a price of 100. In an A/P invoice

based on that goods receipt PO, the price was changed to 150.

There are four possible scenarios for this situation:

 The quantity of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is less than or equal to their

quantity in stock.

In the example, the quantity in stock is 2. Since the actual inventory valuation changes in this situation, the

inventory account is affected accordingly

 The quantity in stock of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is zero.

Since there is no quantity in stock and the actual inventory valuation does not change in this situation, the

price difference account is affected accordingly.

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 The quantity in stock of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is negative.

In the example, the quantity in stock is (-2). Since the in-stock quantity is negative and the actual inventory

valuation does not change in this situation, the negative inventory adjustment account is affected accordingly.

 The quantity of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is greater than their quantity in

stock.

In the example, the quantity in stock is 1 and the quantity of the item in the documents is 2. Since the actual

inventory valuation changes only for the existing quantity in stock, the inventory account is affected by the

existing quantity and the price difference account is affected by the remaining quantity.

Note

The above scenarios are also relevant for copying a goods return to an A/P credit memo

Closing a Goods Receipt PO or a Goods Return

When closing a goods receipt PO or a goods return, no inventory posting is registered; however, a journal

entry is created to clear the allocation costs account:

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Note

o The above scenario is applied whether or not the goods return includes freight.

o When a goods receipt PO is closed, the amounts are the same as when a goods return is closed, but each

amount appears with a positive sign.

o To close a goods receipt PO or a goods return, use one of the following methods:

o Right-click the window and choose Close.

o From the Data menu, choose Close.

Closing a Goods Receipt PO with Freight

A/P Credit Memo Based on an A/P Invoice when Changing the

Freight Amount

In the following example, an A/P invoice was created for Item1 with a price of 100, and the freight amount in the

invoice is 10. An A/P credit memo was created based on that invoice, and the freight was changed to 20.

The expense and inventory account reflects the changes made in the freight amount.

Note

The expense and inventory account can be defined in the G/L Account Determination window on the

General subtab of the Purchasing tab.

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Inventory Transactions

Goods Receipt

The Debit and Credit amounts are calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item in the document by the

prices specified in the goods receipt.

Goods Issue

The amount in the Debit and Credit columns is calculated by multiplying the quantity of each one of the items in

the goods issue by their item cost.

Inventory Transfer

If you had specified different inventory accounts for your different warehouses, the inventory transfer transaction

would have credited the inventory account of the release warehouse and debited the inventory account of the

receipt warehouse. The release/receipt price is set by the moving average price of the item in the release

warehouse.

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Note

If you manage the item cost per warehouse, inventory transfer changes the moving average price. The

item cost in the receiving warehouse is calculated as follows: (stock value of the item in receiving

warehouse + received value) / new quantity in the receiving warehouse.

Entering Initial Quantities and Inventory Postings

 A positive initial quantity creates the following journal entry:

The amount in the Credit and the Debit columns is calculated by multiplying the amounts of the Initial Quantity

and the Price fields of each item in the Initial Quantity window.

 A negative initial quantity creates the following journal entry:

The price of the item is defined by its item cost.

Note

If the Allow Initial Quantities without Price checkbox is selected and no price is entered for the items, it is

not necessary to specify an opening inventory account. Notice that no monetary transaction is created in

the accounting system in this scenario.

If you would like to record initial quantities, including price, you must choose an opening inventory G/L

account manually.

 A positive inventory posting where the counted quantity is greater than the existing In Whse quantity creates

the following journal entry:

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A negative inventory posting where the counted quantity is less than the existing in-stock quantity (the In

Whse field) creates the following journal entry:

Landed Costs

For information about landed costs, see the online help for SAP Business One.

Production

In a production order for a production bill of materials item, the parent item price is calculated according to

the moving average prices of its child items. You cannot change this price.

In the following examples, both the parent and child items are defined with Moving Average as their inventory

valuation method.

The two methods for issuing items in production orders are manual and backflush. For more information, see

the online help for SAP Business One.

 Manual

With this method, you should document the receipt of the parent item and the release of the child items.

o Issue for production

The amounts in the Debit and Credit columns are calculated by multiplying the quantity of each child item by

its item cost and summing the resulting product for all child items.

o Receipt from production

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The amounts in the Debit and Credit columns are calculated by multiplying the quantity of each child item

by its item cost and summing the resulting product for all child items.

Note

When you close a production order, if there is a difference between the actual component cost and the

actual product cost, an additional journal entry is recorded for the price difference:

For example, the parent item comprises 1 child item with a quantity of 2. The price of the child item is 50.

You issue a receipt for the product before issuing the child item. During the receipt from production, the

value in the Actual Product Cost field on the Summary tab of the Production Order window is 2 X 50=100.

Before you issue the child item, its cost is changed to 75. During the issue for production, the journal entry

created for the child item release was calculated as 2 X 75 = 150. This value is saved in the Actual

Component Cost field on the Summary tab of the Production Order window.

When the production order is closed, the difference between the costs [2 X (50 minus 75) = -50] is

recorded in the WIP inventory variance account, while the WIP inventory account is cleared.

 Backflush

With this method, when the production order is completed, the inventory account of the parent item

warehouse is debited and the inventory account of the child warehouses is credited. The release/receipt price

is set by the moving average prices of the child items. With this method, there is no issue for production;

however, the above two journal entries are always created.

Working with Negative Inventory

The item quantity in stock can go negative on the company level if you are not running item cost per

warehouse (the Manage Cost per Warehouse checkbox is deselected), or on the warehouse level if you are

running item cost per warehouse (the Manage Item Cost per Warehouse checkbox is selected).

If the item quantity in stock is negative, SAP Business One uses the static price – the last price which was

used for the item before zeroing the stock. As long as the inventory level is negative, any transaction does not

update the moving average price.

In the journal entry, the difference between the document or transaction balance and the value posted to the

inventory account (in case of negative values) is posted to the negative inventory adjustment account.

The moving average item price cannot be changed through material revaluation, as long as the item is in the

negative zone.

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Perpetual Inventory System by Standard Price

Overview

SAP Business One lets you work with the standard price method for calculating your inventory value.

A standard (fixed) price should be entered in each item record, thus influencing every inventory posting. An

inventory receipt created with a different price than the standard price set for the item debits the inventory

account according to the standard price. In addition, the difference between the standard price and the actual

receipt price is recorded in a variance or a price difference account. Inventory releases are recorded according to

the standard price.

Defining Item Cost when Using the Standard Price Valuation

Method

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Inventory  Item Master Data  Inventory Data tab.

2. Create a new item.

3. From the Valuation Method dropdown list, choose Standard.

The default inventory valuation method of a new item is taken from its linked item group. For information, see

Defining Item Groups.

Note

As long as an item is not linked to any open documents and its In Stock quantity is zero, it is possible to

change its valuation method at any time.

4. In the Item Cost field, specify the standard price.

If you select the Manage Item Cost per Warehouse checkbox, the standard price is calculated separately in

each warehouse and is displayed in the warehouse row in the table.

In this case, after specifying a value in the Item Cost field, you can update this item cost to all warehouses.

Alternatively, you can set a different standard price manually for each warehouse.

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Note

It is recommended to specify or update standard price by means of a material revaluation document,

rather than using the Item Master Data window. The change log of item master data can be deleted at

some point and the information about item cost change can be lost. If the item cost is changed by

material revaluation, this information cannot be deleted.

Examples of Journal Entry Structures When Using the Standard

Price Valuation Method

The standard price valuation method uses a fixed price based on the defined cost for the item to valuate the

warehouse inventories.

Prerequisites

The following prerequisites apply for all the described examples:

 The business partner is tax exempted.

 The initial settings are defined as follows:

o In the Company Details window, on the Basic Initialization tab:

o The Use Purchase Accounts Posting System checkbox is deselected.

o The Use Negative Amount for Reverse Transaction is selected.

o The G/L accounts set for the items are by warehouse. For information, see Defining Item Defaults.

 The item's standard price is 100.

 The G/L account code and name, ‘13400000-01-001-01', 'Inventory – Finished Goods' relates to the

release/receipt of items from/to warehouse 01.

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 There are sufficient quantities in stock of all the items involved in the scenarios below.

Note

No journal entry reflecting the inventory value is created by a document containing items with Standard

as their inventory valuation method, but with no item cost defined for them.

Sales Documents

Delivery and Delivery Based on a Return

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add a delivery:

The debit and credit amounts are calculated as a multiplication of each one of the items in the delivery by the

standard price of each item.

Return or Return Based on a Delivery

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add a return:

The debit and credit amounts are calculated as a multiplication of each item in the delivery by the standard price

of each item.

A/R Invoice Based on a Delivery

When basing an A/R invoice on a delivery, no inventory posting is created; thus, only a regular journal entry is

created in the accounting system.

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A/R Invoice

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add an A/R invoice that is not based on a delivery:

Note

This journal entry includes both the delivery's inventory transaction and the invoice's accounting

transaction.

A/R Credit Memo Based on a Return

When basing an A/R credit memo on a return, no inventory posting is created; thus, only a regular credit journal

entry is created in the accounting system.

A/R Credit Memo and A/R Credit Memo Based on an A/R Invoice

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add an A/R credit memo that is not based on a

return:

Note

This scenario is not relevant for an A/R credit memo based on an A/R reserve invoice

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Purchasing Documents

Goods Receipt PO

The following example displays a case in which the item's price, as recorded in the goods receipt PO, varies from

the item's standard price set in the Item Master Data window:

 The price in the goods receipt PO is 150.

