NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
NLRB
STYLE
MANUAL
A Guide for Legal Writing in Plain English
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402
NLRB STYLE MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
RULES OF CITATION
......................................................................................................1
ABBREVIATIONS
.............................................................................................................9
CAPITALIZATION
............................................................................................................11
COMPOUND WORDS
......................................................................................................15
FOOTNOTES
....................................................................................................................23
EXCESSIVE FOOTNOTES DISCOURAGED
.....................................................23
NUMBERS
........................................................................................................................25
PLURALS
.........................................................................................................................28
PUNCTUATION
................................................................................................................31
APOSTROPHE
...................................................................................................31
BRACKETS
........................................................................................................33
COLON
...............................................................................................................34
COMMA
..............................................................................................................35
DASH
..................................................................................................................38
EXCLAMATION POINT
......................................................................................39
PARENTHESES
.................................................................................................39
PERIOD
..............................................................................................................40
QUOTATION MARKS
.........................................................................................41
SEMICOLON
......................................................................................................42
QUOTATIONS & OMISSIONS
.........................................................................................43
SPELLING
........................................................................................................................45
ITALICIZING
.....................................................................................................................49
LATIN WORDS NOT ITALICIZED
......................................................................49
TREND AGAINST LATIN EXPRESSIONS
.........................................................49
PLAIN ENGLISH—NOT LEGALESE
...............................................................................51
GOOD USAGE
.................................................................................................................51
AVOID WORDY PHRASES
................................................................................52
THE RIGHT WORD
............................................................................................53
RULES FOR SINGULAR AND PLURAL
............................................................57
THE RIGHT PREPOSITION
................................................................................58
APPENDIX 1 (Popular Union Name—Official Name—Acronym)
.................................67
APPENDIX 2 (Official Union Name—Popular Name—Acronym)
.................................69
INDEX AND WORD LIST
.................................................................................................71
ii
Revised January 2000
NLRB STYLE MANUAL
RULES OF CITATION
Citing the Board and NLRA
National Labor Relations Board
After used once, it may be referred to as the Board.
NLRB
Use (without periods or spaces) in Board and court citations.
NLRA
National Labor Relations Act (the Act).
Citing Board Decisions
XYZ Mfg. Co.
, 328 NLRB 433, 444–445 (1999)
328 NLRB 433, 435–436 fns. 2, 4 (1999) [citing footnotes]
328 NLRB 433, 444 fn. 6 and cited cases (1999)
above at 433 [repeating within 2 pages]; 328 NLRB at 433
328 NLRB No. 20, slip op. at 4–5 (1999)
328 NLRB No. 20, JD slip op. at 9 (1999)
Case 16–CA–1432 (1999) (not reported in Board volumes)
Board and Court Decisions
Illustrations
.
(
Always include the year
.)
[if beyond 2 pages]
Stetson Hat Co.
, 328 NLRB 433 (1999), enfd. 196 F.3d 111 (D.C. Cir. 2000), cert. denied 528
U.S. 800 (2000) enfd. mem. enfd. per curiam enf. denied
enfd. in relevant part and remanded
Hatters Local 11 (Stetson Hat)
, 328 NLRB 443 (1999), affd. in relevant part sub nom.
Stetson
Hat Co. v. NLRB
, 196 F.3d 111 (5th Cir. 2000) vacated and remanded sub nom.
NLRB v. Stetson Hat Co.
, 196 F.3d 111 (6th Cir. 2000), enfg. 328 NLRB 433 (1999)
NLRB v. Hatters Local 11
, 196 F.3d 111, 115 (11th Cir. 2000) (dissenting opinion) (footnotes
omitted), cert. denied 528 U.S. 800 (2000)
Hatters Local 11 v. NLRB
, 528 U.S. 200, 210 (2000), rehearing denied 528 U.S. 924 (2000)
McLeod v. Hatters Local 11
, 60 F.Supp.2d 500 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)
Pye v. Stetson Hat Co.
, 160 LRRM 2525; 137 LC ¶ 10,300 (D.Mass.1998).
NOTE.
Insert an abbreviated name of the company (usually a two-word abbreviation)
in parentheses after the union name in a Board and also in a court citation if the case is well
known by the company name, or if the union name is in Spanish (in Puerto Rico). Give only the
year (1999) when citing a slip opinion. Use parallel citations when the U.S., F.3d, or F.Supp.2d
citations are not available. In district court citations, give only the district, not the division.
(N.D.Ill.2000) (D.D.C.2000). Separate multiple citations with semicolons.
1
Revised January 2000
RULES OF CITATION
Abbreviations in citing case history.
affd. (affirmed) enfd. (enforced) revd. (reversed)
affg. (affirming) enfg. (enforcing) revg. (reversing)
cert. (certiorari) mem. (no published sub nom. (under the name)
enf. (enforcement) opinion)
Do not abbreviate
appeal dismissed granted motion relevant
argued dismissing grounds per curiam remanded
denied enjoining modified petition vacated
denying filed modifying rehearing withdrawn
Running Head Case Citations
Running head as guide.
In citing decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court, lower courts, and the NLRB, use the
running head (the case name printed at the top of the page in bound volumes and NLRB slip
opinions) as a guide. The specific rules are applied to these names.
Specific rules.
1. Cite the Board as
“
NLRB.
”
2. Omit initial
“
The
”
(exception: The Ark).
3. Use abbreviations
“
Assn.,
” “
Bros.,
” “
Co.,
” “
Corp.,
” “
Inc.,
” “
Ltd.,
” “
Mfg.,
”
and
“
&.
”
4. Omit
“
Inc.
”
and
“
Ltd.
”
if the name contains Company, Products, Service, or other
clear indication that it is a business firm.
5. Shorten long company names.
6. Omit given names and initials of individuals and omit
“
U.S.
”
in names of Federal
agencies, e.g.
“
Postal Service.
”
7. Omit all parties after the first listed on either side.
8. Do not use
“
et al.
”
or
“
etc.
”
to indicate omissions.
9. For a union, cite first the popular name of the parent union—listed below by popular
names in appendix 1 page 67 and by official names in appendix 2 page 69—then any local,
lodge, or district council, e.g.,
Auto Workers Local 45
.
Additional running head rules.
NLRB running heads since 1982 conform to the specific rules above as well as the
following additional rules, enabling case citations to be taken directly from the running heads.
1. Cite the name of the business, omitting
“
d/b/a
”
and the preceding name(s).
2. Cite only the first company named, even if it is a division.
3. After a union name, insert an abbreviation (usually two words) of the company name.
(Also cite the abbreviated company name in parentheses after the union name in a court case if
it is well known by the company name or if the union name is in Spanish, in Puerto Rico.)
Court Citations
(
Always include the year
)
2
Revised January 2000
RULES OF CITATION
Supreme Court
decisions,
company
names.
“
NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co.,
”
the running head for National Labor Relations Board v. Gissel
Packing Co., Inc., et al., is cited
NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co
., 395 U.S. 575 (1969).
“
Labor Board v. Borg-Warner Corp.,
”
for National Labor Relations Board v. Wooster Division of
Borg-Warner Corp., is cited
NLRB v. Borg-Warner Corp
., 356 U.S. 342 (1958).
“
Pittsburgh Glass Co. v. Labor Board,
”
the running head for Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. v.
National Labor Relations Board, is cited
Pittsburgh Glass Co. v. NLRB
, 313 U.S. 146 (1941).
“
Fibreboard Corp. v. Labor Board,
”
the running head for Fibreboard Paper Products Corp. v.
National Labor Relations Board, is cited
Fibreboard Corp. v. NLRB
, 379 U.S. 203 (1964).
“
Labor Board v. Rice Milling Co.,
”
for National Labor Relations Board v. International Rice
Milling Co., Inc., et al., is cited
NLRB v. Rice Milling Co
., 341 U.S. 665 (1951).
Supreme Court
decisions,
union
names.
“
NLRB v. Longshoremen,
”
the running head for National Labor Relations Board v. International
Longshoremen
’
s Assn., AFL–CIO, et al., is cited
NLRB v. Longshoremen ILA
, 447 U.S. 490
(1980).
“
Radio Officers v. Labor Board,
”
the running head for Radio Officers
’
Union of the Commercial
Telegraphers Union, AFL v. National Labor Relations Board, is cited
Radio Officers v. NLRB
,
347 U.S. 17 (1954).
“
Carpenters
’
Union v. Labor Board,
”
the running head for Local 1976, United Brotherhood of
Carpenters and Joiners of America, A. F. L., et al. v. National Labor Relations Board [the
famous
Sand Door
decision, involving Sand Door and Plywood Company], is cited
Carpenters
Local 1976 (Sand Door) v. NLRB
, 357 U.S. 93 (1958).
“
Electrical Workers v. Labor Board,
”
the running head for International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers et al. v. National Labor Relations Board, is cited
Electrical Workers IBEW
Local 501 v. NLRB
, 341 U.S. 694 (1951). (In a current case, the local would be cited:
Electrical
Workers Local 501
.)
“
Electrical Workers v. Labor Board,
”
the running head for Local 761, International Union of
Electrical, Radio & Machine Workers, AFL–CIO v. National Labor Relations Board et al., is cited
Electrical Workers IUE Local 761 v. NLRB
, 366 U.S. 667 (1961). (In a current case, the local in
the renamed international union would be cited:
Electronic Workers Local 501.)
“
Labor Board v. Denver Bldg. Council
,”
the running head for National Labor Relations Board v.
Denver Building & Construction Trades Council et al., is cited
NLRB v. Denver Building Trades
Council
, 341 U.S. 675 (1951).
Court of Appeals
and
District Court
decisions.
3
Revised January 2000
RULES OF CITATION
“
N. L. R. B. v. Eldorado Mfg. Corp.,
”
the running head for National Labor Relations Board,
Petitioner, v. Eldorado Manufacturing Corporation and United Steelworkers of America,
AFL–CIO, Respondents, is cited
NLRB v. Eldorado Mfg. Corp
., 660 F.2d 1207 (7th Cir. 1981).
“
National Labor Relations Bd. v. Industrial Cotton Mills,
”
the running head for National Labor
Relations Board v. Industrial Cotton Mills (Division of J. P. Stephens Co.), is cited
NLRB v.
Industrial Cotton Mills
, 208 F.2d 87 (4th Cir. 1953), cert. denied 347 U.S. 935 (1954).
“
N. L. R. B. v. Local Union No. 725, etc.,
”
the running head for National Labor Relations
Board, Petitioner, v. Local Union No. 725 of the United Association of Journeymen and
Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada,
AFL–CIO, Respondent, is cited
NLRB v. Plumbers Local 725
, 572 F.2d 550 (5th Cir. 1978).
“
Local 138, Internat
’
l Un. of Operating Engineers v. N.L.R.B.,
”
the running head for Local 138,
International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL–CIO, and its Welfare Fund and Trustees,
William C. DeKoning, et al., Petitioners, v. National Labor Relations Board, Respondent, is cited
Operating Engineers Local 138 v. NLRB
, 321 F.2d 130 (2d Cir. 1973).
“N. L. R. B. v. Const. & Bldg. Material Teamsters,
”
the running head for National Labor
Relations Board, Petitioners, v. Construction and Building Material Teamsters Local No. 291,
Affiliated with the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and
Helpers of America, Respondent, is cited
NLRB v. Teamsters Local 291
, 633 F.2d 1295 (9th
Cir. 1980).
“
Liquor Salesmen
’
s Union Local 2 v. N. L. R. B.,
”
the running head for Liquor Salesmen
’
s
Union Local 2 of the State of New York, Distillery, Rectifying, Wine & Allied Workers
’
International Union, AFL–CIO, Petitioners, v. National Labor Relations Board, Respondent, is
cited
Distillery Workers Local 2 v. NLRB
, 664 F.2d 318 (5th Cir. 1981).
“
Morio v. North American Soccer League,
”
the running head for Winifred D. Morio, Regional
Director of Region 2 of the National Labor Relations Board, for and on behalf of the National
Labor Relations Board, Petitioner, v. The North American Soccer League and its Constituent
Member Clubs, Respondents, is cited
Morio v. North American Soccer League
, 501 F.Supp.
633 (S.D.N.Y.1980).
4
Revised January 2000
RULES OF CITATION
Board Citations
(
Always include the year
)
Company
respondents.
“
Greensboro News Co.,
”
the running head for The Greensboro News Company, is cited
Greensboro News Co
., 244 NLRB 689 (1979).
“
Raycor Co.,
”
the running head for Raimund Corssen Co., Inc. d/b/a Raycor Co., is cited
Raycor Co
., 249 NLRB 565 (1980).
“
Simpson Steel Fabricators,
”
the running head for Simpson Steel Fabricators & Erectors, Inc.,
is cited
Simpson Steel Fabricators
, 249 NLRB 1111 (1980).
“
F. W. Woolworth Company,
”
the pre-1982 running head for F. W. Woolworth Company, is
cited
F. W. Woolworth Co
., 90 NLRB 289 (1950).
“
Justak Brothers and Company,
”
the pre-1982 running head for Justak Brothers and Company,
Inc., is cited
Justak Bros. & Co
., 253 NLRB 1054 (1981).
“
United Contractors Incorporated,
”
the pre-1982 running head for United Contractors
Incorporated, JMCO Trucking Incorporated, Joint Employers, is cited
United Contractors
, 244
NLRB 72 (1979).
Union
respondents.