 The standard price of the item is 100.

Note

The allocation account functions as a temporary alternative for the vendor's account, which is cleared

only after you create a corresponding A/P invoice.

Goods Receipt PO with Freight

This example relates to the same example as described above for the goods receipt PO:

The freight amount recorded in the journal entry is the global amount of additional expenses for the entire

quantity. The expenses clearing account is recorded counter to the inventory account.

Goods Return and Goods Return with Freight

In the following example, the item price, as recorded in the goods return, varies from the standard price of the set

in the Item Master Data window:

 The item price in the goods return is 150.

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 The standard price of the item is 100.

The debit and credit amounts are calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item in the document by its

current cost, and not the item price entered in the goods return document. Since the current cost is used, any

freight addition has no effect on the allocation and inventory accounts.

Goods Return Based on a Goods Receipt PO

This example relates to the same example as described above for the goods receipt PO.

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add a goods return according to above-described

scenario:

1.1.1.1 Goods Return Based on a Goods Receipt PO with Freight

This example relates to the same example as described for the goods receipt PO.

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add a goods return according to the scenario

described above for a goods receipt PO:

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A/P Invoice Based on a Goods Receipt PO

When you base an A/P invoice on a goods receipt PO, the allocation account is debited counter to the vendor

account, which is credited:

The allocation account functions as a clearing account. In this example, it is debited by the amount in which it was

credited in the goods receipt PO.

A/P Invoice Based on a Goods Receipt PO with Freight

Note

In addition to the expense clearing account, the allocation account also acts as a clearing account. In this

example, these accounts are debited by the amounts in which they were credited in the goods receipt PO.

A/P Invoice

The following example displays a case in which the item's price, as recorded in the A/P invoice, varies from the

item's standard price.

 The price in the A/P invoice is 150.

 The standard price of the item is 100.

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The amount of the debited inventory account is calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item by the

standard price of the item. The amount of the debited variance account is calculated by multiplying the

quantity of each item by the difference between the price of the item in the A/P invoice and the standard price

of the item.

A/P Invoice with Freight

This example relates to the same example as described for the A/P invoice.

The expenses clearing account is not recorded in this journal entry since the inventory account reflects the item

prices, including freight. As mentioned earlier, the expenses clearing account is a clearing account, and this

journal entry recorded the final values for affecting the inventory valuation. Therefore, no intermediate accounts

are recorded here.

A/P Credit Memo Based on a Goods Return

When you base an A/P credit memo on a goods return, the journal entry created automatically is identical to the

one created by an A/P invoice based on a goods receipt PO, only reversed:

The allocation account functions as a clearing account. In this example, it is debited by the amount in which it was

credited in the goods returns.

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A/P Credit Memo Based on a Goods Return with Freight

The variance account is credited or debited by the document total, including freight charges, minus the amount

that was posted to the inventory account in the goods return.

A/P Credit Memo and A/P Credit Memo Based on an A/P Invoice

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add an A/P credit memo that is not based on a

goods return:

A/P Credit Memo with Freight and A/P Credit Memo Based on A/P

Invoice with Freight

The expenses clearing account is not recorded in this journal entry since the inventory account reflects the item

prices, including freight. As mentioned earlier, the expenses clearing account is a clearing account, and this

journal entry recorded the final values for affecting the inventory valuation. Therefore, no intermediate G/L

accounts are recorded here.

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Special Scenarios for A/P Documents

A/P Invoice Based on a Goods Receipt PO – Exchange Rate

Differences

The following situation results in a difference in the local currency amount:

 You create an A/P invoice for a foreign currency vendor based on a goods receipt PO.

 In the invoice, the item price is defined with a foreign currency.

 The A/P invoice is connected to an exchange rate different from the one defined for the goods receipt PO.

In the following example, the local currency for your company is US dollars. A goods receipt PO was created for

Foreign Vendor, whose currency is the euro. The goods receipt PO contains the following information:

 The posting date is July 1st. The exchange rate for that day is 1.

 1 unit of Item1 is managed by the standard price valuation method.

 The item price in the document is EUR 100.

On July 11th, an A/P invoice was created for the vendor, based on the goods receipt PO from July 1st; the

exchange rate on that day is 2.

The four possible scenarios for this situation are as follows:

 The quantity of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is less than or equal to their

quantity in stock.

In the example, the quantity in stock is 2. Since the actual inventory valuation changes in this situation, the

variance account is affected accordingly.

 The in-stock quantity of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is zero.

Since there is no quantity in stock and the actual inventory valuation does not change in this situation, the

exchange rate differences account is affected accordingly.

 The quantity in stock of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is negative.

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The exchange rate differences account is affected the same way as if the item’s quantity in stock is zero.

 The quantity of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is greater than their quantity in

stock.

 In the example, the quantity in stock is 1 and the quantity of the item in the documents is 2. Since the actual

inventory valuation changes only for the existing quantity in stock, the variance account is affected by the

existing quantity and the exchange rate differences account is affected by the remaining quantity.

Note

The above scenarios are also relevant for copying a goods return to an A/P credit memo.

A/P Invoice Based on a Goods Receipt PO – Price Differences

When copying a goods receipt PO to an A/P invoice, there might be a difference between the item prices

recorded in the goods receipt PO and their prices in the A/P invoice.

In the following example, a goods receipt PO was created for 1 unit of Item1 and its price was 100. In an A/P

invoice based on that goods receipt PO, the price was changed to 150.

There are four possible scenarios for this situation:

 The quantity of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is less than or equal to the

quantity in stock.

In the example, the quantity in stock is 2. Since the actual inventory valuation changes in this situation, the

variance account is affected accordingly.

 The quantity in stock of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is zero.

Since there is no quantity in stock and the actual inventory valuation does not change in this situation, the

price difference account is affected accordingly.

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 The quantity in stock of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is negative.

In the example, the quantity in stock is -2. The journal entry recorded is the same as the journal entry

recorded when the in-stock quantity is positive. Therefore, the variance account is affected accordingly.

 The quantity of the items copied from the goods receipt PO to the A/P invoice is greater than the quantity in

stock.

In the example, the quantity of the item in the documents is 2, and the quantity in stock is 1. Since the actual

inventory valuation changes only for the existing quantity in stock, the variance account is affected by the

existing quantity, and the price difference account is affected by the remaining quantity.

Note

The above scenarios are also relevant for copying a goods return to an A/P credit memo.

Closing a Goods Receipt PO or a Goods Return

When a goods receipt PO or a goods return is closed, no inventory posting is registered; however, a journal

entry is created to clear the allocation costs account:

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Note

o The above scenario is applied whether or not the goods return includes freight.

o When a goods receipt PO is closed, the amounts are the same as when a goods return is closed, but each

amount appears with a positive sign.

o To close a goods receipt PO or a goods return, use one of the following methods:

o Right-click the window and choose Close.

o From the Data menu, choose Close.

Closing a Goods Receipt PO with Freight

A/P Credit Memo Based on an A/P Invoice when Changing the

Freight Amount

In the following example, an A/P invoice was created for Item1 with a price of 100, and the freight amount in the

invoice is 10. An A/P credit memo was created based on that invoice, and the freight was changed to 20.

The variance account reflects the final freight amount.

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Inventory Transactions

Goods Receipt

The following example displays a case in which the item's price, as recorded in the goods receipt, varies from the

item's standard price:

 The price in the goods receipt is 150.

 The standard price of the item is 100.

The amount of the debited inventory account is calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item by the

standard price of the item. The amount of the debited variance account is calculated by multiplying the quantity

of each item by the difference between the price of the item in the goods receipt and the standard price of the

item.

Goods Issue

The debit and credit amounts are calculated as a multiplication of each item in the goods issue by its standard

price.

Inventory Transfer

If you had selected different inventory accounts for your different warehouses, the inventory transfer transaction

credits the inventory account of the release warehouse and debits the inventory account of the receipt

warehouse. The release/receipt price is set by the standard price of each item.

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Note

If the item's standard price in the release warehouse is different from its standard price in the receipt

warehouse, this difference is recorded in the variance account of the receipt warehouse.

Entering Initial Quantities and Inventory Postings

 A positive initial quantity with the following data creates the journal entry shown below:

o The price in the Initial Quantity window is 120.

o The standard price of the item is 100.

The amount of the debited inventory account is calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item by the

standard price of the item. The amount of the debited variance account is calculated by multiplying the

quantity of each item by the difference between the price of the item and its standard price.

 A negative initial quantity creates the following journal entry

The amounts in the Debit and Credit columns are calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item by its

standard price.

 A positive inventory posting, where the counted quantity is greater than the quantity in stock, with the

following data, creates the journal entry shown below:

o The inventory difference price is 120.

o The standard price of the item is 100.

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The amount of the debited inventory account is calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item by the

standard price of the item. The amount of the debited variance account is calculated by multiplying the

quantity of each item by the difference between the price of the item in the inventory posting and the

standard price of the item.

 A negative inventory posting creates the following journal entry:

The amounts in the Debit and Credit columns are calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item by its

standard price.

Landed Costs

For information about landed costs, see the online help for SAP Business One.

Production

In a production order for a production bill of materials item, the parent item price is calculated according to the

standard price of its child items. You cannot change this price.