“
Plumbers, Local 412,
”
the running head for United Association of Journeymen and
Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada, Local
Union No. 412, AFL–CIO (Thomas Mechanical), is cited
Plumbers Local 412 (Thomas
Mechanical),
249 NLRB 714 (1980).
“
Sheet Metal Workers, Local 36,
”
the running head for Sheet Metal Workers International
Association, Local No. 36, and Harold Tindell, its agent
and
Nothum Manufacturing Company,
is cited
Sheet Metal Workers Local 36 (Nothum Mfg.)
, 244 NLRB 224 (1970).
“
Local 3, IBEW,
”
the pre-1982 running head for Local 3, International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers, AFL–CIO
and
New York Electrical Contractors Association, Inc.; Empire Electrical
Contractors Association, Inc.; and Association of the Electrical Contractors, Inc., is cited
Electrical Workers IBEW Local 3 (New York Electrical)
, 244 NLRB 357 (1979). (In a current
case, the local would be cited: Electrical Workers Local 3.)
“
UAW, Local 1989,
”
the pre-1982 running head for International Union, United Automobile,
Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, (UAW), Local No. 1989
and
Caterpillar Tractor Company, is cited
Auto Workers Local 1989 (Caterpillar Tractor)
, 249 NLRB
922 (1980).
NOTE.
If a union is the respondent employer, no company name is inserted in the
citation after the union name.
5
Revised January 2000
RULES OF CITATION
Repeating Signals in Citations
ibid.
Use to repeat the immediately preceding citation, on the same page, without any
change.
id.
Use to repeat the immediately preceding citation, on the same page, except for
citing a different page number: e.g.,
“
id. at 10.
”
above
Use
above
(preferred) or
supra
when the same case is cited a second time
within two pages:
“Gissel
, above,
” “
or
“Gissel
, above at 613.
”
Beyond two pages, repeat the
full citation or refer to a specific page,
“
395 U.S. at 613
”
or
“
265 NLRB at 9.
”
below
Use
below
(preferred) or
infra
to refer to subsequent matter.
Introductory Signals
[
No Signal
]
Indicates direct support.
e.g.
Indicates that other examples are available. It may also be used with other
signals:
“
see, e.g.
”
or
“
but see, e.g.
”
accord:
Use to cite other directly supporting cases, or cases in another jurisdiction.
see
Use to cite basic source material supporting the point. Use it instead of
[no
signal]
if the point is not explicitly made but follows from it, or is dictum. Cite the initial page and
the page where the point is made.
but see
Use to suggest a contrary holding.
see generally
Use to cite an authority providing background or relevant considerations
without providing support for the specific point.
compare
Use
compare
(preferred) or
cf.
(which means “compare” in Latin) to cite a case
that is to be compared or distinguished on the point. (Add a parenthetic explanation, however
brief.) The signal
“
compare . . . with
”
invites a comparison of the authorities cited to support or
illustrate a point. (Also explain.)
contra:
Use
contra:
to cite a directly opposite holding.
6
Revised January 2000
RULES OF CITATION
Citation of NLRB, Board’s Rules, Etc.
National Labor Relations Act. After the full name is used once, it may be referred to as the
Act (or NLRA).
National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 151 et seq.
Labor Management Relations Act, 1947. [LMRA, the Taft-Hartley Act—not current NLRA]
Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, 29 U.S.C. § 401 et seq. [LMRDA,
the Landrum-Griffin Act]
Health care jurisdiction: Section 2(14) of the Act.
Postal Service jurisdiction: Postal Reorganization Act, 39 U.S.C. § 1209(a). [PRA]
Board
’
s Rules and Regulations. Also cited as the Rules and Regulations of the National Labor
Relations Board. (Omit “as amended”)
Board
’
s Annual Report: 45 NLRB Annual Report 67 (1980).
NLRB Casehandling Manual (Part One) Compliance Sec.10639.
Miscellaneous Citations
McCormick on Evidence
§ 34 (4th ed. 1994)
12
Moore’s Federal Practice
§ 60.48 (3d ed. 1997)
2 Morris,
Developing Labor Law
1077–1083 (2d ed. 1983)
2A
Sutherland Statutory Constructions
§ 47.34 (5th ed. 1992)
3 Weinstein’s Federal Evidence
§ 505.07[2] (2d ed. 1998)
9
Wigmore on Evidence
§ 2015 (1981)
3 Williston on
Contracts
§ 6:13 (4th ed. 1991)
13B Wright & Miller,
Federal Practice and Procedure
§ 3571 (2d ed. 1984)
2 Am.Jur. 2d,
Agency
§ 286 (2d ed. 1994)
3 C.J.S.,
Agency
§ 452 (1998)
Restatement (Second) of Agency § 220(2)(h) (1958)
Cappelli & Rogovsky,
Employee Involvement and Organizational Citizenship: Implications for
Labor Law and “Lean Production
,
”
51 Ind. & Labor Rel. Rev. 633 (1998)
Estlund,
What Do Workers Want? Employee Interests, Public Interests, and Freedom of
Expression Under the National Labor Relations Act
, 140 U. Pa. L. Rev. 921, 924 (1992)
Washington Post, Sept. 30, 1998 at B2, col. 1
Fed.R.Evid. 301 [Federal Rules of Evidence, 28 U.S.C.]
Fed.R.Civ.P. 43(c) [Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.]
45 ALR2d 179 (1956) [American Law Reports]
29 CFR § 1604.1 (1980) [Code of Federal Regulations]
45 Fed.Reg.45259 (1980) (later printed at 14 CFR § 39.13) [Fed. Register]
44 BNA LA 545 (1965) (Altieri, Arb.) [Labor Arbitration]
24 Lab. L.J. 592 (1973) [Labor Law Journal]
2 Leg. Hist. 2393 (NLRA 1935) [Legislative History]
1 Leg. Hist. 303 (LMRA 1947) [Legislative History]
2 Leg. Hist. 1162 (LMRDA 1959) [Legislative History]
7
Revised January 2000
¶
¶¶
¶¶
¶¶¶¶
RULES OF CITATION
Other Common Citations
157 LRRM 2001 (1997) [BNA court decisions, labor cases]
948 P.2d 473 (S.Ct. Ala. 1997) [Pacific Reporter, 2d series]
17 U.S.C. § 106(4) (Supp. II 1997) [United States Code]
17 U.S.C.A. § 106(4) (Supp. 1997) [United States Code Annotated]
17 USCS § 106(4) (Supp. 1997) [United States Code Service Lawyers Edition]
505 U.S. 247 (1992) [United States Reports]
112 S.Ct. 2465 (1992) [Supreme Court Reporter]
120 L.Ed.2d 32 (1992) [United States Supreme Court Reports Lawyers
’
Edition]
66 L.W. 4543 (1998) [United States Law Week]
H.R. 3769, 105th Cong., 144 Cong. Rec. H2705 (1998) [House bill, daily edition]
H. Con. Res. 284, 105th Cong., 144 Cong. Rec. H4188 (1988) [House concurrent resolution]
S. 383, 83d Cong., 100 Cong.Rec. 1213 (1954) [Senate bill, permanent edition]
S. Res. 218, 83d Cong., 100 Cong.Rec. 2972 (1954) [Senate Resolution, permanent edition]
Line Item Veto Act, Pub. L. 104–130, 110 Stat. 1200 (1996)
Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 551–559, 701–706 [APA]
Equal Access to Justice Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552 [EAJA]
Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552 [FOIA]
NOTE.
Do not use
p.
for the page number except in cross-references. Use
at
if there
is a possibility of confusion. Include relevant page numbers when appropriate. Italicize book
titles and titles of articles in periodicals and newspapers. Leave a space between
¶ ¶¶
or
§ §§
and the numeral:
¶
141,
¶¶
5–8, § 10,
§§
5–8, §§ 45, 48. Substitute Arabic numerals for
large Roman article numbers and for all Roman volume numbers.
Citation of Sections and Articles
Section 8(a)(3) and (1); Section 8(a)(1), (3), and (5);
not
Sections 8(a)(1), (3), and (5)
Section 9(c)(1) and Section 2(6) and (7)
or
Sections 9(c)(1) and 2(6) and (7)
Section 8(b)(4)(i) and (ii)(A) [single capital letter]
Section 8(b)(4)(i), (ii)(A) and (B) [more than one capital letter]
Section 102.46 of the Board
’
s Rules and Regulations (Sec. 102.46 in parentheses, footnotes,
and citations in the text)
NOTE.
Capitalize sections of NLRA and Board publications, as above.
U.S. Const., Art. I, § 9, cl. 2
Compare 5 U.S.C. § 504(a)(2) with [symbol § used in U.S.C. citations]
EAJA, section 504(a)(2) [section spelled out in the text]
In article 1, section 3, provision is made [lowercase in non-Board references]
In section II,B,2,a of his decision, the judge found [commas and no spaces]
The Company deleted section III(B)(2) of the contract.
In section 17,B,1(a) and (b) of the agreement provided [
not
section XVII]
8
Revised January 2000
ABBREVIATIONS
Government Terms
United States,
abbreviated except when used as a separate noun or part of an official title.
U.S. Attorney U.S. economy U.S. Senate
U.S. District Court U.S. Government U.S. Supreme Court
but
foreign policy of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States
State Names.
The Board uses the Postal Service two-letter abbreviations in addresses, but
spells out State names in the text. The following traditional abbreviations, which are generally
used in district court citations, are listed with the Postal Service abbreviations.
Ala. AL Ky. KY N.Y. NY
Alaska AK La. LA Ohio OH
Ariz. AZ Mass. MA Okla. OK
Ark. AR Md. MD Ore. OR
Cal. CA Me. ME Pa. PA
Colo. CO Mich. MI R.I. RI
Conn. CT Minn. MN S.C. SC
D.C. DC Miss. MS S.D. SD
Del. DE Mo. MO Tenn. TN
Fla. FL Mont. MT Tex. TX
Ga. GA N.C. NC Utah UT
Hawaii HI N.D. ND Va. VA
Idaho ID Neb. NE Vt. VT
IIl. IL Nev. NV Wash. WA
Ind. IN N.H. NH Wis. WI
Iowa IA N.J. NJ W.Va. WV
Kan. KS N.M. NM Wyo. WY
Addresses in parentheses and footnotes.
St. Ave. Blvd. Cir. Ct. Dr. Hwy. Pkwy.
Rd. Rte. Ter. NE NW SE SW 1400 H St. NW
but
North South East West Fort 14th Street Bridge
Mount Place Plaza Port Square Ninth Avenue Bridge
Standard Abbreviations
a.m. e.g. etc. ibid. i.e.
¶ ¶¶
, par.
p.m. et al. et seq. id. at 10 p. pp. § §§
9
Revised January 2000
ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations in Parentheses, Footnotes, and Citations in Text
CP Exh. Jt. Exh. ch. chs. No. Nos. subpar. subpars.
Emp. Exh. Br. brief cl. cls. pt. pts. subsec. subsecs.
GC Exh. Tr. transcript col. cols. sec. secs. L. LL. line lines
P. Exh. app. apps. ed. eds. vol. vols. f. ff. & following p.
R. Exh. art. arts. fig. figs. supp. supps. or pp.
U. Exhs. bull. bulls. fn. fns. subch. subchs.
Abbreviations in Names
Charles White Charles White Sr. Ed Ray, Esq. Dr. Irene Brown
Charles White Jr. White Senior Anne Roe, Esq. Irene Brown, M.D.
NOTE. Mr., Mrs., Ms.,
and
Miss
are not used in the text except in quoted matter.
The comma is omitted before
Jr
.
and
Sr.
(which are restrictive words—not parenthetic words
requiring comma—see rule 5, below page 35). As a gender-free term, the traditional term
Esq.
(for Esquire) is used for both men and women attorneys.
Abbreviations in Case Citations
affd. mem. NLRB Assn. Mfg.
affg. revd. F.3d Bros. &
cert. revg. F.Supp.2d Co. d/b/a
enf. sub nom. U.S. Corp. No.
enfd. fn. Cir. (court) Inc. slip op.
enfg. fns. D. (district) Ltd. JD slip op.
10
Revised January 2000
CAPITALIZATION
Capitalization Used at NLRB
Act (NLRA)
Administrative Law Judge Jane Doe, or
Judge Doe (otherwise lowercase)
Advisory Opinion
Agency, the (NLRB)
Board (NLRB)
Board Agent Jane Doe (
but
a Board agent)
Board Member
Chairman Jane Doe
Charging Party (in the case)
Company (in the case)
but
lowercase as modifier
Conclusions of Law (in the decision)
Consent Election Agreement
Court (U.S. Supreme Court)
but
lowercase for other courts
Decision and Determination of Dispute
Decision and Order
Decision, Order, and Direction of Election
Decision on Review
Employer (in the case)
Executive Secretary
General Counsel
Hearing Officer Jane Doe
(otherwise lowercase)
Intervenor (in the case)
Judge Doe (NLRB) (otherwise lowercase)
Do not capitalize
agent faxed order
Local 561, the Local
Member (of the Board)
Motion for Summary Judgment
Notice to Show Cause
Objection 4
Officer in Charge Jane Doe (otherwise
lowercase)
Order (in the case)
Petitioner (in the case)
recommended Order (lowercase
r
)
Region (of the Board)
Region 5
Regional Attorney Jane Doe (otherwise
lowercase)
Regional Director
Regional Office
Remedy (
but
the remedy section)
Report on Objections
Resident Office
Respondent (in the case)
Rules and Regulations
or
Board
’
s Rules
Section 8(a)(1) (
but
the section)
Stipulated Election Agreement
Subregional Office
Supplemental Decision and Order
Union (in the case)
but
lowercase as modifier
order
agreement field examiner panel
answer
judge
but
Justice
petition
charge local report (Regional
complaint motion to dismiss Director
’
s)
court (any lower court) notice of hearing request for review
decision objection tally of ballots
General Rules
1. Capitalize
proper names
but not derivatives with common meaning.
John Macadam Macadam family Paris Venetian
but
macadamized plaster of paris venetian blinds
2. Capitalize
such particles as
d’, de, della, du, van,
and
von
in foreign names unless
11
Revised January 2000
CAPITALIZATION
preceded by a forename or title.
Du Pont
but
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Von Braun
but
Wernher von Braun
3. Capitalize
common names
used as
proper names.
Cape of Good Hope Seventh and H Streets SE the District (D.C.)
4. Lowercase
article
the
in names of newspapers, periodicals, vessels, and firm names.
the Washington Post the
Mermaid
the Key Company
but
The Hague
5. Capitalize
Governmental
and other
units.
United States: the Government, Federal Government, Federal aid, Federal road
U.S. Senate the Congress the Senate the House
U.S. Supreme Court: the Court the court of appeals: the court
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit: the Fifth Circuit
but
legislative, executive, and judicial (department or branch)
a Representative (U.S. Congress) a Republican (party member)
but
a representative of a group
a republican form of government
a State (in U.S.) State aid State name State road
New York State State Attorney State
’
s evidence
but
statewide church and state out-of-state
6. Capitalize
names of
regions, localities, and geographic features
when used as
proper names.
East Side (of city) the North the Southwest
the Deep South the Pacific Coast the West
the Middle West the Panhandle
but
the port of New York
7. Capitalize
names of
events and holidays.
Battle of Lexington
Fourth of July
or
the Fourth
New Year
’
s Eve
8. Lowercase
seasons, directions, and descriptive positions.
spring winter north north-central region southern California
eastern northerly northern north-northeast oriental
9. Lowercase
these
dockside terms
even when used with names or numbers.
Hudson dock dry dock lock pier 32
but
Fisherman
’
s Wharf
12
Revised January 2000
CAPITALIZATION
10. Capitalize
title before name of official or supervisor.
Supervisor Smith Floorlady Bowman Director Morgan Chief Peters
Superintendent Heep Foreman Jones Business Agent Gore Chairman Collier
Vice President–General Manager Brown (with en dash, not hyphen) Judge Doe
but
welder Al Jones company witness Joe Ray General Counsel witness Jean East
NOTE.
Refer to a person by given name and surname the first time mentioned in the
text and thereafter by the surname. Identify a member of the bargaining unit by general
designation (carpenter Joan Hughes, painter Charles White) and a member of management by
title (Supervisor John Smith, Foreman Anne Brown). When needed to assist the reader in
recalling the person
’
s identity, repeat the designation or title with the surname (carpenter
Hughes, Supervisor Smith).
11. Capitalize
titles
immediately following the name of a
person of preeminence or
distinction,
or used alone as a substitute.
William White, President of the United States the President
William White, Governor of Maryland the Governor
William White, Chairman the Chairman
William White, Board Member Board Member
William White, General Counsel the General Counsel
but
John Doe, president the president
John Doe, foreman the foreman
John Doe, chairman the chairman
John Doe, field examiner the field examiner
12. Capitalize
the first and all other words in titles and headings except the
following words with four or fewer letters.
articles
:
a, an, the
conjunctions
:
and, as, both, but, if, nor, or, than, that, when
prepositions
:
at, by, for, from, in, into, like, of, off, on, over, to, up, upon,
with
13. Lowercase
such
references
as the following.
book 2 volume 10 appendix C figure 7 abstract article 1, section 3
page 2 exhibit 11 paragraph 3 rule 2 title 4 amendment 5
13
Revised January 2000
14
COMPOUND WORDS
A compound word, with or without a hyphen,
“
conveys a unit idea that is not as clearly
or quickly conveyed
”
by the separate words.
“
Word forms constantly undergo modification.
Two-word forms often acquire the hyphen first, are printed as one word later, and not
infrequently the transition is from the two- to the one-word form, bypassing the hyphen stage.
”
GPO Style Manual
.
Solid Compounds
1. One-word compounds
frequently used in NLRB work.
antiunion dressmaker newsprint rulemaking
backpay drywall nighttime
runoff
*
biweekly engineroom nonunion salesman
blacklist (n. and v.) evenhanded nonworking saleslady
blueprint floorlady offset (n. and v.) sawmill
bookkeeper forklift outpatient semiofficial
bookseller hairnet outsourcing
setup
*
bookstore handyman papermill shopwork
breakdown
*
holdup
*
patternmaker
shutdown
*
breaktime housekeeper paycheck storeroom
bylaws hydroelectric payroll storewide
catchall Industrywide percent strawboss
checkoff
*
interstate
pickup
*
subregion
checkout
*
intrastate piecework subregional
coffeebreak jobsite plantwide superseniority
coffeetime
layoff
*
postdecision timecard
commonsense (adj.) leadman postelection timesheet
common sense (n.) locksmith postpetition timewasting
companywide longstanding powerhouse toolmaker
counterman longtime powerplant
truckdriver (
but
counteroffer lumberyard preelection dump truck driver)
counterproposal lunchbreak preemployment
turnover
*
courthouse lunchtime preexisting warehouseman
coworker
markup
*
pretrial workplace
(
but
cross-examine
meatcutter pricelist worksheet
cross-reference meatpacker printout worktable
deemphasis millwork procompany worktime
diemaker millyard prounion workweek
diesinker multiemployer racetrack
(
but
work force)
downsize nationwide recordkeeping wrongdoer
*
Two words as verb.
15
Revised January 2000
COMPOUND WORDS
2. Suffixes
in compound words
.
The following italicized suffices are usually written solid, but a hyphen is used with
proper names and to avoid tripling a consonant.
give
away
movie
goer
show
down
kilo
gram
twenty
fold
man
hood
spoon
ful
life
like
but
Florida-
like
bell-
like
3. Prefixes
in compound words.
a. Prefixes
written solid
a
moral
after
care
Anglo
mania
ante
date
anti
trust
bi
annual
by
pass
circum
navigate
co
exist
contra
band
counter
sink
de
salinize
demi
tasse
dis
embark
down
hearted
electro
magnet
ex
communicate
extra
hazardous
fore
finger
hydro
electric
hyper
tension
hypo
tension
in
bound
infra
red
inter
com
intra
union
intro
vert
iso
metric
mal
practice
micro
phone
inner
most
cut
off
blow
out
left
over
brass-
smith
mid
summer
mis
state
mono
gram
multi
color
neo
phyte
non
neutral
off
shore
on
stage
out
moded
over
compensate
para
medic
poly
ester
post
war
pre
arranged
pro
rate
home
stead
wind
up
area
wide
clock
wise
pseudo
nym
re
unite
retro
spect
semi
annual
step
father
sub
human
super
market
thermo
couple
trans
oceanic
tri
color
ultra
sonic
un
cap
under
productive
uni
lingual
up
date
b. Prefixes
with capitalized word.
Use a hyphen with capitalized words unless
the combined form has acquired independent meaning.
ante-Norman inter-American Pan-American pre-Columbian
anti-Semitic mid-April post-World War un-American
non-Government trans-Canadian
but
nongovernmental transatlantic
16
Revised January 2000
COMPOUND WORDS
c. Prefixes
that would double a vowel.
Use a hyphen to avoid doubling vowels,
except after certain short prefixes (
co, de, pre, re
).
anti-inflation electro-optics semi-idleness
co-op micro-organisms semi-indirect
co-owner pre-engineered ultra-ambitious
but
co
operate
de
escalate
pre
eminent
pre
exist
re
enact
co
ordinate
pre
emergence
pre
empt
re
employ
re
enter
d. Prefixes
in other compound words.
by-election in-law on-the-job re-redirect
by-product mid-1982 out-of-doors second-guess
but
by and large non-civil-service out-of-pocket sub rosa (adv.)
down-to-earth non sequitur out-of-the-way sub-rosa (adj.)
extra-large (adj.) non-taxpaid part-time (as modifier) tractor-trailer
extra-long (adj.) off-color pre-impasse up-and-coming
extra-strong (adj.) off-season pre-interview up to date (adv.)
full-time (as modifier) off-the-record re-create up-to-date (adj.)
in-between on-and-off re-cross-examination well-being
4. Personal pronouns
and other compound pronouns and adverbs.
herself itself ourselves yourself
himself myself themselves yourselves
anybody everybody nobody somebody
anyone
*
everyone
*
no one someone
anything everything nothing something
anywhere everywhere nowhere somewhere
*
Two words if a single member of a group of persons or things.
17
Revised January 2000
COMPOUND WORDS
Hyphenated Compounds
A “hyphen joins, in contrast to the dash, whose job is to separate.” Copperud,
American Usage and Style: The Consensus
188 (1980).
1. Modifiers
before noun.
above-mentioned company
above-named union
agreed-upon method
air-conditioned room
arm
’
s-length agreement
Board-conducted election
cash-flow problem
cease-and-desist order
closed-shop provision
collective-bargaining agreement
common-law right
community-of-interest contention
computer-based records
contested-election cases
contract-bar issues
cost-effective analysis
day-to-day occurrence
decision-making process
dues-checkoff provision
dues-deduction section
far-reaching effects
first-shift employees
first-step meeting
fixed-fee arrangement
full-time and part-time employees
(employed full time and part time)
good-faith doubt
grievance-arbitration procedure
high-level manager
in-plant committee
laid-off employees
law-abiding citizen
left-hand side
long-term contract
loose-leaf services
lump-sum payment
maintenance-of-membership clause
make-whole remedy
management-rights clause
most-favored-nation clause
night-shift employee
no-solicitation rule
no-strike clause
old-fashioned style
out-of-work list
piece-rated machine
profit-sharing plan
rank-and-file employees
refusal-to-bargain case
right-hand side
right-to-work law
second-step meeting
secret-ballot election
short-term contract
single-employer unit
single-entity finding
single-integrated operation
single-store unit
so-called investigation
step-2 grievance
successors-and-assigns clause
swing-shift employees
time-and-a-half wage rate
time-barred charge
tool-and-die maker
union-security clause
union-shop agreement
well-known supporter
well-established procedure
well-settled principle
well-thought-out maneuver
word-for-word report
work-related complaint
18
Revised January 2000
COMPOUND WORDS
2. Prepositional-phrase
compound noun
consisting of three or more words.
case-by-case 5–to–4 decision mother-in-law right-of-way
case-in-chief grant-in-aid mother-of-pearl step-by-step
but
attorney at law heir at law leaves of absence next of kin
3. Joined capital letter
and other prefixes.
I-beam all-around no-show self-government
T-shirt ex-Governor no-trump wide-awake
V-neck ex-repairman quasi-contractual
X-raying ex-vice-president
but
quasi appointment
but
exfoliate ex post facto wide gauge widemouthed
4. Element of title
in compound words.
President-elect Vice-President-elect vice-presidency
but
vice president
5. Compound verbs.
blue-pencil cold-shoulder cross-file soft-pedal
6. Compounds
having a
common basic element.
English- and Spanish-speaking employees long- and short-term money rates
but
American owned and managed firms twofold or threefold
7. Compound numbers
from
twenty-one
to
ninety-nine
(hyphenated when spelled
out)
and
spelled-out fractions
(two-thirds full).
19
Revised January 2000
COMPOUND WORDS
Hyphen Omitted in Compound Words
1. When the meaning is clear
and readability is not aided.
a 401(k) provision fringe benefit plan portland cement plant
atomic energy project health care institution production credit loan
bargaining unit employees high school student public utility plant
child welfare plan income tax form real estate tax
civil rights case interstate commerce law running head citations
civil service examination land bank loan social security program
due process law land use program soil conservation measures
durable goods industry life insurance company special delivery mail
flood control study parol evidence rule speech correction class
free enterprise system per capita tax
but
no-hyphen rule
2. When
the
last element
of a predicate
adjective
is a present or past participle.
The area was used for beet growing. The area is drought stricken.
The effects were far reaching. The boy is freckle faced.
3. When
the
first element
of a two-word modifier
is an adverb ending
in
ly
or the first two elements of a three-word modifier are adverbs.
eagerly awaited moment unusually high strung supervisor
wholly owned subsidiary longer than usual lunch period
but
ever-normal granary still-lingering doubt well-kept farm
ever-rising earnings still-new car well-known lawyer
4. When
the
first element
of a two-word modifier
is a comparative or superlative.
better drained roof best liked books
better paying job higher level decision
but
bestseller undercoverman
low-paying job uppercase, lowercase type
5. When
modifier consists of a
foreign phrase.
bona fide transaction ex officio member
but
antebellum days per capita tax
larger sized dress
lower income group
upperclassman
per diem employee
prima facie evidence
20
Revised January 2000
COMPOUND WORDS
6. Omit Hyphen
in all titles, except
to indicate
combined offices.
assistant professor editor in chief secretary-treasurer
attorney general officer in charge vice president
7. Omit Hyphen
in proper nouns
used as modifiers
unless
they designate a joint
relationship.
African American Italian American area Latin American trip
but
French-Irish descent
21
Revised January 2000
22
FOOTNOTES
EXCESSIVE FOOTNOTES DISCOURAGED
Footnotes constitute an imposition on the reader by increasing the reading time. They
require the reader to read at two levels—the text in regular type and the footnotes, which are
often in smaller type—and to waste time spent in relocating the even smaller footnote reference
marks in the text.
Although some footnotes are standard (as those stating the relevant period of time in a
decision), many could easily be avoided. They often contain relevant facts and circumstances,
explanatory remarks, and other matters that could more appropriately be placed in the text (in
parentheses if preferred).