In the following examples, both the parent and child items are defined with the Standard valuation method.

The two methods for issuing items in production orders are manual and backflush. For more information, see the

online help for SAP Business One.

 Manual

With this method, you should document the receipt of the parent item and the release of the child items.

o Issue for production

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The amounts in the debit and credit columns are calculated by multiplying the quantity of each child item

by its standard price and summing the resulting product for all child items.

o Receipt from production

If there is a defined standard price for the parent item, the amounts in the Debit and Credit columns are

calculated by multiplying the quantity of the parent item by its standard price. If no standard price is

defined for the parent item, the amounts in the Debit and Credit columns are calculated by multiplying the

quantity of each child item by its item cost and summing the resulting product for all child items.

Note

If the item cost of the parent item is different from the total value of its child items, an additional journal

entry is recorded for the price difference:

For example, the parent item comprises 1 child item with a quantity of 2. The cost of a child item is 100,

and the cost of the parent item is 200.

During the issue for production, the journal entry created for the release of the child items is calculated as

2X100 = 200. This value is saved in the Actual Component Cost field on the Summary tab of the

Production Order window.

During the receipt from production, the parent item’s cost is changed to 250. This value is saved in the

Actual Product Cost field on the Summary tab of the Production Order window.

When the production order is closed, the difference between the costs [250 minus 200 = 50] is recorded

in the WIP inventory variance account, while the WIP inventory account is cleared.

 Backflush

With this method, when the production order is completed, the inventory account of the parent item

warehouse is debited and the inventory account of the child warehouse is credited. The release/receipt

price is set by the standard prices of the child items.

With this method, there is no issue for production; however, the above 2 journal entries are always

created.

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Working with Negative Inventory

If the item quantity in stock is negative, the journal entry recorded by the creation of a receipt inventory is not

different from one that is recorded when the item’s in-stock quantity is positive

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Perpetual Inventory System by FIFO

Overview

With the FIFO method, the first unit added to the inventory is the first to be sold.

The inventory comprises FIFO layers. Each layer contains the following information:

 The entry date of the layer

 The item cost for that layer

 The open quantity – the number of items in the layer

When this number is 0, the layer is closed.

The open value – the product of the item cost of the layer and its open quantity

Each inventory receipt transaction creates a new layer. Each inventory release transaction uses quantities

and their corresponding costs from the first open layers. A layer closes when its entire quantity is released.

When several inventory receipt transactions are recorded on the same date, SAP Business One identifies the

first layer, second layer, and so on, according to their entry sequence.

Defining Item Cost When Using FIFO Valuation Method

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Inventory  Item Master Data  Inventory Data tab.

2. Create a new item.

3. From the Valuation Method dropdown list, choose FIFO.

The default valuation method of a new item is taken from its linked item group. For information, see Defining

Item Groups

Note

It is possible to change the valuation method of an item at any time, as long as the item is not linked to any

open documents and its in-stock quantity is zero.

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The Manage Inventory by Warehouse checkbox is deselected by default and the inventory quantity is managed for

all warehouses together. If you want to manage inventory quantity by warehouse, select this checkbox.

4. Choose the Add button.

Examples of Journal Entry Structures When Using the FIFO

Valuation Method

Prerequisites

The following prerequisites apply for all the described examples:

 The business partner is tax exempted.

 The initial settings were defined as follows:

o In the Company Details window, on the Basic Initialization tab:

o The Use Purchase Accounts Posting System checkbox is deselected.

o The Use Negative Amount for Reverse Transaction is selected.

o The G/L accounts set for the items are by warehouse. For information, see Defining Item Defaults.

 The G/L account code and name, ‘13400000-01-001-01', 'Inventory – Finished Goods' relates to the

release/receipt of items from/to warehouse 01.

There are sufficient quantities in stock of all the items involved in the following scenarios.

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Sales Documents

The following examples refer to the scenario in which the item cost in the first open layer is 100, and in each

example only one unit is sold.

Delivery and Delivery Based on Return

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add a delivery:

The total amount is the result of the cost in the first open layer multiplied by the quantity in the delivery document.

Return and Return Based on Delivery

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add a return:

 When a return is based on a delivery or an A/R invoice, it takes the item price from the base document. The

return opens a new layer immediately following the original layer; the cost of the return is based on the cost of

the original layer.

 When a return is not based on a delivery or an A/R invoice, the cost of the first open layer is used for

calculating the amounts in the journal entry. The return opens a new layer that functions as the last open layer

on the list. For more information on similar examples, see the document Enhancements in Inventory

Management in Release 8.8 & 8.81 in the documentation area of SAP Business One Customer Portal at

http://service.sap.com/smb/sbocustomer/documentation.

 If the first transaction for an item as a return, then the cost and transaction value is zero.

A/R Invoice Based on Delivery

When basing an A/R invoice on a delivery, no inventory posting is created; thus, only a regular journal entry is

created in the accounting system.

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A/R Invoice

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add an A/R invoice that is not based on a delivery:

Note

This journal entry includes both the delivery’s inventory transaction and the invoice’s accounting

transaction.

A/R Credit Memo Based on a Return

When you base an A/R credit memo on a return, no inventory posting is created; thus, only a regular credit journal

entry is created in the accounting system.

A/R Credit Memo

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add an A/R credit memo

 When an A/R credit memo is based on an A/R invoice, the cost of the A/R invoice is used for calculating the

amounts in the journal entry. The A/R credit memo opens a new layer immediately following the original layer

and the A/R credit memo bases its costs on the original layer.

 When a credit memo is not based on an existing document, the cost of the first open layer is used for

calculating the amounts in the journal entry. This A/R credit memo opens a new layer, which functions as the

last open layer on the list.

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Note

This scenario is not relevant for an A/R credit memo based on an A/R reserve invoice

 If an A/R credit memo is the first transaction for the item, the cost and the transaction value is zero.

Purchasing Documents

In some of the following examples, the G/L accounts and the directions (debit/credit) in the journal entry

remain as they are; however, the amounts may vary according to the origin of the document, as follows:

 A document that is not based on an existing document

 A document based on a document representing an open layer

 A document based on a document representing a closed layer

Note

SAP Business One may use several of the first open layers. This depends on the open quantities in each

layer and the quantity in each document.

Goods Receipt PO

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add a goods receipt PO:

A new layer of quantity and cost is created when you add a goods receipt PO.

The allocation account functions as a temporary alternative for the vendor and is cleared only after you create a

corresponding A/P invoice.

Goods Receipt PO with Freight

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add a goods receipt PO with freight

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The freight amount recorded in the journal entry is the global amount of freight for the entire quantity. The

expenses clearing account is a clearing account recorded counter to the inventory account.

Goods Return

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add a goods return:

This journal entry is identical to the entry created by the goods receipt PO, only reversed.

 When a goods return is based on a goods return PO, there are two possibilities:

o If the layer created by the goods receipt PO is still open, the goods receipt PO cost is used for calculating

the journal entry amounts and the layer is then closed. This means the open quantity and the open value

of the layer become zero.

o If the layer created by the goods receipt PO was closed, the cost of the first open layer is used for

calculating the amounts in the journal entry. Then, the open quantity and the open value of the layer are

decreased.

 When a goods return is not based on an existing goods receipt PO, the cost of the first open layer is used for

calculating the amounts in the journal entry, regardless of the prices in the document.

Goods Return with Freight

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add a goods return with freight:

 When a goods return is based on a goods receipt PO and the layer created by the goods receipt PO is still

open, the goods receipt PO cost is used for calculating the journal entry amounts and the layer is closed.

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 When a goods return is not based on an existing goods receipt PO, the cost of the first open layer is used for

calculating the amounts in the journal entry, regardless of the prices in the document.

The goods return behaves like a release document; therefore, the freight does not affect the inventory value

A/P Invoice Based on a Goods Receipt PO

When you base an A/P invoice on a goods receipt PO, the allocation account is debited counter to the vendor

account, which is credited:

Note

The allocation account functions as a clearing account. In this example, it is debited by the amount in

which it was credited in the goods receipt PO.

A/P Invoice Based on a Goods Receipt PO with Freight

A/P Invoice

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add an A/P invoice not based on a goods receipt

PO:

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A new layer of quantity and cost is created as you add an A/P invoice.

A/P Invoice with Freight

The expenses clearing account is not recorded in this journal entry since the inventory account reflects the item

prices, including freight. As mentioned earlier, the expenses clearing account is a clearing account, and this

journal entry recorded the final values for affecting the inventory valuation. Therefore, no intermediate accounts

are recorded here.

A/P Credit Memo

 An A/P credit memo based on an A/P invoice:

o If the layer created by the A/P invoice is still open, the A/P invoice cost is used for calculating the journal

entry amounts, and the layer is closed.

o If the layer created by the A/P invoice was closed, the first open layer‘s cost is used for calculating the

amounts in the journal entry. Then, the open quantity and the open value of the layer are decreased.

 An A/P credit memo based on a goods return:

When you base an A/P credit memo on a goods return, the allocation account is debited counter to the

vendor’s account, which is credited:

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 An A/P credit memo that is not based on an existing document

The cost of the first open layer is used for calculating the amounts in the journal entry, regardless of the prices

in the document. If the price in the A/P credit memo differs from the cost of the first open layer, this price

difference is recorded in the price difference account.

In the following example, the cost of the first open layer is 100, and the item price in the document is 80.

A/P Credit Memo with Freight

Since this is an inventory release document, the journal entry is similar to a regular A/P credit memo and,

therefore, freight does not affect the inventory valuation.

Special Scenarios for A/P Documents

Note

In scenarios in which one document is based on another, the quantity has been fully copied to the target

document.

A/P Invoice Based on a Goods Receipt PO – Exchange Rate

Differences

A difference in the local currency amount results from the following situation:

 You create an A/P invoice for a foreign currency vendor based on a goods receipt PO.

 In the invoice, the item price is defined with a foreign currency.

 The A/P invoice is connected to a different exchange rate than the one defined for the goods receipt PO.

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In the following example, the local currency for your company is US dollars. A goods receipt PO was created for

Foreign Vendor1, whose currency is the euro. The goods receipt PO contains the following information:

 The posting date is July 1st. The exchange rate for that day is 1.

 2 units of Item1 are managed by the FIFO valuation method.

 The item price in the document is EUR 100.

On July 11th, an A/P invoice was created for the vendor, based on the goods receipt PO from July 1st. The

exchange rate on that day is 2.

The three possible scenarios for this situation are as follows:

 The layer created by the goods receipt PO is fully open.

Since the actual inventory valuation changes in this situation, the inventory account is affected accordingly.

 The layer created by the goods receipt PO is fully closed.

Since there is no open quantity in the layer and the actual inventory valuation does not change in this

situation, the exchange rate differences account is affected accordingly.

 The layer created by the goods receipt PO is partially opened.

Since the actual inventory valuation changes only for the existing quantity in stock, the inventory account is

affected by the existing quantity and the exchange rate differences account is affected by the remaining

quantity

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A/P Invoice Based on a Goods Receipt PO – Price Differences

When you copy a goods receipt PO to an A/P invoice, there might be a difference between the item prices

recorded in the goods receipt PO and their prices in the A/P invoice.

In the following example, a goods receipt PO was created for 1 unit of Item1 and its price was 100. In an A/P

invoice based on that goods receipt PO, the price was changed to 150.

The three possible scenarios for this situation are as follows:

 The layer created by the goods receipt PO is fully open.

Since the actual inventory valuation changes in this situation, the inventory account is affected accordingly.

 The layer created by the goods receipt PO is fully closed.

Since there is no quantity in stock and the actual inventory valuation does not change in this situation, the

price difference account is affected accordingly.

 The layer created by the goods receipt PO is partially opened.

In this example, the goods receipt PO was created for 2 units of Item1. Since the actual inventory valuation

changes only for the existing quantity in stock, the inventory account is affected by the existing quantity and the

price difference account is affected by the remaining quantity.

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Closing a Goods Receipt PO or a Goods Return

When you close a goods receipt PO or a goods return, no inventory posting is registered; however, a journal entry

is created to clear the allocation costs account:

Note

o The above scenario is applied whether or not the goods return includes freight.

o When a goods receipt PO is closed, the amounts are the same as when a goods return is closed, but

each amount appears with a positive sign.

o To close a goods receipt PO or a goods return, right-click the window and choose Close, or use the

Data menu.

Closing a Goods Receipt PO with Freight

Inventory Transactions

Goods Receipt

The following journal entry is created automatically as a result of adding a goods receipt:

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The inventory offset increasing account is credited and a new layer is created according to the price specified in

the document.

Goods Issue

The following journal entry is created automatically as a result of adding a goods issue:

The inventory offset decreasing account is debited according to the first open layers.

Inventory Transfer

If you select different inventory accounts for your different warehouses, the inventory transfer transaction credits

the inventory account of the release warehouse and debits the inventory account of the receipt warehouse. The

release/receipt price is set by the first open layers linked to the release warehouse.

When creating an inventory transfer and the item price is taken from a layer that is not the latest layer, the layer

that is created for reflecting the inventory transfer is added right before the original layer. This behavior applies

regardless of whether or not item cost is managed per warehouse.

Entering Initial Quantities and Inventory Postings

 A positive initial quantity creates the following journal entry:

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A new layer is created according to the price entered in the Initial Quantity window.

 A negative initial quantity creates the following journal entry:

The cost of the first open layer is used

Note

o If the Allow Initial Quantities without Price checkbox is selected and no price is entered for the items,

it is not necessary to specify an opening inventory account. Notice that no monetary transaction is

created in the accounting system in this scenario.

o If you would like to record initial quantities including price, you must choose an opening inventory G/L

account manually.

 A positive inventory posting update creates the following journal entry:

A new layer is created according to the price recorded in the Inventory Posting window.

 A negative inventory posting update (where the counted quantity is less than the existing quantity) creates

the following journal entry:

The price of the first open layer is used.

Landed Costs

For information about landed costs, see the online help for SAP Business One.

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Production

In a production order for a production bill of materials item, a new layer of costs is created for a parent item.

The cost of the parent item is calculated as the total FIFO prices of its child items multiplied by the quantity.

In the following examples, both the parent and child items are defined with FIFO as their valuation method.

The two methods for issuing items in production orders are manual and backflush. For more information, see

the online help for SAP Business One.

 Manual

With this method, you should document the parent item's receipt and the child item's release.

o Issue for production

The receipt from production opens a new layer for the parent item. The item cost of this new layer is

calculated by summing the item costs in the first open layers for the child items.

The amounts in the Debit and Credit columns are calculated by multiplying the quantity of each child item by

its cost in the first open layers and summing the product for all child items.

Note

When you close a production order, if there is a difference between the actual component cost and the

actual product cost, an additional journal entry is recorded for the price difference

For example, the parent item comprises 1 child item with a quantity of 2.

You receive the product before issuing the child item. During the receipt from production, the price of the

child item is 10 in the next open layer. Therefore, the value in the Actual Product Cost field on the

Summary tab of the Production Order window is 10 X 2 = 20.

During the issue for production, the price of the child item is 35 in the next open layer. The journal entry

created for the child item release was calculated as 2 X 35 = 70. This value is saved in the Actual

Component Cost field on the Summary tab of the Production Order window.

When the production order is closed, the difference between the costs [2 X (10 minus 35) = -50] is

recorded in the WIP inventory variance account, while the WIP inventory account is cleared.

 Backflush

With this method, when the production order is completed, the inventory account of the parent item's

warehouse is debited and the inventory account of the child items’ warehouse is credited according to the

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FIFO prices of the child items. With this method, there is no issue for production; however, the above 2 journal

entries are always created

Working with Negative Inventory

When the in-stock quantity of an item is negative or zero after a release or a receipt transaction, the following

occurs:

 All FIFO layers of this item are closed.

 As long as the inventory level is negative, any inventory transaction does not create a new FIFO layer.

 The price of released items is taken from the last purchasing/receiving price before the stock is zeroed

When the in-stock quantity of an item becomes positive as a result of the addition of a new receipt

transaction, two FIFO layers are created for this item. The first layer records the quantity required to bring the

stock balance to zero. This layer is closed. The second layer records the remaining quantity of the receipt

transaction and functions as the first open layer for future FIFO transactions.

For example: An item's stock balance is (-4). Since the in-stock of the item is negative, there are no open

layers. The item cost in this case is 100.

A quantity of 10 was recorded as a receipt transaction with a price of 150 per unit.

As a result of this transaction, two FIFO layers are created:

1. The first layer, which is required to bring the stock balance to zero, is for the quantity of 4 and is closed.

2. The second layer is for the remaining quantity of 6 and functions as the first open layer of this item. The item

cost of this layer is 150.

The FIFO item price cannot be changed through material evaluation as long as the item is in the negative zone.

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Handling Small Values

In previous SAP Business One releases, there are certain unexpected scenarios involving items with small values

Example

Valuation Method: Standard Price

Display settings:

o Prices: four digits after the decimal

o Amounts: two digits after the decimal

Doc.

Quantity

Cost

Transaction

Value

Cumulative

Quantity

Cumulative

Value

GRPO

3.3333

10.00

Goods Return

-1

3.3333

-3.33

6.67

Goods Return

-1

3.3333

-3.33

3.34

Goods Return

-1

3.3333

-3.33

0.01

In this example, the item quantity turns zero, but the inventory value remains positive.

As of SAP Business One 8.8, the system has functionality that helps avoid inaccuracy with all the three valuation

methods.

Handling Small Values for All Valuation Methods

To avoid inconsistencies between the inventory quantity and the inventory value, SAP Business One has a system

for handling small value items for all three valuation methods.

SAP Business One keeps track of inventory value and inventory quantity, and detects if a transaction brings the

inventory quantity to zero. If the inventory quantity is zeroed, the system recalculates the item cost, if necessary,

to make a decimal rounding and consequently zero the inventory value.

Example

Valuation Method: Moving Average Price

Display settings:

o Prices: four digits after the decimal

o Amounts: two digits after the decimal

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Doc.

Quantity

Cost

Transaction

Value

Cumulative

Quantity

Cumulative

Value

GRPO

0.3333

1.00

Delivery

-1

0.3333

-0.33

0.67

Delivery

-1

0.3333

-0.34

0.33

Delivery

-1

0.3333

-0.33

0.00

The inventory account is credited with the amount of 0.34 at the second delivery transaction, and the

G/L account is fully cleared when the quantity in stock is zero.

The following is the journal entry for the second delivery:

G/L Account

Debit

Credit

Inventory Account

0.34

Cost of Goods Sold Account

0.34

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Updating Valuation Methods

SAP Business One lets you change the valuation method of an item. However, that is possible only as long as the

item is not linked to any open documents and its in-stock quantity is zero.