Citations in Text.
Case citations should be placed in the text, instead of footnotes
as in law review articles.
General Rules.
Single-space footnotes. Also single-space between paragraphs in
footnotes, indenting the first line of any additional paragraph. If a footnote must be carried over
to the next page (a further imposition on the reader), continue it there after the text, without
repeating the footnote number.
Footnotes in a separate opinion or attached appendix are numbered separately.
Footnote illustrations
___________________
1
Jones testified:
Q. Where did you go?
A. I went to the back of the storage room and talked to the union steward. Then
I went with the steward to the front office. Mr. Jones was waiting for us.
___________________
1
“
I went to the back of the storage room and talked to the union steward. Then I went with
the steward to the front office. Mr. Jones was waiting for us.
”
___________________
1
The Company filed a reply brief and submitted a motion to strike certain matter from the
General Counsel
’
s brief. The General Counsel also submitted a motion to strike parts of the
Continued
Placement of Footnote Reference Mark.
Place the footnote reference mark at
the end of a sentence or clause. Place it in the space after any punctuation mark except a
dash, or in the space after the concluding word of a clause if there is no punctuation mark.
Place it before a closing parenthesis if the footnote relates only to the matter within the
parentheses.
NOTE.
A footnote reference mark should not be placed in the caption of a judge
’
s
decision, because that part of the JD is not published.
23
Revised January 2000
24
NUMBERS
General Rules
1. Nine-and-under rule.
Spell out numbers
one
through
nine
and use figures for
numbers
10
and higher, whether they are cardinal numbers (one, two . . . 10, 11 . . . ) or ordinal
numbers (first, second . . . 10th, 11th . . . ).
2. Numbers in series
.
Use figures if one of a group of two or more related numbers in a
sentence is
10
or higher, but write out a number at the beginning of a sentence.
The man had one suit, two pairs of shoes, and one hat.
The man had 1 suit, 2 pairs of shoes, and 15 pairs of socks for the trip.
From the First to the Ninth Congress. From the 1st to the 104th Congress.
Forty were killed. Seventy-eight passengers were aboard the train.
3. Cardinal and ordinal numbers.
When appearing in the same sentence, cardinal
and ordinal numbers are treated as if they were in separate sentences.
The third group contained nine items. The third group contained 10 items.
The 9th group contained three items and the 10th group contained four.
When to Use Figures
Measurement and Time
Units of measurement and time, actual or implied, are expressed in figures. They do not
affect the use of figures for other numbers in a sentence.
1. Age.
6 years old age 70 at the age of 3
but
his third birthday
The 70-year-old had only one suit, two pairs of shoes, and a hat.
2. Clock time.
10 o
’
clock 10 a.m. 12 noon
4:30 p.m. half past 4 this p.m.
3. Dates.
June 11, 1998
May 1 to June 1, 1998
1994, 1998
the 1st (day) of the month
4th of July (the date)
June 1998
May, June, and July 1998
1994–1997
but
the first (part) of October
but
Fourth of July (the holiday)
12 midnight
5 minutes till 9
June and July 1998
between 1990 and 1998
A.D. 1066; 429 B.C.
25
Revised January 2000
NUMBERS
4. Decimals.
.25 inch .5 inch 1.25 inches .30 caliber
5. Measurements.
about 6 acres 6 pounds 3 ounces
8
½
x 11 paper
8 by 12 inches
500 meters 8-by-12 inch ad
but
two dozen one gross
6. Money.
$3 $3.65 $600
6 feet 1 inch tall
1
½
(
or
1-1/2) miles
5-inch ad
zero miles
$1200
$560,000 $2,700,000 $5–$6 billion 75 cents
$2
½
(
or
$2-1/2) million 5 to 10 million dollars
’
worth
7. Percentages.
12 percent 25.5 percent .5 percent
or
8. Time.
3.5 times
6 degrees
6 below zero
2 feet by 1 foot 8 inches
three-ply
$56,651
50-cent-an-hour increase
4 million in assets
one-half percent
8 days 3 fiscal years 7 minutes 1 month
6 hours 8 minutes 20 seconds 10 years 3 months 29 days
but
three afternoons three decades three quarters (9 months)
fourth century a year or two statistics of any one year
9. Unit modifiers.
5-day week
½
-inch pipe
10-foot pole
7
½
-percent raise
Other Figures
In serial numbers.
bulletin 725
¶
2
chapter 2 lines 5 and 6
7 minutes 1 month
5-foot-wide rug
but
a girl 5 feet 6
at 352–353 5-foot-6 girl
paragraph 3 1721–1723 P Street NW
In addresses
—but use the nine-and-under rule
(preceding page)
in street names.
See abbreviated addresses used in parentheses and footnotes, above page 9.
7 First Street SE 4711 Fifth Avenue 20 North First Street
7 51st Street SE 810 West 12th Street
51–53 62d Avenue North
When Numbers Are Spelled Out
26
Revised January 2000
NUMBERS
1. Fractions below one,
except when used as a modifier.
one-half inch half an inch 50 one-hundredths inch
but
½
-inch-diameter pipe 3
½
(
or
3-1/2) times
½
to 1
½
pages
2. Indefinite expressions
—but not with
about, approximately, around, nearly,
etc.
a thousand and one reasons in his midthirties, in his seventies
one hundred percent wrong temperature in the thirties
but
about 200 1 to 3 million 90-odd persons 40-plus mid-1982 early 1980s
3. Formal language.
the Thirteen Original States in the year nineteen hundred and ninety-nine
threescore years and ten millions for defense but not one cent for tribute
4. Figures of speech.
Air Force One Gay Nineties number one choice Ten Commandments
5. Numbers under 100
before a compound modifier containing a figure.
two
½-
inch boards ninety-nine 6-inch guns
but
120 8-inch boards
Roman Numerals.
Use only in lower numbers. Substitute Arabic
numerals for large Roman numerals and for all volume numbers.
Punctuation of Numbers
1. In modifiers
containing figures, hyphenate the compound.
6-foot-4 Texan 3-pound roast 50-gram dose 10-page decision
2. Use apostrophes
for omissions and plurals of single (not multiple) figures.
class of
’
82 cross out the 6
’
s the 1990s
3. In numbers
containing five or more digits, use commas to separate groups of
three digits.
Do not use
No.
or
#
before a number unless required to identify it as a number.
1000 1333 9000 10,000 200,000 4,333,000
1745 P Street NW 212–555–1212 Case 2–CA–13675
27
Revised January 2000
PLURALS
General Rules
1. Most plurals
are formed by
adding s.
2. Add es
to nouns
ending
in
s, z, x, ch,
and
sh.
buses buzzes foxes torches Bushes
Joneses Schmitzes Essexes
but
Bachs
3. Add es
and change
y
to
i
when nouns
end
in
consonant-plus-y,
not proper names.
cities skies
but
Marys Januarys Kansas Citys
4. Add s
to nouns
ending
in
vowel-plus-y,
except nouns ending in
quy
.
attorneys chimneys moneys
but
soliloquies
5. Add s
to nouns
ending
in
vowel-plus-o.
cameos portfolios radios studios trios
6. Add es
to most nouns
ending
in
consonant-plus-o.
echoes heroes tomatoes torpedoes vetoes
but
albinos dynamos kimonos photos solos
armadillos Eskimos lassos pianos tobaccos
autos falsettos magnetos piccolos twos
avocados ghettos mementos provisos virtuosos
banjos halos memos salvos zeros
7. Use English plurals
of
words
borrowed
from foreign languages,
except foreign
plurals in common usage.
adieus beaus formulas minimums sanitariums
agendas cactuses geniuses opuses stadiums
antennas dogmas indexes plateaus styluses
appendixes equilibriums insignias podiums syllabuses
aquariums focuses maximums sanatoriums tableaus
but
addenda *
data
*
media
*
nuclei stimuli
alumni errata * matrices phenomena strata
criteria fungi memoranda radii
curricula larvae minutiae referenda
* Both singular and plural.
28
Revised January 2000
PLURALS
8. Change i
to
e
to form
plural.
analysis analyses ellipsis ellipses synopsis synopses
basis bases hypothesis hypotheses thesis theses
crisis crises parenthesis parentheses
but
chassis (sing. & pl.)
9. Add s
to nouns
ending in ful.
cupfuls handfuls teaspoonfuls
10. Add s
or
es
to form the
plural of spelled-out numbers, words containing an
apostrophe, and words referred to as words
(
but
’
s
if required for clarity).
the pros and cons yeses and noes whereases and wherefores
ifs, ands, or buts can
’
ts and won
’
ts do
’
s and don
’
ts
11. Add s
to form the
plural
of numbers or abbreviations consisting
of multiple figures
or capital letters
—but
’s
for plural of single figures and lowercase letters, below page 32.
B52s
’
80s 1990s ABCs C.P.A.s JDs LPNs M.D.s Ph.D.s YMCAs
Plurals of Compound Terms
The significant word takes the plural form.
1. Significant word first.
attorneys at law courts-martial postmasters general
attorneys general heirs at law prisoners of war
bills of fare leaves of absence rights-of-way
brothers-in-law mothers-in-law sergeants at arms
conflicts of interest notaries public
2. Significant word in middle.
assistant attorneys general assistant comptrollers general
assistant chiefs of staff deputy surgeons general
3. Significant word last.
assistant attorneys general counsels trade unions
deputy sheriffs
but
counsel (sing. & pl.)
vice chairmen
4. Both nouns of equal significance.
Both take the plural form.
coats of arms men employees women advisers
men buyers secretaries-treasurers women writers
5. No word significant in itself.
The last word takes the plural form.
29
Revised January 2000
PLURALS
also-rans go-betweens jack-in-the-pulpits
come-ons hand-me-downs run-ins
6.
When a
noun
is
hyphenated with
an
adverb or preposition,
the
plural is
formed on the noun.
goings-on hangers-on listeners-in passersby
30
Revised January 2000
PUNCTUATION
“
Punctuation should aid in reading and prevent misreading.
”
GPO Style Manual.
APOSTROPHE
Apostrophe in Possessives
1. General rule. Add
’
s
to
a singular or plural
noun not ending in s.
Add
’
(apostrophe)
to
a singular or plural
noun ending in s or an s sound.
man
’
s men
’
s hostess
’
hostesses
’
Jones
’
Joneses
’
Congress
’
prince
’
s princes
’
Lopez
’
Lopezes
’
corps
’
princess
’
princesses
’
but
Essex
’
s Essexes
’
2. Compound nouns. Add ’ or ’s
to
the
last noun.
attorney at law
’
s fee Charles White Jr.
’
s account
attorney general
’
s appointments Brown of Texas
’
motion
comptroller general
’
s decision secretary-treasurer
’
s seat
3. Joint or separate possession. Add
’
or
’
s
to
the
last noun
for joint possession,
or to each noun
for individual or alternative possession.
Brown & Nelson
’
s store men
’
s and women
’
s clothing
soldiers and sailors
’
home Mrs. Smith
’
s and Mrs. Allen
’
s children
John
’
s, Thomas
’
, and Henry
’
s ratings St. Michael
’
s Men
’
s Club
4. Indefinite or personal pronouns. Add
’
or
’
s
to form possessive.
each other
’
s store one
’
s mortgage somebody
’
s proposal
others
’
homes someone
’
s computer
but
somebody else
’
s pen
5. Possessive of general terms.
Use
the
singular possessive case.
arm
’
s length printer
’
s ink writer
’
s cramp author
’
s alteration
6. Possessive of idiomatic phrases.
Use possessive case
even though there is no
actual ownership.
a stone
’
s throw 1 day
’
s labor 2 hours
’
traveltime
for pity
’
s sake 2 weeks
’
allowance 6 billion dollars
’
worth
7. Nouns ending in ce.
For euphony,
add only
’
to form the possessive of these nouns
when followed by a word beginning with
s
.
for acquaintance
’
sake for appearance
’
sake for conscience
’
sake
31
Revised January 2000
APOSTROPHE
8. Noun used as adjective. Add
’
or
’
s
to a possessive noun used in an adjective
sense.
He is a friend of John
’
s and mine. Sterns
’
is running a sale.
She drives her brother Francis
’
car.
9. Noun before gerund
(
ing
-ending verb used as noun) should be in possessive case.
in the event of Mary
’
s leaving the ship
’
s hovering nearby
Other Uses of Apostrophe
Add
’
or
’
s
to indicate
contractions, omissions, and plural
of
symbols,
single figures and letters,
and
lowercase abbreviations
—but
s
to multiple figures
and capital letters—see rule 11, above page 29.
don
’
t I
’
ve o
’
clock 49
’
ers 4–H
’
ers #
’
s 7
’
s
it
’
s (it is) MC
’
ing a
’
s A’s
spirit of
’
76 the three R
’
s c.o.d.
’
s mph
’
s
The Apostrophe Is Not Used
1. In possessive personal pronouns.
hers its ours theirs yours
2. After words more descriptive than possessive
(not indicating personal
possession),
except when the plural does not end in s, and after names of
countries and other organized bodies ending in s.
editors handbook Teamsters Union United States control
merchants exchange technicians guide
but
women
’
s votes
nurses aide Congress attitude children
’
s hospital
teachers college Massachusetts laws workers
’
compensation
3.
Not used
in abbreviations
and shortened forms of certain words.
Assn. enfd. phone Sgt. till
4.