Use the Inventory Valuation Method and the Update Valuation Method windows to update the valuation method of

your items.

Note

You can change the valuation method manually for each item separately using the Item Master Data

window. For more information, see the following:

 Defining Item Cost When Using Moving Average Valuation Method

 Defining Item Cost when Using the Standard Price Valuation Method

 Defining Item Cost When Using FIFO Valuation Method

Procedure

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Inventory  Item Management  Inventory Valuation

Method.

The Inventory Valuation Method window opens

2. Specify the following information to be used as selection criteria for items to include in the update:

Field/Button

Activity/Description

Item No. From ... To

Specify the range of items to be included in the update.

Group

Select a specific item group or All for all item groups.

Item Properties

Lets you specify item properties.

Default Valuation Method

Enter the new inventory valuation method for the

selected range of items. The selected method is

displayed by default for all items in the New Method

field in the Update Valuation Method window, but can

be changed manually.

3. To proceed, choose the OK button.

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The Update Valuation Method window opens.

The window displays items from the selected range. The items are displayed only if their in-stock quantity is zero

and they have no open documents.

4. View or specify the following information:

Field

Activity/Description

Approved

Approves the method update.

Item Number

The item code.

Item Description

The item description.

Current Method

The item’s current valuation method is displayed.

New Method

If required, choose a different valuation method.

5. To apply the changes, choose the Update button.

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Revaluing the Inventory

If your company manages a perpetual inventory system, you might need to perform inventory revaluation. Use

any of the supported valuation methods: moving average, standard, and FIFO.

You can revaluate inventory values by:

 Price Change - Changes the price for a specific item

The inventory price is changed and the inventory value is recalculated according to the new price.

 Inventory Debit/Credit - Changes the value of a specific quantity of inventory

The quantity of inventory remains unchanged, resulting in a change in the price.

When inventory is subject to FIFO control and there are items in the FIFO layer, an inventory debit or credit results

in a posting to the inventory account. If the FIFO layer is empty, the posting goes to the price difference account

Note

You cannot perform inventory revaluation if any item involved has a negative value

Procedure

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Inventory  Inventory Transactions  Inventory Revaluation.

The Inventory Revaluation window appears.

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2. View or specify the following data in the general area:

Field/Checkbox

Activity/Description

Number

Displays the number of the inventory revaluation

document. The system assigns the numbers

automatically and consecutively. You cannot change

this number.

Series

Select the required numbering series for the

document.

Revaluation Type

In the dropdown list, choose the required revaluation

type:

 Price Change

Choose to change the cost of the item and

calculate the value of the whole inventory

according to the new price.

 Inventory Debit/Credit

Choose to revaluate by changing the inventory

value, which causes the item cost to change

accordingly.

Posting Date

Date on which the document that changed the

inventory was posted. Displays by default the current

date for the inventory revaluation. You can change this

date if necessary.

Document Date

Displays by default the current date for the inventory

revaluation. You can change this date if necessary.

Ref. 2

Enter a reference for the journal entry, if required.

Remarks

Enter any additional information regarding the

revaluation.

Journal Remark

By default Inventory Revaluation is displayed. This text

is copied to the journal entry.

3. To revaluate the cost of the item, in each row of the table, in the Item No. field or in the Item Description field,

specify the item number. You can add as many items as you want to the table.

In the upper table, view or change the following information

Field/Button

Activity/Description

Item No.

The item number.

Item Description

The item description.

Whse

Displays the default warehouse as defined in your

company.

If you manage the item cost per warehouse, changes

for the item cost are applied for the specified

warehouse.

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Field/Button

Activity/Description

Note

The following applies if you set the G/L

account for an item by warehouse or item

level:

If you do not manage item cost per

warehouse, but you have a different account

for each warehouse, the difference between

the old and the new price is debited to the

inventory account of the warehouse you have

specified in this field. This is also reflected in

the inventory audit report.

For more information, see Defining Item Defaults

Current Cost

Displays the current average or standard cost of the

item.

This field appears only if the selected revaluation type

is Price Change

New Cost

Enter the new cost you wish to assign to the item.

This field appears only when the selected revaluation

type is Price Change. For FIFO inventory items the field

is blank.

Unit of Measure

Displays the type of unit by which you manage the

inventory, for example, box, carton, or case.

Quantity

Enter the quantity of inventory item subject to

debit/credit.

Debit/Credit

Enter the amount you wish to credit or debit from the

current inventory value of the item. Enter credit as a

negative value. The negative/positive amounts depend

on the Display Credit Balance with Negative Sign

checkbox selection (Administration  System

Initialization  Company Details  Basic Initialization

tab).

This field appears only if the selected revaluation type

is Inventory Credit/Debit.

In Stock

The total quantity in stock.

Issued Layers

Select to display all layers (including empty layers) for

the item in the FIFO Layers table.

The column appears only for FIFO items, if the

selected revaluation type is Inventory Credit/Debit.

G/L Increase Acct,

Specify the G\L accounts to be used as the balancing

accounts in the transaction created by the revaluation.

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Field/Button

Activity/Description

G/L Decrease Acct

The accounts appear as default in these fields and are

taken from the item master data, item group, or

warehouse level.

 The G/L Increase Acct is used when the inventory

value is increased due to the revaluation.

 The G/L Decrease Acct is used when the inventory

value is decreased.

Val. Method

Displays the valuation method. If the method is FIFO,

additional information is displayed in the FIFO Layers

table.

Distr. Rule

Enter the distribution rule/profit center to which the

revenue resulting from the revaluation is allocated.

If the item’s valuation method is FIFO, use the information in the FIFO Layers table to view and change the item

cost for the different FIFO layers:

Field/Button

Activity/Description

Doc No.

Displays the document/transaction involved with the

creation of the layer.

Entry Date

Displays the entry date of the document/transaction.

Current Cost

Displays the current cost of the FIFO inventory item

from one particular layer. This field appears only if the

selected revaluation type is Price Change.

New Price

Price for the layer.

This field appears only if the selected valuation type is

Price Change.

Quantity

Enter the quantity of the inventory item's layer subject

to debit/credit.

Debit/Credit

Enter the amount you wish to credit or debit from the

current inventory value of the item's layer. Enter credit

as a negative value. The negative/positive amounts

depend on the Display Credit Balance with Negative

Sign checkbox selection (Administration  System

Initialization  Company Details  Basic Initialization

tab).

This field appears only if the selected revaluation type

is Inventory Credit/Debit.

Open Qty

Displays the available quantity for the layer.

4. If you choose the Price Change revaluation type in the Inventory Revaluation window, in the New Cost field,

enter the new item cost.

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5. If you chose the Inventory Debit/Credit revaluation type, in the Quantity field, specify the quantity for which

you would like to document a change in the inventory value.

The quantity specified does not change the quantity in stock and is used only for the recalculations of the item

cost. For example, you know a price mistake was made in a certain receipt document and you want to specify

the related quantity. The quantity in stock does not change, but the inventory value of the entire quantity is

updated regardless of the quantity specified here.

Note

If the amount in the Quantity field is greater than the In Stock quantity, the amount recorded in the journal

entry is proportionally divided between the inventory and the price difference accounts (according to the

item's valuation method and current in-stock quantity).

In the Debit/Credit field, enter the required cost. Enter a positive amount to debit the inventory account and a

negative amount to credit it. The negative/positive amounts depend on the Display Credit Balance with

Negative Sign checkbox selection (Administration 

Initialization tab).

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6. To post the inventory revaluation, choose the Add button.

Result

A journal entry is created which consists of a G/L increase or decrease account and the inventory account.

The G/L increase or decrease accounts are those defined for the item row in the Inventory Revaluation window.

When the selected revaluation type is by Price Change, the amounts in the Debit and Credit columns are

calculated by multiplying the in-stock quantity of the item by the delta between the current and the new item cost.

Note

o If you manage the item by the FIFO valuation method, the item cost refers to the cost of the selected

FIFO layer.

o If you manage the item cost per warehouse, the quantity affected is the quantity in the specified

warehouse.

o If you manage the item cost per company, the quantity affected is the total in-stock quantity of all the

company’s warehouses.

For example, the in-stock quantity of Item1 is 6, and its cost is 50. You change the cost to 100. As a result the G/L

increase account is credited by 300 = 6 X (100 minus 50).

When the selected revaluation type is by Inventory Debit/Credit, the amounts in the Debit and Credit columns are

set according to the value in the Debit/Credit field. If the item is managed by the standard price method, the

variance account replaces the inventory account.

When the selected revaluation type is by Inventory Debit/Credit for a partial quantity of a FIFO layer, the original

layer is reduced by the revalued quantity, and a new layer is added for the revalued quantity and the revaluated

price right after the original layer.

In addition, in the Item Master Data window, on the Inventory Data tab, the Item Cost field is updated

Printing Inventory Revaluation Documents

SAP Business One lets you print inventory revaluation documents using default printing layouts.

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Inventory  Inventory Transactions  Inventory

Revaluation.

2. Find the relevant record.

3. From the Tools menu, choose Print Layout Designer, or click in the toolbar.

4. Choose the preferred printing layout.

5. Print the document.

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Note

You can edit the default layouts or create new ones by using Print Layout Designer (PLD). For more

information about Print Layout Designer, see the document How to Customize Printing Layouts with the

Print Layout Designer in the documentation area of SAP Business One Customer Portal at

http://service.sap.com/smb/sbocustomer/documentation.