Not used
in plurals of spelled-out numbers, and words as words
except to
avoid difficulty in reading.
sevens ins and outs whereases ifs, ands, or buts
twos threes ups and downs yeses and noes
but
do
’
s and don
’
ts
32
Revised January 2000
BRACKETS
Their Function
1. Emphasis added and information inserted.
Brackets are used to enclose the
words
“
emphasis added
”
when placed inside a quoted sentence, or at the end of an indented
(block) quotation, and to enclose interpolations and words inserted in quoted matter.
“
Smith was
not
[emphasis added] in the room with us.
”
the
primary
result. [Emphasis added.] (at end of block quotation)
“
The president pro tem [Arnold] spoke briefly.
”
“
The witness tried [evidently without success] to convince the court.
”
“
Adams [arrived] late.
”
NOTE.
“
Emphasis added
”
is place in parentheses (not brackets) after a nonindented
quotation. “Jones
was
but Smith was
not
in the room with us.” (Emphasis added.)
2. Corrections and notations of error.
Significant errors may be corrected, or merely
noted.
“
He arrived at 11 [12] o
’
clock.
”
“
He arrived at 11 [sic] o
’
clock.
”
NOTE.
Insignificant errors, such as misspelled words, should be corrected without any
notation.
3. Change in case.
When a lowercase letter is changed to uppercase or vice versa, the
letter is enclosed in brackets.
“
[T]he other four were present.
”
33
Revised January 2000
COLON
“
A colon tells the reader that what follows is closely related to the preceding
clauses. The colon has more effect than the comma, less power to separate than the
semicolon, and more formality than the dash.
”
Strunk & White,
Elements of Style
7 (3d
ed. 1979).
The Colon Is Used
1. To introduce formally.
To introduce formally any matter that forms a complete
sentence, question, or quotation (the first word after the colon being capitalized).
The court said:
“[
T]he underlying purpose of this statute is industrial peace. This conduct is not
conducive to that end.
”
The following question came up for discussion: What policy should be adopted?
2. To list or amplify.
After an independent clause, to introduce a list of particulars, an
amplification, or an illustrative quotation.
He produced several items in his defense: a compilation of dates, 10 daily production records,
and a sample of his work.
Give up conveniences, do not demand special privileges, do not stop work: these are
necessary while we are at war.
The squalor of the streets reminded him of a line from Oscar Wilde:
“
We are all in the gutter,
but some of us are looking at the stars.
”
3. With salutation and time.
After a formal salutation and to express time.
Dear Sir: Ladies and Gentlemen: To Whom It May Concern: 2:40 p.m.
The Colon Is Not Used to Separate a Verb or Preposition from Its
Object
(no punctuation being needed).
The language should be as follows:
or
The language should be
The primary issues are (a) . . . (b)
not
The primary issues are: (a) . . . (b)
Wisdom grows from experience,
not
Wisdom grows from: experience,
34
Revised January 2000
COMMA
The Comma Is Used
1. In series.
Place
a
comma before
the conjunctions
and, or,
and
nor
in series of
three or more terms
.
red, white, and blue a, b, and c neither snow, rain, nor heat
It is ordered to cease and desist, to bargain on request and, if an agreement is reached, to
It is a valuable contribution which, if utilized, would be most helpful.
NOTE.
When
and, or, nor,
or
which
is in a sentence
before parenthetic matter
that is
set off with commas, omit the comma
before the conjunction or
which.
2. With a short quotation
following an introductory phrase.
He said,
“
John arrived several hours after the others.
”
3. With modifiers.
To separate a series of modifiers, unless the final modifier is
considered part of the noun modified. Use a comma only when
and
could be substituted.
It is a young, eager, intelligent group.
but
He is a clever young man.
4. With parenthetic matter.
To set off parenthetic words and phrases.
It is obvious, however, that this is no solution.
The employee, ignoring the time, continued to work through the lunch period.
His only son, John, went with him.
but
His son Joe is here. (restrictive, not parenthetic)
5. With nonrestrictive clauses.
To set off nonrestrictive, parenthetic clauses which, like
restrictive clauses, are relative clauses (beginning with
that, when, where, which, who,
or
whom
).
Nonrestrictive clauses,
which are set off by commas, are merely descriptive or
additive (do not identify or define) and could be omitted without changing the meaning of the
main clause. They may be introduced by
which
or
who
.
Restrictive clauses,
which are never set off by commas, are essential to the meaning
of the sentence. They may be introduced by
that, which,
or
who
.
(nonrestrictive)
The atomic bomb, which we developed, was first used by us.
Union Steward Clark, who participated in the strike, was promoted.
Dallas, where he was born, is a thriving metropolis.
(restrictive)
The dam that gave way was poorly constructed.
All employees who participated in the strike were summarily discharged.
35
Revised January 2000
COMMA
6. Comma used to set off explanatory words and abbreviations.
There are many exceptions, namely, silk, cotton, nylon, and wool.
The Company produces many items, e.g., electrical and mechanical equipment.
7. In a compound sentence.
To separate independent clauses joined by a conjunction,
except that the comma may be omitted between short independent clauses.
We have not carried that model for some time, but we expect to restock it.
but
He ran but he missed the train.
8. With a single subject.
When the subject for two clauses is the same, a comma is
used if the connective conjunction is
but
, but is not used if the connective conjunction is
and
.
I have heard his arguments and am now convinced.
I have heard his arguments, but am still not convinced.
He has had several years
’
experience and is thoroughly competent.
9. To set off interjections and transitional words,
such as
oh, yes, no, well,
moreover,
and
incidentally
.
Yes, they are coming. No, she isn
’
t here. Moreover, they are not.
10. To separate words or figures
that might otherwise be misunderstood.
In 1980, 400 men were dismissed. As you would expect, Brown did.
Instead of 20, 50 came. What the difficulty is, is not known.
11. With abbreviations and degrees.
Before and after
Esq., etc., i.e., e.g., et al.,
and academic degrees.
Thomas Brown, Esq., Reed, Black, et al., May 4, 1982 discharge
good example, i.e., Douglas Smith, Ph.D., Dayton, Ohio suburbs
See, e.g., TRW, Inc. recently built here. Dallas, Texas facility
Local 2, AFL–CIO or any other union post at its facility in Bangor, Maine copies of
NOTE.
Not being needed for clarity or readability, the comma may be omitted after
Inc., Ltd.,
and
AFL–CIO;
after the name of a State preceded by the name of a city; and when
names and dates are used as modifiers.
12. To indicate omission of a word or words.
Then we had much; now, nothing.
13. After interrogative clause,
followed by a direct question.
You are sure, are you not?
36
Revised January 2000
COMMA
14. With titles.
president, the Key Company Member, National Labor Relations Board
15. In numbers.
To separate large numbers—but
not
in addresses and decimals, or in
case, serial, telephone, ZIP code, and executive order numbers.
10,000 44,230 530,491 1,250,000
but
14500 Ninth Avenue Case 16–CA–14590 motor No. 189463 9500
202–633–0500 Washington, DC 20570–0001 Executive Order 11240
NOTE.
Two spaces are placed between the address Washington, DC and the ZIP
code 20570–0001 (in accordance with Postal Service suggested format).
Do Not Use the Comma
1. Between month and year
in dates.
June 1998 June and July 1998 May, June, and July 1998 Labor Day 1997
but
June 11, 1998
2. To separate two nouns,
one of which identifies the other.
the heading
“
Collective Bargaining
”
the painter Van Gogh
3. To set off
short transitional or introductory expressions,
unless one would
normally tend to pause in speaking at that point.
They had indeed gone. Obviously she had no intention of going.
4. After a question mark.
He asked her,
“
What are you doing?
”
and she told him her plans.
5. To set off Jr., Sr.
(which are restrictive words—not parenthetic words requiring a
comma).
NOTE.
When only the last name is used, spell out
Junior
and
Senior.
Charles White Jr. Charles White Sr. White Senior
37
Revised January 2000
DASH
“
A dash is a mark of separation stronger than a comma, less formal than a
colon, and more relaxed than parentheses.
”
Strunk & White,
Elements of Style
9 (3d
ed. 1979).
The Em Dash — (triple the length of a hyphen) Is Used
1. To set off an abrupt break
or interruption.
He said—and no one contradicted him—
“
The battle is lost.
”
If the bill should pass—which God forbid—the service will be wrecked.
2. To set off a final clause
that summarizes a series of ideas.
Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from fear—these are the
fundamentals of moral world order.
3. To set off words for emphasis.
Only one person—the chairman—voted against the proposal.
4. To indicate deleted letters.
Where the h— is he?
5. After question mark.
But not immediately after a comma, colon, or semicolon.
How can you explain this?—
“
Fee paid, $5.
”
The En Dash – (double the length of a hyphen) Is Used
1. In combination
of figures, letters, and certain words.
Case 26–CA–4219 AFL–CIO 1995–1997
$100–$200 4–H Club May–October
301–848–8400 WTOP–TV Monday–Friday
2. In compound positions
or
titles
when needed for clarity.
painter–door builder Jones Vice President–General Manager Brown
38
Revised January 2000
DASH
The En Dash Is Not Used
to replace
to
or
and
when the word
from
or
between
precedes the first of two related figures or expressions.
from January 1 to June 30, 1996
not
from January 1–June 30, 1996
between 1995 and 1996
not
between 1995–1996
EXCLAMATION POINT
The exclamation point is used to mark surprise, incredulity, admiration, appeal, or other
strong emotion—even in a declarative or interrogative sentence. It should be used sparingly.
“
Great!
”
he shouted. What!
He acknowledged the error! Who shouted,
“
All aboard!
”
(no question
How beautiful! mark used)
PARENTHESES
Parentheses Are Used
1. For parenthetic matter, in place of footnotes.
To set off words or sentences not
intended to be part of the main thought or statement, yet important enough to be included.
This 1980 case (447 U.S. 490) is not relevant.
The United States is the principal purchaser (by value) of these exports (23 percent in 1995
and 19 percent in 1996).
The foreman saw him at the timeclock and directed him to go to the office. (Smith had never
been late before. Many others had been.) They met the steward there.
2. For acronym, usage, and explanatory words.
To indicate subsequent use of an
acronym or shortened name and to enclose explanatory words.
XYZ Company (the Company
or
the Respondent)
R. M. Conway Co. (Conway)
Teamsters Local 443 (the Union
or
the Respondent)
Local 1 (the Local)
R. M. Conway Co. (the Respondent Company) Local 1 (the Respondent Union)
against the Company, the Respondent against the Union, the Respondent
Baskin-Robbins Ice Cream Company (BRICO) utilized a three-level franchise plan.
Portland (Ore.) Chamber of Commerce
3. For items in series or in the alternative.
To enclose letters or numbers
designating items in a series, or the singular or plural.
You will observe that the sword is (1) old fashioned, (2) still sharp, and (3) light for its size.
Paragraph 7(b)(1)(a) will be found on page 6. exceptions and brief(s)
39
Revised January 2000
PARENTHESES
4. For transcript references.
When citing a reference to the transcript at the end of a
sentence, place the parenthetic reference before the closing period, unless the reference
relates to more than one sentence.
He admitted having heard a rumor in the plant (Tr. 76).
The agreement (GC Exh. 2) was never signed (Tr. 26–27).
It included a bargaining order. It also included a broad order. (Tr. 11–12.)
but
(He testified,
“
It was news to me
”
[Tr. 54], but later admitted,
“
I heard about it before
”
[Tr. 57].)
Placement of Parentheses
Multiple parentheses.
When matter in parentheses makes more than one paragraph, start
each paragraph with a parenthesis and place the closing parenthesis at the end of the last
paragraph.
PERIOD
The Period Is Used
1. Sentences.
Use after an imperative sentence, an indirect question, or a rhetorical
question.
Do not be late. Tell me how he did it. May we ask prompt payment.
2. Abbreviations.
Use in most lowercase and capital-lowercase abbreviations, but omit
periods in most uppercase abbreviations.
a.m. c.o.d. e.s.t. i.e. ibid. Assn. Ave. Blvd. D.C. U.S.
but
mph rpm CBS FBI IRS ITT LPN NLRA SMU UAW
3. Ellipses.
Use a three-period ellipsis signal (
. . .
) to indicate an omission within a sentence and a
four-period ellipsis signal (
. . . .
) to indicate an omission at the end of a sentence.
Insert and indent a four-period ellipsis signal to indicate the omission of one or more
paragraphs. See ellipsis rules, below pages 43–44.
4. For items in series.
Periods may be used in place of parentheses.
a. Bread well baked. 1. Punctuate moderately.
b. Meat cooked rare. 2. Compound sparingly.
c. Cubed apples stewed. 3. Index thoroughly.
40
Revised January 2000
QUOTATION MARKS
Quotation Marks Are Used
1. Titles.
Use quotation marks to enclose titles of
chapters, editorials, essays, headings,
headlines, motion pictures, plays, reports, short poems, songs, subheadings,
subjects, themes
, and
TV
and
radio programs.
2. After certain terms.
Use quotation marks to enclose any matter following the terms
classified,
designated, endorsed, entitled, marked, named, signed, the term,
or
the word.
entitled
“
The Harbor Act” After the word
“
man,
”
insert a colon.
but
It was known as glucinium.
The so-called investigative body.
NOTE.
Do not use quotation marks to enclose expressions following the terms
known
as, called,
and
so-called
unless the expressions are misnomers or slang.
3. Emphasis.
Use quotation marks to give greater emphasis to a word or phrase—but this
use should be kept to a minimum.
4. Slang, nicknames, etc.
Use quotation marks to enclose misnomers, slang
expressions, jargon, nicknames, and ordinary words used in an arbitrary way.
the
“
lameduck
”
amendment George Herman
“
Babe
”
Ruth
the “duly” habit It was a
“
gentlemen
’
s agreement.