How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Working with Inventory Audit Reports

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Working with Inventory Audit Reports

Generating Inventory Audit Reports

The inventory audit report is available only for companies using the perpetual inventory system. It provides an

audit trail for the posted inventory transactions in the chart of accounts.

Use this report to make comparisons between the accounting view (inventory balance accounts) and the logistics

view (inventory value displayed by the audit report). The report explains the value changes in inventory accounts.

This report does not recalculate the item cost but displays the information from the database. In addition, only

inventory related transactions are displayed in the report. Transactions with non-inventory items or drop-ship

warehouses are not displayed.

Note

To create what-if scenarios, use the inventory valuation simulation report.

Procedure

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Inventory  Inventory Reports  Inventory Audit Report.

The Inventory Audit Report – Selection Criteria window opens.

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Specify the following data:

Field/Button

Activity/Description

Date From … To

To check the item cost and value of particular

transactions, select System Date. To compare the

inventory account balance with the inventory audit

report, select Posting Date.

Specify the range of dates to include in the report.

When running the inventory audit report by posting

date and the posting date of a transaction falls within

the defined range, but the system date falls outside the

range, the report displays the row for this transaction

in blue.

Code From ... To

Select the range of items to include in the report.

Item Group

Select a specific item group.

Properties

Lets you specify item properties.

G/L Accounts

Includes all accounts in the report. Click (Browse)

to specify which accounts to include in the report.

Warehouses

Select the checkbox of each warehouse to include in

the report. Drop-ship warehouses do not appear in the

list of warehouses.

If you manage items cost on the company level and not

for each warehouse individually, select all warehouses.

Otherwise, when running the report, you might obtain

incorrect results for the value of your inventory. For a

scenario that causes incorrect results in the report,

see Moving Average.

Display

Select one of the following:

 By Items

View and audit the results by items.

 Summarize by Accounts

View the information summarized by accounts.

Group by Warehouses

Group the items by warehouse

Note

This option is activated only if both of the

following are true:

o Your company has been defined to

manage item cost by warehouse (the

Manage Item Cost per Warehouse

checkbox is selected in SAP Business One

Main Menu  Administration  System

Administration  Company Details 

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Field/Button

Activity/Description

Basic Initialization tab).

o You have selected the By Items radio

button in the Display area.

We recommend that you select this checkbox

if you are managing item cost per warehouse.

Otherwise, the inventory audit report may

return unexpected results.

If you are not running inventory cost by

warehouse, this checkbox is not activated and

the inventory audit report generates results

for all the warehouses together.

Display OB for Items/Accounts with no Transactions

Displays the opening balances for items or accounts

that have no transactions posted in SAP Business One.

If an item has no transactions within the selected date

range but has open transactions from previous

periods, the total of these transactions is presented as

an open balance for this item. As a result, the report

total displays the item valuation from the end date of

the defined date range - that is, it contains both the

opening balance figures and the transactions that are

within the defined date range.

2. To generate the report, choose the OK button. The inventory audit report opens.

This report displays the total inventory value for the items according to the configured selection criteria. The

fields that appear in the report depend on whether you selected By Items or Summarize by Accounts as the

display option.

To display detailed information of the inventory transactions or a summary on the item level, use the Expand

and the Collapse icons and buttons.

In the expanded view, the text color of each transaction changes as follows:

o Red text

If the transaction causes the cumulative quantity or the cumulative value to fall below zero, the text color

of those fields is red.

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o Blue text

When you run the Inventory Audit report by posting date, if the transaction’s system date deviates from

the posting date range, the text color of its row is blue.

3. View the following information:

Field

Activity/Description

General Area

Date From … To

Displays start and end dates for the report

calculations, as defined in the selection criteria.

The report is sorted by either the posting date or the

system date.

When the posting date in some documents differs

from the system date, sorting the report by posting

date can lead to misleading results in some cases.

Currency

Displays the company’s local currency.

Items

Displays the range of items included in the report, as

defined in the selection criteria. If nothing was

defined in the selection criteria for the item, the field

displays All. If more than one type of criteria were

selected, the field displays Multiple.

This field is displayed only if you selected the By

Items checkbox in the selection criteria.

Warehouses

Displays the warehouses included in the report, as

defined in the selection criteria. If all warehouses

were selected, the field displays All.

This field is displayed only if you selected the By

Items checkbox in the selection criteria.

Accounts

Displays the range of accounts to be included in the

report, as defined in the selection criteria.

This field is displayed only if you selected the

Summarize by Accounts checkbox in the selection

criteria.

Table Area

Item No.

The item code.

Description

The description of the item code, as defined in the

item master data.

G/L Account

The account number.

System Date

The system date of the transaction creation.

Posting Date

The posting date of the transaction.

Document

Displays the abbreviated name of the document. To

view the journal entry of the transaction, click

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Field

Activity/Description

(Link Arrow).

Whse

The warehouse in which the transaction occurred.

Quantity

The quantity of the item in the transaction. A positive

quantity refers to a receipt transaction, while a

negative quantity refers to a release transaction.

Cost

Displays the cost of the item in the transaction.

Trans. Value

Displays the value that was posted to the inventory

account.

Cumulative Qty

Displays the total quantity in stock after the

transaction. At the summary levels (by G/L account

or by item), it summarizes the quantities from the

lower levels up to the report end date.

Cumulative Value

Displays the total value of inventory after the

transaction. At the summary levels (by G/L account

or by item), it summarizes the values from the lower

levels up to the report end date. The bottom of the

report displays the cumulative value for all the items

in the report.

Valuation Meth.

The current valuation method of the item.

Note

Some of the fields in the report are not visible by default. To show them in the Inventory Audit report, click

(Form Settings).

Note

Since the valuation method for an item can be changed, the method in the Valuation Meth. field does not

necessarily reflect the valuation method by which the item cost was calculated.

Note that the valuation method can be changed only when the cumulative quantity of an item is zero.

4. To close the report, choose the OK button.

Examples of Inventory Audit Reports for Different Calculation

Methods

The following examples describe how SAP Business One generates the Inventory Audit report.

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Moving Average

Each new receipt to stock or issue from stock updates the Cumulative Qty and the Cumulative Value fields.

 . Two goods receipt PO documents are added:

o The first goods receipt PO contains 5 items with an item price of 20. The total cost is 100 = 5 X 20.

o The second goods receipt PO contains 5 items with an item price of 10. The total cost is 50 = 5 X 10.

As a result, the cumulative quantity is 10 and the cumulative value is 150.

 The item cost applied when issuing from stock is calculated as the result of the cumulative value divided by

the cumulative quantity: 15 = 150 / 10.

 A delivery of 3 items is added. Therefore, the total cost is -45 = -3 X 15.

 The inventory value after the delivery is added is the difference between the previous inventory value and the

released transaction value: 105 = 150 – 45.

Document

Quantity

Cost

Trans. Value

Cumulative

Qty

Cumulative

Value

Opening

Balance

Goods Receipt

PO 1

100

Goods Receipt

PO 2

150

Delivery 1

-3

-45

105

If you manage items cost on the company level and not for each warehouse individually, all warehouses must be

selected in the Inventory Audit Report – Selection Criteria window. Otherwise, when running the report, you might

obtain incorrect results for the value of your inventory.

The following example describes a scenario of incorrect results in the Inventory Audit report:

 Two goods receipt PO documents are added:

o The first goods receipt PO contains 1 item with an item price of 10 received by warehouse 01. The total

cost is 10 = 1 X 10.

o The second goods receipt PO contains 1 item with an item price of 20 received by warehouse 02. The

total cost is 20 = 1 X 20.

As a result, the cumulative quantity is 2 and the cumulative value is 30.

 The item cost applied when issuing from stock is calculated for all warehouses as the result of the cumulative

value divided by the cumulative quantity: 15 = 30 / 2.

 A delivery of 1 item from warehouse 01 is added. Therefore, the total cost is -15 = -1 X 15.

In the Inventory Audit Report – Selection Criteria window, only warehouse 01 is selected. Therefore, the following

incorrect results are displayed:

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Document

Warehouse

Quantity

Cost

Trans.

Value

Cumulative

Qty

Cumulative

Value

Opening

Balance

Goods

Receipt PO 1

Delivery 1

-1

-15

-5

When all warehouses are selected in the Inventory Audit Report – Selection Criteria window, the report

displays the correct results:

Document

Warehouse

Quantity

Cost

Trans.

Value

Cumulative

Qty

Cumulative

Value

Opening

Balance

Goods

Receipt PO 1

Goods

Receipt PO 2

Delivery 1

-1

-15

Standard Price

Each receipt to stock or issue from stock uses the standard price as defined for the item in the item master data.

For more information, see Defining Item Cost when Using the Standard Price Valuation Method.

 The standard price of the item is 20.

 Two goods receipt PO documents are added:

o The first goods receipt PO contains 5 items. The total cost is 100 = 5 X 20.

o The second goods receipt PO contains 3 items. The total cost is 60 = 3 X 20.

As a result, the cumulative quantity is 8 and the cumulative value is 160.

 A delivery of 4 items is added. Therefore, the total cost is -80 = -4 X 20.

 The inventory value after the delivery was added is 80 = 160 – 80.

Document

Quantity

Cost

Trans. Value

Cumulative

Qty

Cumulative

Value

Opening

Balance

Goods Receipt

PO 1

100

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Document

Quantity

Cost

Trans. Value

Cumulative

Qty

Cumulative

Value

Goods Receipt

PO 2

160

Delivery 1

-4

-80

FIFO

Each new receipt to stock or issue from stock updates the Cumulative Qty and the Cumulative Value fields.

 Two goods receipt PO documents are added:

o The first goods receipt PO contains 5 items with an item price of 20. The total cost is 100 = 5 X 20. As a

result, a first FIFO layer with item cost 20 is created.

o The second goods receipt PO contains 5 items with an item price of 10. The total cost is 50 = 5 X 10. As a

result, a second FIFO layer with item cost 10 is created.

As a result, the cumulative quantity is 10 and the cumulative value is 150.

 A delivery of 3 units is added and consumes 3 units from the first FIFO layer. Therefore, the total cost is -60 =

-3 X 20.

 A second delivery of 4 units is added. The first 2 units are consumed from the first FIFO layer and close it. The

total cost is -40 = -2 X 20.

The other 2 items are consumed from the second FIFO layer. The total cost is -20 = -2 X 10.

 The inventory value after the deliveries were added is 30 = 150 – 60 – 40 – 20

Document

Quantity

Cost

Trans. Value

Cumulative

Qty

Cumulative

Value

Opening

Balance

Goods Receipt

PO 1

100

Goods Receipt

PO 2

150

Delivery 1

-3

-60

Delivery 2

-2

-40

Delivery 2

-2

-20

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Cost of Revaluation Document in Inventory Audit Report

For any revaluation document – a document that changes an item cost, such as an A/P invoice based on a goods

receipt PO, landed costs, material revaluation, and so on – the cost in the inventory audit report is the delta value

divided by the relevant quantity.

Unexpected Results in Inventory Audit Report

Difference Between Inventory Audit Report and Inventory Account

Balance

A difference between the inventory audit report and the inventory account balance may occur when the inventory

account is used for a non-inventory related transaction, for example, a manual journal entry, payment, service

type invoice and so on. In this case, you should eliminate the non-inventory related postings from the inventory

account balance and then compare it to the inventory audit report.

Number of Records Returned is Too Large

In some releases, there is an application limitation to display a certain number of records. If the number of the

records that the inventory audit report needs to display exceeds the limitation, the system displays the

following message: ‘’You have insufficient resources to complete this action. Select fewer records and try

again. [Message 131-225].”

Unexpected Results Due to Particular Basic Initial Settings

 When using certain inventory audit report filters, misleading results can occur due to the basic initialization

settings regarding item cost managing.

Example

o Valuation Method: Moving Average Price

o Two different warehouses are defined for this item. The item has a different cost in the warehouses.

o The Manage Item Cost per Warehouse checkbox in the Company Details window is selected.

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The following transactions have been created for this item:

No.

Document Type

Item Cost

Quantity

Warehouse

Goods Receipt

A/P Invoice

Goods Receipt PO

Goods Issue

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The following are the results of the inventory audit report:

The result of the inventory audit report appears not to be as expected. The initial 3 incoming transactions resulted

in a cumulative quantity of 3 and a cumulative value of 60. Since the item valuation method is Moving Average

Price, any outgoing transaction would be expected to use item cost of 20 (60/3=20) per unit. However, the above

quantity of 1 is released with item cost 15 in the goods issue document.

If you return to the Inventory Audit Report – Selection Criteria window and select the Group by Warehouses

checkbox, the inventory audit report returns the following results:

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The goods issue was issued from warehouse 01, where the cumulative quantity at that time was 2 and the

cumulative value was 30. Hence, the item is released at the cost of 15 from warehouse 01.

To avoid similar unexpected results, we recommend that you apply the rules in the following diagram when

running the inventory audit report:

Printing Inventory Audit Reports

SAP Business One lets you print the Inventory Audit reports using default printing layouts.

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Inventory  Inventory Reports  Inventory Audit Report.

2. Specify the selection criteria and run the report. For more information, see Generating Inventory Audit Reports

From the Tools menu, choose Print Layout Designer, or click in the toolbar.

Choose the preferred printing layout and print the document.

Note

o When you print the report, you can also print the selection criteria on a separate page.

o You can edit the default layouts or create new ones by using Print Layout Designer (PLD). For more

information about Print Layout Designer, see the document How to Customize Printing Layouts with

the Print Layout Designer in the documentation area of SAP Business One Customer Portal at

http://service.sap.com/smb/sbocustomer/documentation.

How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Working with Inventory Valuation Simulation Reports

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Working with Inventory Valuation Simulation

Reports

This report contains information that may be required for IFRS reporting disclosure. IFRS reporting requires an

overview of the method used to value your company's inventory, for example in the Notes to Financial

Statements. In SAP Business One, it is possible to specify the inventory valuation method at the item level, and to

group the inventory items that are of a similar nature in item groups. Inventory items with a similar nature should

be valued using the same method, and this report can be used to validate your inventory valuation methods prior

to IFRS reporting. You may need to provide the result of this report as part of your IFRS disclosure requirement.

You can use this report to valuate the entire inventory of all items on a reporting date on a reporting date on the

company or warehouse levels. You would normally valuate the warehouse inventory on the balance sheet

reporting date.

It is intended to be a managerial report to check what-if scenarios. For instance, you can see what happens if you

value an item based on a different calculation method.

Note

This report is not intended to be used as a report for auditing. For auditing purposes, use the inventory

audit report.

To generate the inventory valuation simulation report, do the following:

1. From the SAP Business One Main Menu, choose Inventory → Inventory Reports → Inventory Valuation

Simulation Report.

The Inventory Simulation Valuation Report – Selection Criteria window appears.

Define the following filters:

Note

Fields that are self-explanatory are not described in the table.

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Field/Checkbox

Activity/Description

General Area

Code From… To…

Define the items for which you want to create the

report.

Vendor From… To…

You can restrict the selection by the preferred vendor

of an item. The preferred vendor is specified in the

item master record. You can valuate all the items from

one or more preferred vendors.

Project From…To…

You can valuate the warehouse inventories for one or

more projects. Enter the project(s) if relevant.

Calc. Method

Choose one of the calculation methods from the

dropdown menu:

 Moving Average

 FIFO

 By Price List

You can use one of the price lists defined in the

system to valuate the warehouse inventories.

When you choose this method, the Price Source

field appears. In the dropdown list, select the price

list

 Last Evaluated Price

You can perform the valuation based on the last

evaluated prices. In this case, SAP Business One

uses the last calculated costs for each item. If you

run a valuation under the FIFO method, for

example, and then run a valuation for the last

calculated costs, SAP Business One valuates the

items using the last value that was determined for

an item under the FIFO method.

Note

You cannot select the same calculation

method as that defined for the item in the Item

Master Data window, because this report is

intended for examining what-if scenarios.

By Price Source

Choose the price list for the report calculation.

Note

This field appears only if you have chosen the

By Price List calculation option.

Display Method

Choose one of the following display formats for the

report:

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Field/Checkbox

Activity/Description

 Row Per Item

Displays one row per item.

 Detailed Receipts/Releases

Displays all goods issues and receipts.

FC Exchange Rate

If you valuate transactions in a foreign currency, select

one of the following:

 Exchange Rate on Report Date

The cumulative values are converted according to the

exchange rate on the date of the report.

 Transaction Rate

o If the calculation method is Moving Average or

FIFO and you have selected Additional FC for

Total and specified a foreign currency, the

exchange rate is used for display purpose

only. The item costs are always based on the

transaction value in local currency. The

foreign currency values are displayed

according to the exchange rates that exist for

the dates on which the respective documents

were added (Administration → Exchange

Rates and Indexes) and are used to calculate

the item costs in local currency.

o If the calculation method is By Price List or

Last Evaluated Price and the price is

maintained in the respective price list in a

foreign currency, the exchange rates that exist

for the dates on which the respective

documents were added (Administration →

Exchange Rates and Indexes) are used to

calculate the item costs in local currency

Allow Negative Inventory

Select the checkbox:

 To allow negative inventory during valuation. Items

may have negative inventories. From the

accounting perspective, no procedure is available

for valuating negative inventories.

 To create the report for an item that has a positive

inventory quantity, but reached a negative level in

the past.

Note

If the checkbox is not selected and the item

reached negative inventory level, the report

stops at the point when the inventory quantity

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Field/Checkbox

Activity/Description

reaches a negative level. Respective row is

displayed in red and the system message

''Inventory valuation cannot be

calculated for item" appears in the

report.

Additional FC for Total

Displays the valuation in a foreign currency.

By default the field is deselected and the results are

displayed in local currency.

If you select Additional FC for Total, an additional field

is displayed in which you must select the required

currency. You can then switch between the local

currency and the selected foreign currency on the top

left of the report results window.

If you specify an additional currency, it is displayed the

next time you open the report.

Tab

Activity/Description

Table Area (Warehouses Selection)

By Location

Determine which storage locations will be considered

in the report. Make the selection by location or by

warehouse, in which case you define the range of

included or excluded warehouses.

By Warehouses

2. Choose the OK button.

The following is an example of the inventory simulation valuation report:

How to Set Up and Manage Perpetual Inventory System

Working with a Purchase Accounts Posting System

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Working with a Purchase Accounts Posting

System

Purchase accounting is a mechanism that allows the direct monitoring of the total purchase expense via the profit

and loss (P&L) account. Depending on the localization, a purchase accounts posting system can be used in

companies that manage a perpetual inventory system.