”
NOTE.
In work showing amendments, place the punctuation mark
outside
the
quotation marks when not a part of the quoted matter.
Insert the following:
“
and the Universal Military Training Act,
”
.
Quotation Marks Are Not Used
To enclose block (indented) quotations.
To enclose article titles
in periodicals and newspapers and book titles,
which are
italicized instead.
With indirect quotations,
paraphrasing, tallies.
He told her yes. She said Jones was a born liar.
He said that no he would not. The vote was 77 yes and 9 no.
41
Revised January 2000
QUOTATION MARKS
Single and Double Quotation Marks.
These are limited to three sets (double,
single, and double).
The answer is
“
Maybe.
”
He reported,
“
Smith said
‘
No sale.
’”
“
The question is,
‘
Can he become a
“
bona fide
”
citizen of the country?
’”
SEMICOLON
The Semicolon Is Used
To separate clauses containing commas
and listed items, some of which contain
commas.
To separate clauses
in short compound sentences. Longer clauses should be in separate
sentences.
The sketches have been submitted; we await their approval.
It is true in peace; it is true in war.
To separate multiple citations.
8(a)(5) of NLRA;
NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co
., 395 U.S. 575 (1969)
Semicolons should be avoided when commas suffice,
as in the following
examples.
It is sold by the bolt, by the yard, or in remnants. (phrases)
He sold his business, rented his house, gave up his car, and set off for Africa. (short clauses)
Whether the Company (a) bargained in bad faith, precluding a valid impasse, (b) changed
wages, benefits, and working rules, and (c)
42
Revised January 2000
QUOTATIONS & OMISSIONS
1. Short quotations.
A quotation of three or fewer lines is usually placed (in quotation
marks) in the text—unless placed in a block quotation for emphasis. A comma or final period is
placed inside the quotation marks, a colon or semicolon is placed outside, and a question mark
or exclamation point is placed inside only if it is part of the matter quoted.
The President, he said,
“
will veto the bill.
”
He told the employee,
“
That
’
s right
”
; he then changed his mind.
Why call it a
“
gentlemen
’
s agreement
”
?
He asked,
“
Have you an appointment?
”
The trainman shouted,
“
All aboard!
”
NOTE.
A citation is placed either before or immediately after a short quotation.
2. Block quotations.
Four or more lines of quoted matter are usually written as a block
quotation. Indent the quotation five spaces from the left margin (none from the right), without
quotation marks. Further indent the first line if the quoted matter begins with a new paragraph.
If the beginning of the paragraph is omitted, type the first line flush. Unless it is a run-on
sentence (not preceded by a colon), capitalize the first word (for example, [T]he).
NOTE.
Unless placed before an indented quotation, a citation should be the first
nonindented matter in the text after it.
3. Emphasis added.
When the words
“
emphasis added
”
are inserted in a quoted
sentence or placed at the end of a block quotation, they are enclosed in brackets. When the
words are placed at the end of a nonindented quotation, they are enclosed in parentheses and
placed outside the quotation marks (after any citation of the source quoted).
Jones claimed,
“
Smith was
not
[emphasis added] in the room.
”
(inside quoted sentence)
He claimed,
“
I was
not
present.
”
(Emphasis added.) (at end of sentence)
the
primary
results. [Emphasis added.] (at end of block quotation)
The Board found that
“
the striker was
lawfully
discharged.
”
(265 NLRB at 9, emphasis added.)
Omissions
1. Use of ellipses.
An ellipsis signal of three periods indicates an omission within a quoted
sentence. A signal of four periods is used to indicate an omission of the last part of a quoted
sentence or an omission of matter between that sentence and the remainder of the quotation.
If the omission occurs at the end of the sentence, three periods are added to the period
closing the sentence (a total of four periods). If the last part of the sentence is omitted, four
periods are inserted, beginning in the second space after the last quoted word. The ellipsis
signal may indicate the omission of either the first part of the next sentence, including
intervening punctuation, or the omission of one or more paragraphs.
He called . . . and left. . . . When he returned the
He called . . . and left
. . . . [H]e returned the
43
Revised January 2000
QUOTATIONS & OMISSIONS
Ellipsis Rules
An ellipsis signal is not used when quoting a complete sentence or an obviously
incomplete sentence. An ellipsis signal should never be used to begin a quotation.
When
omitting part of a sentence, be sure the words following the omission agree in number, gender,
and tense. If the first letter in the quoted matter is lowercase, capitalize it and place the capital
letter in brackets.
He admitted
“
there was nothing wrong or improper
”
with sitting down while waiting.
“
[H]e arrived in his truck and the violence resumed.
”
“
They had stopped work . . . and [had gone] to the office.
”
“
As he watches, they arriv[e] in a truck and the violence resumes.
”
The violence resumed shortly after
“
he arrive[d] in his truck.
”
Deletion of Paragraphs
When deleting one or more entire paragraphs, insert and indent four periods as the
ellipsis signal.
Q. What was the first time you heard that a union was trying to organize at the
plant?
A. I heard some talk in the shop.
Q. When was the first time?
. . . .
Q. When was the first time?
A. The
last week
in May. [Emphasis added.]
On June 15 John Doe replaced Robert Smith as general manager of the Company. Doe
had been employed since 1959.
. . . .
. . . [O]n June 15 or 16 Doe visited Smith in Smith
’
s office.
NOTE.
An ellipsis signal is not placed at the beginning or end of either illustration.
When deleting matter that otherwise would be indented to form the beginning of a second or
subsequent paragraph (as in this second illustration), indent and insert the ellipsis signal.
NOTE.
Never place ellipsis signal before or after a few quoted words from a
sentence
.
Alterations.
Changes and significant corrections in quoted matter should be noted
and shown in brackets. Insignificant typographical errors should be corrected without any
notation.
“
It is not unreasonable to assume that [the Union] will engage in strike violence again.
”
“
It occurred during the first shift at 12 [noon].
”
“
Blackie [Charles Black] was coming toward him.
”
44
Revised January 2000
SPELLING
1. Frequently misspelled words.
abridgment
absence
accede
accommodate
acknowledgment
adjuster
adviser
align
all right
all-around
analogous
anomalous
benefited
buses
calendar
canceled
cancellation
candor
cannot
catalog
channeled
commingle
consummate
converter
conveyor
corollary
counseled
counselor
countervailing
credence
credible
credulity
credulous
decision making
defendant
dependent
descendant
diminutive
discernible
disingenuous
egregious
enclose
endorse
enforceable
enroll
ensure
excel
exhibitor
extant
feasible
flammable
forbade
forbear
forgo (abstain)
fulfill
gauge
goodbye
gray
gruesome
guarantee
harass
hierarchy
homogeneous
imminent
imprimatur
inadmissible
inadvertence
incumbent
inferable
innocuous
innuendo
inquiry
insistence
instill
interfered
interfering
intervenor
irrelevant
judgment
labeled
lengthwise
leveled
liaison
libelant
likable
liquefy
maneuver
marshaled
mediocre
memoranda
mileage
milieu
minuscule
mischievous
misspell
modeled
mold
moneys
movable
mustache
nickel
occurrence
offense
outrageous
pastime
percent
pleaded
prerogative
proffer
programmer
programming
prologue
questionnaire
readable
recurrence
referable
referred
relevant
rescission
resistant
reviser
salable
scurrilous
seize
sizable
skillful
specious
spiel
stupefy
subtlety
supersede
surreptitious
surveillance
T-shirt
threshold
totaled
trafficking
transferable
transferred
transshipment
traveled
union animus
untrammeled
usable
vicissitude
vilify
willful
withhold
45
Revised January 2000
SPELLING
2. Endings
ible
and
able.
The following words end in
ible.
Other common, familiar words in this class end in
able
(as in manageable, regrettable, unmistakable).
accessible
addible
admissible
apprehensible
audible
coercible
cohesible
collapsible
collectible
combustible
compatible
comprehensible
compressible
contemptible
contractible
controvertible
convertible
convincible
corrigible
corrodible
corruptible
credible
crucible
deducible
deductible
defeasible
defensible
descendible
destructible
diffusible
digestible
discernible
irremissible
distractible
divestible
divisible
edible
educible
eligible
erodible
exemptible
exhaustible
expansible
expressible
fallible
feasible
flexible
forcible
fungible
fusible
gullible
horrible
illegible
immersible
imperceptible
impermissible
impersuasible
implausible
impossible
impressible
inaccessible
inadmissible
inapprehensible
inaudible
incoercible
incombustible
incompatible
incomprehensible
incontrovertible
inconvertible
inconvincible
incorrigible
incorrodible
incorruptible
incredible
indefeasible
indefensible
indelible
indestructible
indigestible
indiscernible
indivertible
indivisible
inducible
ineligible
inexhaustible
inexpressible
infallible
infeasible
inflexible
infusible
insensible
instructible
insuppressible
insusceptible
intangible
intelligible
interruptible
invertible
invincible
invisible
irascible
irreducible
irremissible
irreprehensible
irrespressible
irresistible
irresponsible
irreversible
legible
negligible
omissible
ostensible
perceptible
perfectible
permissible
persuasible
pervertible
plausible
possible
producible
protectible
reducible
reprehensible
repressible
reproducible
resistible
responsible
reversible
revertible
seducible
sensible
submersible
suggestible
supersensible
suppressible
susceptible
tangible
terrible
irremissible
unintelligible
unsusceptible
vincible
visible
46
Revised January 2000
SPELLING
3. Endings
ise
and
ize.
The following words use
ise.
Others in this class use
ize
(agonize, etc.).
advertise comprise disguise franchise rise
advise compromise enfranchise improvise supervise
apprise demise enterprise incise surmise
arise despise excise merchandise surprise
chastise devise exercise misadvise televise
circumscribe disfranchise exorcise revise
4.
I
-before-
E
rule.
Write
i
before
e
in words pronounced with an
ee
sound, but write
ei
after
c
and in words pronounced with an
eye
or long
a
sound.
(ee sound)
believe grievous niece relief relieve siege
(after c)
ceiling conceit deceive perceive receipt receive
(exceptions)
either leisure neither seize sheik weird
(eye sound)
feisty height stein Geiger counter
(long a)
deign feign heinous neighbor reign weigh
(others)
deity financier foreign forfeit friend heir
piety science siesta sieve specie
5. Endings
cede, ceed,
and
sede.
Only one word ends in
sede
(supersede). Only three words end in
ceed
(exceed,
proceed, succeed). All other words in this class end in
cede
(precede, etc.).
Suffix Rules
1. Double final consonant.
If a one-syllable word or a word with primary stress on the
last syllable ends with a single consonant after a single vowel, double the consonant before a
suffix beginning with a vowel (but not before a consonant). Do not double the final consonant if
the primary stress is not on the last syllable, or if the primary stress shifts from the last syllable.
bag bagging, baggage occur occurred, occurrence
but
total totaled
get getting transfer transferred, transferring
but
travel traveled
commit committal, committed, committee, committing
but
commitment (consonant)
prefer preferring
but
preference (stress shifts to the first syllable)
but
chagrin chagrined transfer transferal, transference, transferor
47
Revised January 2000
SPELLING
2. Silent e
.
In words ending in a silent
e
,
drop the
e
before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
interfere interfering sale salable
but
dye dyeing
force forcible true truism
but
mile mileage
3. Words ending in
ce
or
ge.
Retain the
e
before any suffix not beginning with
e
or
i,
thus preserving the softness of the
c
or
g
.
notice noticeable change changeable, changeless, changing
peace peaceable courage courageous, encouraged, encouraging
4. Words with d before
ge.
The
d
acts as a preserver of the soft sound and permits the
dropping of the
e.
abridge abridgment acknowledge acknowledgment judge judgment
5. Consonant-plus-y.
Change
y
to
i
unless the suffix begins with
i
.
defy defiance, defied, defying liquefy liquefied, liquefying
Indefinite Articles
Use article a
before consonants, aspirated
h,
long
u,
and
o
pronounced as
one
(or
won).
Use an
before other vowels and silent
h.
(article
a
)
a man a union a historic event
a one-way ticket
a eulogy (long
u
sound)
(article
an
)
an aunt an event an onion
an hour
an unusual one (short
u
sound)
Use article an
before groups of initials beginning with vowels
a, e, i,
and
o,
and
vowel-sounding consonants
f, h, l, m, n, s,
and
x
. Use a
before
u
and
y
and the remaining
consonants
b, c, d, g, j, k, p, q, r, t, v, w,
and
z.
(article
an
)
an AFL–CIO study an FDA (ef) finding an NLRB (en) decision
(article
a
)
a UNESCO project a TWA schedule a WMAL program
48
Revised January 2000
ITALICIZING
LATIN WORDS NOT ITALICIZED
The modern practice is no longer to italicize Latin and other foreign words and
expressions when used in legal writing.
a fortiori
all the more, for still stronger reason (preferred)
alter ego
other self
amicus curiae
friend of the court
arguendo
for sake of argument (preferred)
de facto
in fact, existing without lawful authority
de jure
by right, according to law
de minimis
very small, trifling
de novo
anew, over again
en banc
on the bench, before entire membership of the court
ex parte
without notice to or presence of the other party
fait accompli
a thing accomplished and presumably irreversible, accomplished fact
ibid.
in the same place, same citation on same page
id. at 10
same citation on same page, but citing different page number
in camera
in chambers, in private
in haec verba
in these words, in the same words, verbatim (preferred)
in toto
in all, totally (preferred)
infra
below (preferred)
inter alia
among other things, among others, or in part (preferred)
ipso facto
by the fact itself
motion in limine
to limit evidence or issues
nunc pro tunc
now for then, retroactive (preferred)
per se
by itself, taken alone
pro forma
as a matter of form, without consideration of its merits
quid pro quo
one thing in return for another
sic
so, such, as written (placed in brackets)
sine die
without (fixed) date, postponed or adjourned indefinitely
sine qua non
without which (thing) not, something essential or indispensable
status quo ante
the state of things before, restore status quo to given date (preferred)
sua sponte
on its own motion (preferred)
subpoena ad
subpoena to testify, subpoena (preferred)
testificandum
subpoena duces
subpoena to produce documents (preferred)
tecum
supra
above (preferred)
voir dire
preliminary examination
TREND AGAINST LATIN EXPRESSIONS
Plain English should be used when possible. The trend in legal
writing is away from the use of incomprehensible Latin expressions.
49
Revised January 2000
ITALICIZING
Do not italicize
ad hoc dictum ex officio per capita situs
bona fide e.g. i.e. per diem status quo
caveat et al. imprimatur prima facie subpoena
cf. et seq. mandamus pro rata verbatim
certiorari etc. non sequitur res judicata vice versa
Italicize
titles (including v.) in case citations.
F. W. Woolworth Co
., 90 NLRB 289 (1950)
Plumbers Local 412 (Thomas Mechanical)
, 249 NLRB 714 (1980)
NLRB v. Teamsters Local 291
, 633 F.2d 1295 (9th Cir. 1980)
NLRB v. Gissel Packing Co
., 395 U.S. 575 (1969)
Carpenters Local 1976 (Sand Door) v. NLRB
, 357 U.S. 93 (1958)
American Potash
rule
Moore Dry Dock
criteria
Tree Fruits
decision
Italicize
book and article titles.
In citations, italicize book titles and the titles of articles that appear in periodicals and
newspapers.
Do not italicize authors’ surnames and the titles of periodicals and newspapers
(e.g., the Washington Post).
Italicize
names of vessels, aircraft, and spacecraft.
NS
Savannah
SS
America
USS
Nautilus Freedom 7
Italicize
certain letters.
Italicize capital letters when used to represent names of hypothetical parties or
places.
Employee
A
reported to Foreman
B
in department
X.
50
Revised January 2000
PLAIN ENGLISH—NOT LEGALESE
Make a conscious effort to avoid using
said, such
,
aforecited
,
aforementioned, aforesaid
—
in place of
the,
this,
or
these
duly
—
superfluous
forthwith
,
herewith, and/or
—all inexact words
respective
—
when
the
suffices
respectively
—
dispensable
same, such
—
i
n place of
it
or
them
hereby, herein
,
hereinafter, hereto, therefor, therefrom
,
therein,
thereof, therewith
,
to wit
,
unto
,
vis-à-vis, viz.
,
whereby,
and
wherein.
All of these words are legal jargon that should be omitted or replaced
with
plain English
—words in common usage.
GOOD USAGE
Strunk & White,
Elements of Style
(3d ed. 1979) (
“
the little book
”
) contains such
crisp rules, with examples, as (rule 14)
“
Use the active voice
”
and (rule 15)
“
Put
statements in positive form.
”
Rule 17 states,
“
Omit needless words
”
and adds
Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a
paragraph no unnecessary sentences
. . . . This requires not that the writer make
his sentences short . . . but that every word tell.
The book
’
s brief rules of usage and principles of composition are recommended
reading.
51
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE
AVOID WORDY PHRASES
all times material herein (
all material
times
)
along the line of (
like
)
as far as I am concerned (
as for me
)
at all times (
always
)
at about, at approximately (
about
)
at such time as (
when
)
at the present time (
now
)
by means of (
by
or
with
)
by the name of (
named
)
cases cited therein (
cited cases
)
despite the fact that (
although
)
due to the fact that (
because
)
during such time (
while
)
during the course of (
during
)
during the time that (
during
)
each and every one (
each
)
for the purpose of (
for
or
to
)
in advance of (
before
)
in connection with (
in
or
concerning
)
in regard to (
regarding
or
concerning
)
in a manner similar to (
like
)
in a negligent manner (
negligently
)
in a position to (
can
)
inasmuch as (
because
,
as
, or
for
)
in excess of (
over
)
in lieu thereof (
instead
)
in many cases (
often
)
in order to (
to
)
in respect to (
about
or
concerning
)
in some cases (
sometimes
)
in spite of the fact (
despite
)
in the amount of (
for
)
in the case of (
if
)
in the course of (
during
)
in the event of (
if
)
in the immediate vicinity of (
near
)
in the last analysis (do not use)
in the matter of (
in
or
concerning
)
in the near future (
soon
)
in the neighborhood of (
near
or
about
)
in the not too distant future (
soon
)
in this day and age (
today
)
in view of (
because
)
in view of the fact that (
because
or
considering that
)
notwithstanding the fact (
although
)
of an indefinite nature (
indefinite
)
of an unusual kind (
unusual
)
of great importance (
important
)
on or about (
about
)
on the ground that (
because
)
on the order of (
about
)
on the part of (
by
)
owing to the fact that (
because
)
prior to (
before
)
the fact that (do not use)
the present time (
now
)
there can be no question that
(
unquestionably
)
surrounding circumstances
(
circumstances
)
subsequent to (
after
)
until such time as (
until
)
with the exception of (
except for
)
whether or not (omit
not
when possible)
with reference to (
about
or
concerning
)
with regard to (
regarding
or
concerning
)
52
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE
THE RIGHT WORD
according to, claimed
According to
(
according to
company witness Edward
Jones
) and
claimed
(
union witness John Smith
claimed
that
)—both imply doubt of veracity.
Other terms in attribution are
acknowledged, added, admitted, announced,
answered, argued, asserted, commented, concealed, conceded, continued,
declared, denied, disclosed, explained, insisted, mentioned, observed, pointed
out, recounted, responded, revealed, said, stated, swore,
and
testified
.
They should
be used for their specific meaning, not interchangeably merely for variety.
adverb
An adverb may split a verb. (
They will soon go.
) But an adverb should not intervene
between a verb and its object. (
They completed the negotiations satisfactorily
—
not
completed satisfactorily the negotiations
.)
affect, effect
Affect
means to influence, to have an effect on. (
Bright lights
affect
eyes.
)
Effect
means to accomplish. (
Her administration
effected
radical changes.
)
all of
is correct before a pronoun (
all of
us
), but
not otherwise (
all
the money
). The same
rule applies to
both of.
allude to
Someone or something that is identified is not
“
alluded to
,
”
but
“
referred to
.
”
An
allusion
is an indirect reference.
although, even though, though
Although
and
even though
are preferable at
the beginning of a sentence.
Though,
which
is less formal, is preferable for introducing phrases
and short clauses. (
He was careless,
though
not intentionally.
)
alumnus, executor, sculptor
now refer to women as well as men. The Postal
Service designates both men and women
“
postmaster.
”
If a gender-free term or feminine
counterpart is not in common usage, traditional terms are used even though not literally
accurate. (
Jane Smith,
Esq
.
)
among, between
Among
is used with more than two persons or things. (
The money
was divided
among
the four players.
) When more than two are considered individually,
however,
between
is preferred. (
An agreement
between
the six heirs.
)
as to
is often superfluous. (
There was a question whether—
not
as to
whether—
they won.
)
It is misused as a preposition. (
There was doubt about
—
not
as to
—
proper conduct for the
occasion. He was instructed on
—
not
as to
—
the proper operating procedure.
)
balance
should not be used in place of
rest
or
remainder
.
(
The
rest
of them
—
not the
balance
of them—
said nothing
.)
53
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE: The Right Word
because, since, as
Because
is the most specific causal conjunction. (
Because
the
remaining ballots were not determinative, he found it unnecessary to rule on them.
)
Since
means
“
from a definite past time until now.
”
It is ambiguous when used as a causal
conjunction, leaving the reader in suspense whether it is used in the temporal or causal sense.
As
may also result in ambiguity if used as a causal conjunction.
beside, besides
Beside
means
“
at the side.
”
(
We stood
beside
the river.
)
Besides
means
“
in addition to.
”
(
Besides
the lecture there was a concert.
)
bid, bade
Bid
is past tense in the sense of
“
an offer.
”
(H
e has
bid
on the job
.)
Bade
is past tense in the sense of
“
to command or direct
”
(
bade
them depart
) and in the
sense of
“
expressing a greeting or wish
”
(
bade
good night
).
case
is often used unnecessarily. (
It has rarely been the
case
that any mistake has been
made.
) Such sentences should be
rewritten
. (
Few mistakes have been made.
)
connote, denote
“
What a word
denotes
is what it specifically means; what it
connotes
is what it suggests.
”
Copperud,
American Usage and Style: The Consensus
(1980).
during, when, while
During
means
“
through the course of
”
(
during
the workweek
).
When
refers to a moment (
when
stepping off the curb
).
While
refers to a period of time (
while
crossing the street
).
ensure, insure, assure
Ensure
means
“
to make certain.
”
Insure
means
“
to provide insurance.
”
Assure
means
“
to remove worry or uncertainty.
”
(
Events are
ensured
. Objects or lives are
insured
. Persons are
assured
.
)
farther, further
Farther
serves as a distance word. (
You walk
farther
than he does.
)
Further
serves as a time or quantity word. (
Pursue the subject
further
.
)
fewer, less, less than
Traditionally
fewer
has been used with countable units (
fewer
cars, houses, ships
).
Less
has been
used with singular mass nouns (
less
gasoline, sugar, time,
weight
) and with singular abstract nouns (
less
honesty, opportunity
).
Less than
has been
used with plural nouns (
less than
$200, 150 miles, 20 minutes, 50 pounds
). In modern
practice, however,
less
as well as
fewer
is properly used with countable units.
former, latter
The use of
former
and
latter
is objectionable because they often make
the reader look back and figure out which is which. Also, when referring back to a noun,
latter
should not displace a pronoun. (
The new law concerns the government official. It is not
clear whether he—
not the
latter
—
realizes it
.)
he
(Smith)
If
he
alone is ambiguous, substitute
Smith
.
Never use both.
54
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE: The Right Word
however, but
However
should not be used at the beginning of a sentence unless it is
intended to mean
“
in whatever way
”
or
“
to whatever extent.
”
(
However
discouraging the
prospects, he never lost heart.
)
But
, however, is properly used at the beginning of a sentence.
in, into
In
denotes location. (
They met
in
the office.
)
Into
denotes motion. (
He went
into
the office.
)
include, comprise, consist of, are
Include
is not an all-inclusive word. It
indicates that some members are omitted. (
His group
includes
only three of the fast workers.
)
Comprise
is a more inclusive word. (
The group
comprises
all the factions.
)
Consist of
means to be made up of. (
The cake
consists of
sugar, flour, and water.)
Are
can also be used as an inclusive word. (
Members of the group
are
. . . .)
incredulous, incredible
Incredulous
applies only to people and means unwilling to
accept what is offered as true. (
The testimony was given with conviction, but the judge was
obviously
incredulous
.
)
Incredible
may apply to people, but usually it applies to statements and means
“
unbelievable.
”
(
His story was
incredible
.
)
like, as, as if, as though
Like
, used as a preposition, means
“
similar to
”
and is
correctly used before a noun or pronoun. (H
e looks
like
a happy person.
)
Like
—except in the most formal writing—can also be used as a conjunction, meaning
“
in the
same way as,
” “
just as,
”
or
“
as
”
before a phrase or clause. (
He acted
like
you might expect.
)
As
,
as if
,
and
as though
—in formal writing—are more commonly used than
like
as a
conjunction. (
She looks happy,
as
in the old days. It looked
as if
the world was against him.
)
male, female
are not suitable to use as a noun to refer to a man or woman. They are
appropriate to use as adjectives, e.g., male voters.
on
is often superfluous in stating days and dates (
He arrived Tuesday
), except at the
beginning of a clause or sentence (
On
May 2 the Board
. . . . ).
on, upon
On
is preferred when appropriate.
oral, verbal
Oral
means
“
by mouth
”
;
verbal
means
“
in words,
”
either spoken or written.
“
Oral
agreement
”
is more precise than
“
verbal
agreement.
”
partially, partly
Partially
is best used in the sense of
“
to a certain degree
”
(
partially
resigned to it,
partially
blind
).
Partly
carries the idea of a part as distinct from the whole (
partly
luck,
partly
skill, a log
partly
submerged
).
parameters, perimeter
Parameters
means
“
limits or boundaries
”
or
“
guidelines
”
55
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE: The Right Word
(
basic
parameters
of foreign policy).
Perimeter
means
“
outer boundary of a two-dimensional figure.
”
people, persons
People
means persons in general (
people
of Paris, easy to talk to
people
).
Persons
means human beings and is used with a numeral (
27
persons
arrested
).
per annum
is preferably replaced by
a year
.
plus
means
“
increased by.
”
It does not have the conjunctive force of
and
. Consequently, a
verb that follows it may be singular or plural, depending on the number of the subject. (
Two
plus
two equals four. His ability
plus
his connections puts him in a good position.
)
some time, sometime, sometimes Some time
is an adverbial phrase meaning
“
an
interval or period.
”
(
He stayed
some time
.
)
Sometime
is an adverb indicating an indefinite occasion. (
He will come
sometime
.
)
Sometimes
means
“
occasionally
”
or
“
at one time or another.
”
(
Sometimes
it rains.
)
surveil
is now correctly used as a verb, meaning
“
to place under surveillance.
”
that, which
Both
that
and
which
may introduce a restrictive clause, written without
commas. (
The bridge
that
[or
which
]
fell was 50 years old.