Purchase accounting adds a P&L account dimension to a purchase posting. The purchase account is debited to

reflect the actual total inventory-related purchase cost. This enables the analysis of purchases by period in the

P&L account report.

When you work with a purchase accounts posting system, the following documents are involved with the

purchase accounts postings:

 Goods receipt POs

 Goods returns

 A/P invoices, A/P correction invoices

 A/P credit memos, A/P correction reversals

 Landed costs

A purchase accounts posting is not linked to the inventory-item valuation basis. For information about initializing

a purchase account posting system, see Initializing Perpetual Inventory System

Defining Purchase Accounts

When you manage both a perpetual inventory system and a purchase accounts posting system, you have to

define G/L accounts that reflect the purchasing transactions.

Define those G/L accounts in the following tabs:

 Administration → Setup → Financials → G/L Account Determination →Inventory tab

 Administration → Setup → Inventory → Item Groups → Accounting tab

 Administration → Setup → Inventory → Warehouses → Accounting tab

The following table describes the additional purchase accounts you have to define:

Type of Account

Description

Purchase Account

A profit and loss account that identifies the entire

purchasing value. This account is debited when you

purchase goods against the cost-of-goods-purchased

account.

The amount posted to the purchase account is equal

to one of the following:

 The amount posted to the allocation account plus

the expense clearing account, when those

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Type of Account

Description

accounts are credited.

 The amount posted to the business partner minus

(the amount posted to the allocation account plus

the expense clearing account), when the allocation

and the expense clearing accounts are debited.

Purchase Return Account

This account functions as a purchase account for

returning goods. It is credited when goods are

returned.

Cost of Goods Purchased

This profit and loss account is credited to reflect an

increase in inventory value, just like the cost-of-goods-

sold account, and it is debited to reflect a decrease in

inventory value. This account acts as an offset account

to the purchase account.

The amount posted to this account is equal to but

opposite of the amount posted to the inventory

account.

Purchase Balance Account

This account is credited or debited to reflect any

variance between the purchase account and the cost-

of-goods-purchased account.

Purchase balance account postings are always equal to

but opposite of the variance account postings.

Examples for Journal Entry Structures Used When Working with a

Purchase Accounts Posting System

Prerequisites

The following prerequisites apply for all the examples below:

 The business partner is exempt from tax.

 The initial settings are defined as follows:

o In the Company Details window on the Basic Initialization tab:

o The Use Purchase Accounts Posting System checkbox is selected.

o The Use Negative Amount for Reverse Transaction is deselected.

o The G/L accounts set for the items are by warehouse. For more information, see Defining Item Defaults.

 If not mentioned otherwise in the example, assume sufficient in-stock quantities of all the items involved in

the scenarios below.

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Goods Receipt POs and A/P Invoices

The following examples describe the journal entry structures created for the different scenarios involved with

the creation of a goods receipt PO and then drawing it into an A/P invoice.

Example 1

A goods receipt PO is created for a standard item and contains the following information:

o Cost of 3

o Quantity of 1

o Unit price of 10

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add the goods receipt PO

Account

Debit

Credit

Allocation account

Inventory account

Variance account

Cost of goods purchased

Purchase balance account

Purchase account

The cost of goods purchased is credited by the standard price of the item; the credit in the purchase balance

account is balanced by the debit of the variance account.

The goods receipt PO is copied into an A/P invoice, and the unit price is changed to 12. The following journal

entry is created:

Account

Debit

Credit

Vendor

Allocation account

Variance account

Purchase balance account

Purchase account

Both the purchase balance and purchase accounts reflect the price increase of 2.

Example 2

A goods receipt PO is created containing the following information:

o The item is managed by the moving average method.

o The quantity is 1.

o The unit price is 10.

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add the goods receipt PO

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Account

Debit

Credit

Allocation account

Inventory account

Cost of goods purchased

Purchase account

For an item managed by the moving average method, the cost-of-goods-purchased account is credited by the

purchase price.

The goods receipt PO is copied into the A/P invoice after a delivery for a quantity of 1 was created. The unit

price in the A/P invoice has been changed to 15. The following journal entry is created:

Account

Debit

Credit

Vendor

Allocation account

Price difference account

Purchase balance account

Purchase account

Since the in-stock quantity is changed before the A/P invoice is created, the price difference and the

purchase balance accounts reflect the price increase.

Example 3

A goods receipt PO is created containing the following information:

o The item is managed by the moving average method.

o The quantity is 1.

o The unit price is 10.

o The freight charges are 5.

The following journal entry is created automatically when you add the goods receipt PO

Account

Debit

Credit

Allocation account

Expense clearing account

Inventory account

Cost of goods purchased

Purchase account

The above goods receipt PO is copied into the A/P invoice after a delivery for a quantity of 1 was created.

The unit price in the A/P invoice is changed to 15, and freight charges are changed to 10. The following

journal entry is created:

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Table Heading

Vendor

Allocation account

Expense clearing account

Price difference account

Purchase balance account

Purchase account

Example 4

A goods receipt PO is created containing the following information:

o The item is managed by the moving average method.

o The quantity is 1.

o The unit price is 10.

o The freight charges are 7.

In addition, the in-stock quantity is (-10). The static item cost is 5. The following journal entry is created

automatically when you add the goods receipt PO:

Account

Debit

Credit

Allocation account

Expense clearing account

Inventory account

Negative inventory adjustment

account

Purchase account

Cost of goods purchased

Purchase balance account

The cost-of-goods-purchased account reflects the inventory value, and the purchase balance account reflects

the variance between the purchase and the cost-of-goods-purchased accounts.

Closing a Goods Receipt PO

When closing a goods receipt PO, no inventory posting is made; however, a journal entry is created to clear

the allocation account and to reduce the purchase account. For example, when closing a goods receipt PO

with a quantity of 3 and a unit price of 10, the following journal entry is created:

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Account

Debit

Credit

Allocation account

Goods clearing account

Purchase account

Goods clearing account

Goods Return

When creating a goods return based on this goods receipt PO, the allocation, the inventory, and the cost-of-

goods-purchased accounts are reverted. In addition, the value of the purchase account is reverted by the

purchase return account.

For example, a goods receipt PO is created containing the following information:

o The item is managed by the moving average method.

o The quantity is 1.

o The unit price is 10.

When creating a goods return based on this goods receipt PO, the following journal entry is created

Account

Debit

Credit

Allocation account

Inventory account

Cost of goods purchased

Purchase return account

A/P Credit Memo

When creating an A/P credit memo not based on an existing document, the purchase return account is

debited by the document price. The cost-of-goods-purchased account is credited by the product of the item

quantity multiplied by the item cost.

For example, an A/P credit memo is created containing the following information:

o Item is managed by the moving average method.

o Quantity of 1, unit price is 7.

o Freight charges of 2.

In addition, the in-stock quantity is 6 and the item cost is 2. The following journal entry is created

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Account

Debit

Credit

Vendor

Inventory account

Price difference account

Purchase return account

Cost of goods purchased

Purchase balance account

Landed Costs

The following examples describe the journal entry structures created for scenarios involving the creation of a

landed costs document.

Example 1

A landed costs document based on a goods receipt PO is created and contains the following information:

o The item is managed by the moving average method and has a positive inventory level.

o The actual customs is 30.

The following journal entry is created once the document is added:

Account

Debit

Credit

Inventory account

Customs allocation account

Purchase account

Cost of goods purchased

The cost-of-goods-purchased account reflects the price increase of the purchased item due to customs

Example 2

A landed costs document based on a goods receipt PO is created and contains the following information:

o A quantity of 10 with an in-stock quantity of 4

o Actual customs of 30

The following journal entry is created when the document is added:

Account

Debit

Credit

Inventory account

Customs allocation account

Price difference account

Purchase account

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Account

Debit

Credit

Cost of goods purchased

Purchase balance account

The customs charge is applied equally to each unit, that is, 3 per unit. The cost-of-goods-purchased account

reflects the increased value of the in-stock quantity, and the price difference account reflects the remaining

quantity: 18 = 3 X (10 minus 4).

Example 3

A landed cost document for a quantity of 10 is created based on a goods receipt PO. The actual customs

is 30, and the inventory level of the item is negative. The following journal entry is created when the

document is added:

Account

Debit

Credit

Customs allocation account

Negative inventory adjustments

account

Purchase account

Purchase balance account

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Authorizations

For information about the authorizations required for using a perpetual inventory system, see the online help

for SAP Business One and the document How to Define Authorizations in the documentation area of SAP

Business One Customer Portal at http://service.sap.com/smb/sbocustomer/documentation.

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Database Tables Reference

For information about the tables used in a perpetual inventory system, see the .chm file: Database Tables

Reference. You can download it from SAP Community Network.

To download the Database Tables Reference .chm file:

1. Go to https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn/businessone.

2. Under BUSINESS ONE KNOWLEDGE CENTER, click the link of the SAP Business One release version you

want.

3. Click the SDK Help Center link.

4. In the File Download window, do one of the following:

o To open the .zip file, choose the Open button; then extract the REFDB.chm file to your computer.

o To save the .zip file to your computer, choose the Save button. You can open the .zip file and extract the

REFDB.chm file later.

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Copyrights, Trademarks, and Disclaimers

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