)
Which
takes commas when introducing a nonrestrictive, or parenthetic, clause. (
The bridge,
which
was over 50 years old, collapsed.
)
various, different
Various
is preferable to
different
when indicating diversity without
emphasizing unlikeness. (
Various
—not
different
—
actors have performed.
)
where, when, in which, if
Where
indicates place (
on the page
where
the rule is
stated
; in States
where
the rule is followed).
Where
is not a substitute for
when
(
when
—not
where
—
he refused to go to the office
), for
in which
(
cases
in which
—not
where
—
objections were filed
), or for
if
(
if
—not
where
—
the evidence fails to show union animus, and
if
—not
where
—
a case
involves no real issues
).
while
should be used only with strict literalness, in the sense of
“
during the time that,
”
and
not in place of
although
or
even though
.
whose
may refer to things. (
The trees
whose
leaves were falling.
)
56
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE
RULES FOR SINGULAR AND PLURAL
1.
Affirmative.
When one subject is affirmative and the other is negative, the verb agrees
with the affirmative. (
Your honesty, not your pleas, causes me to relent.
)
2.
Agreement with subject
.
The number of the verb agrees with the subject. (
The
trouble with truth is its many varieties. Houses are a commodity.
)
3.
Collective nouns
.
Such nouns as
audience
,
majority
,
number
,
staff
,
and
pair
(as well as the pronoun
some
) require singular or plural verbs, depending on whether
they are used in a singular or plural sense. (
A slim majority was for it. A majority of the votes
were no. The number of accidents is great. A number of men were hurt.
)
4.
Compound subject
.
Two or more nouns joined by
and
take a plural verb, except
that a singular verb is used when the sense is a single idea. (
Bread and butter was all he had.
Every window, picture, and mirror was smashed.
)
5.
Either . . . or.
If one subject is singular and the other is plural, the verb agrees with the
nearer subject. (
Either food or drinks are needed.
)
6.
Indefinite pronouns.
Anybody
,
anyone
,
each
,
either
,
everybody
,
everyone
,
neither
,
nobody
,
no one
,
one
,
somebody
,
and
someone
usually take a singular verb.
(
Everyone takes off his coat.
)
7.
Money, time, distances.
An
amount of money
, a
space of time
, or a
unit of
measurement
takes a singular verb. (
Fifty cents is the price. Twenty years is a long time. Five
miles is a long way to walk.
)
8.
None
takes a singular verb when it means
“
no one
”
or
“
not one.
”
(
None of us is perfect.
)
It takes a plural verb when it suggests more than one. (
None are so fallible as those who are
sure they are right.
)
9.
Plenty of.
If
abundance, plenty, rest,
or a
fraction
is modified by a phrase
introduced by
of,
the verb agrees with the noun in the phrase. (
Plenty of potatoes are grown.
One-fifth of the boats were lost.
)
10.
Relative clause.
A plural is used in a relative clause following
one of
.
(
One of those
people who are never on time.
)
11.
Words joined to subject.
When other words are joined to a singular subject with
along with, as long as, as well as, besides, except, in addition to, including, like,
no less than, not alone, together with,
or
with
,
a singular verb is used. (
His speech as
well as his manner is objectionable.
)
57
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE
THE RIGHT PREPOSITION
Errors are often made in choosing the right preposition to convey the intended
meaning. Sometimes an unabridged dictionary must be consulted, because a desk
dictionary may not be detailed enough to be helpful.
—A—
aberration
from
his usual course,
of
mind
abhorrent
of
compromises,
to
reason
ability
at
painting,
with
paints
abut
against
the cliff,
on
the line he surveyed
accessory
after
(or
before
) the fact,
to
a crime
accommodate
to
the inconvenience,
with
a loan
accompanied
by
their dog,
with
a smile
accord
between
the two,
of
interest,
with
the rest
accountable
for
a trust,
to
an employer
acquiesce
in
the ruling
acquit
of
a crime,
with
credit
adapted
for
seating many,
from
a model,
to
heavy weather
adept
at
good newswriting,
in
handicrafts
adequate
for
the purpose,
to
the need
advantage
gained
by
skillful maneuvering,
in
the air,
of
birth,
over
me
advise
of
his coming,
with
his friends
advocate
f
o
r
his chief,
of
air power
affinity
between
them,
w
i
th
their surroundings
agree
on
a plan,
to
a proposal,
with
a person
aggression
upon
a country
aided
by
running sales,
in
the attempt
alien
from
the one intended,
to
the topic,
under
consideration
alienation
between
the classes,
from
such ideas,
of
affections
allegiance
from
the people,
to
the government
ally
against
the enemy,
by
economic agreements,
of
the student,
with
Greece
aloof
from
success,
i
n
choosing loneliness
alternate
along
the route,
between
study and work,
in
the leading role,
with
each
other
ambition
for
him to succeed,
of
returning to work
amity
between
nations,
of
one nation
with
another
amplify
by
illustrative remarks,
on
his remarks
amused
at
(or
by
) his antics, us
with
his antics
58
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE: The Right Preposition
analogy
between
things,
by
metaphor,
to
their own works,
with
another
anesthetize
by
ether
anger
at
an insult or injustice,
toward
the insulter or offender
angry
at
an action,
with
a person
annoyed
feel annoyed
at
(or
with
), be annoyed
by
antipathy
against
(or
to
) a thing,
between
persons,
tow
a
rd
a person
anxiety
about
the future,
to
succeed
anxious
about
a problem,
for
our happiness,
to
ameliorate the condition.
apathy
of
feeling,
toward
action
appreciation
for
the help,
of
fine shades of meaning,
of
his work
apprehensive
for
another
’
s safety,
of
danger
approximation
of
one type
to
another,
to
the truth
apropos
of
the preceding statement
argue
about
a question,
for
a proposition,
with
a person
arrive
at
a small town,
in
a large city
arrogate
for
another,
to
oneself
attest
to
the truth
augmentation
of
our numbers
by
enlistments
augmented
by
reinforcements
aversion
to
(or
for
) persons or things,
from
exercise
—B—
basis
for
an argument,
o
f
conjecture
beguile
by
a sham,
with
an entertaining book
behalf
a
formal representative
on
behalf of,
in
behalf of a cause
break
away
from the narrowness,
in
relations,
with
precedent
—C—
capacity
for
work,
of
10 gallons,
to
sign a document
careless
about
dress,
in
one
’
s work,
of
the feeling of others
cause
for
alarm,
of
trouble
chagrin
at
losing the opportunity
circumstances
in
reduced circumstances,
under
the circumstances
cleared
my mind
about
the arrangement,
at
a loss,
for
top-secret work, snow
from
the
walk,
of
all suspicion,
through
our committee,
up
after the rain,
wi
t
h
the committee
coalesce
for
the final thrust,
into
one,
on
a candidate
colliding
a car colliding
with
a truck (both in motion), waves colliding
with
the rocks
compare
to
or
with
(now interchangeable)
59
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE: The Right Preposition
compatible
with
black and white sets
compete
for
a prize,
with
others
complacent
(satisfied)
toward
his situation
complaisant
(obliging)
toward
all leaders
complement
of
his extensive training
complementary
to
his experience
compliment
on
her outfit
concentration
of
attention,
on
a problem
concerned
about
the welfare of a friend,
by
the confusion,
for
somebody in trouble,
in
intrigues, not
to
disappoint the child,
with
business
concur
in
a decision,
with
others
confided
in
our discretion, his savings
to
me
conform
this regulation
to
existing practices,
with
the forested area
conformity
to
his duty,
with
his ideals
congenial
to
the spirit,
with
reason
congratulate
for
keeping a cool head,
on
finding a job, his son
upon
his graduation
connect
by
good roads
with
Hicksville
connive
at
the violation of a law,
with
the officials
conscious
during
the operation,
of
one
’
s faults
consequent
on
the growth of nationalism,
to
a rise in production
consist
in
respecting the opinion of others,
of
two parts
consistent
in
everything we do,
with
her former statement
consonant
with
his character
contact
among
many
,
between
two,
of
the mind,
with
literature
contend
against
an obstacle,
for
what he believed was right,
with
his superior
contiguous
to
a road
contingent
on
the weather,
on
his presence
contrast
between
this and that,
of
three to one,
to
his dark hair,
with
a brilliant student,
words contrasted
with
his behavior
convenient
for
a purpose or use,
to
a place
conversant
with
his story
correlation
between
two comparable entities,
of
the three items
correlative
with
the other
correspond
to
reality,
with
me regularly
culminate
in
a fight
—D—
debar
from
taking his position
60
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE: The Right Preposition
decide
in
his favor,
on
their verdict
defect
in
a machine,
of
judgment or character
defend
from
harm,
against
intruders
deficiency
in
intelligence,
of
food
defile
by
an act,
with
a substance
depend
on
the accuracy,
on
their parents,
upon
effort and ability
derogate
from
his authority
derogation
from
his book,
of
his influence
desirous
of
learning,
to
ask his help
desist
from
trying,
in
his efforts
destined
for
the Orient,
to
be elected
destructive
of
health,
to
young trees
devolve
from
the emperor
upon
the subjects,
in
the strict order of seniority
differ
about
(or
over
) its success (a question),
from
his brother in taste,
with
you
differentiate
among
many,
between
two, this
from
that
disappointed
in
a person, plan, hope, result,
with
a thing
disdain
for
his actions,
to
reply
disgusted
at
an action,
by
a quality or habit,
with
a person
dislike
of
hard work,
for
Bach
dispense
from
your promise,
with
formalities, the law
without
bias
displace
by
force,
from
his country, position
displeased
at
a thing,
with
a person
dispossess
from
his land,
of
his property
disqualify
for
citizenship,
from
competition
dissension
among
friends,
between
friends,
with
the world
dissimilar
from
those defending him,
to
the others
distill
from
grain,
out
the impurities
distinguished
by
talent,
for
honesty,
from
another person or thing
distrustful
of
coincidences
diverted
by
the child
’
s playfulness, funds
from
the treasury
to
his own use
divest
oneself
of
responsibility
divide
by
cutting,
into
parts
divorce
between
thought and action,
from
society
dominant
in
power or manner,
over
others
dominate
by
religion,
over
everyone
drenched
in
folklore,
with
sunlight, a drench
of
rain
—E—
eager
for
success,
to
succeed
61
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE: The Right Preposition
educated
concerning
the needs of life,
for
living,
in
liberal arts
eligible
for
the presidency,
to
the office
embark
in
a new venture (to engage or invest),
on
a trip or new career (to make a start)
emigrate
from
a country
employ
at
a suitable wage,
in
a gainful pursuit
enamored
of
a person,
with
a scene
encouraged
by
success, another
in
his work
encroach
on
their rights
endowed
with
ability
enraged
against
(or
with
) a person,
at
an action
enter
by
the window, items
in
a ledger,
into
the spirit of it
entertained
by
persons,
with
their doings
entrusted
to
me,
with
the money
equal
in
qualities,
to
a task
equivalent
(adj.)
in
volume,
to
saying no
equivalent
(n.)
of
two doses
essential
in
study,
to
(or
for
) success, essentials
of
mathematics
estrangement
from
bourgeois life,
of
her son
example
from
history,
of
the split infinitive,
to
you
excuse
(n.)
for
an action
excuse
(v.)
from
an obligation
expect
profit
from
investments, honesty
of
a person
experience
for
oneself,
in
(or
of
) travel
expert
at
chess,
with
knitting needles
—F—
faced
by
alternatives,
with
ruin
familiar
to
us,
with
another person
fascinated
by
the results,
with
the furnishings
favorable
for
skating,
to
his proposal
fear
of
water,
for
another
flinch
at
the thought,
from
making the attempt
forbid
him
to
go
freedom
from
incarceration,
of
our country,
to
speak
friend
a friend
of
mine, a friend
to
the boy
’
s club
frighten
at
something threatening,
away
pigeons,
by
a sudden noise
frightened
of
the dark
62
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE: The Right Preposition
—G—
grieve
after
mourning,
at
the funeral,
for
her mother
guard
against
peril,
from
a person
—H—
honored
by
your invitation,
for
his honesty,
with
an invitation
hope
for
better times,
of
heaven
—I—
identical
with
past experiments
identify
by
credentials,
to
the police,
with
the man known to be innocent
immerse
in
hot water
immigrate
to
the United States
impatient
at
action,
with
persons
impose
on
(or
upon
) the guests
impress
into
service, a duty
upon
a child, wax
with
a die
impressed
by
her performance,
with
clarity
improve
in
hardiness,
by
grating,
upon
that plan
improvement
in
health,
upon
that
incentive
for
employees,
to
work fast
indulge
in
fattening foods,
with
the wrong crowd
indulgent
of
bad habits,
to
gambling activities
infiltrate
into
organized crime
infiltration
of
the area
by
the guerrillas
influence
(v.)
by
actions,
for
good
influence
(n.)
of
a good man over others, exercise influence
upon
others
inimical
to
the king,
toward
the enemy
initiate
into
action
innate
defect
in
the argument
inquire
into
causes,
of
a person
inquiry
about
(or
concerning
) any destination,
of
a bystander
inroad
into
a battle
inseparable
from
birth
insert
a change
in
a manuscript, bands of lace
on
the blouse
insight
into
the future
inspire
by
example,
with
courage
instill
in
a child,
into
beliefs
63
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE: The Right Preposition
intent
on
pursuing,
upon
graduation
intention
of
the burglar,
to
steal the goods
intercede
for
a culprit,
with
a judge
intermediary
between
persons,
in
a dispute
intervene
between
sides,
in
the fight
intimacy
of
association,
with
persons
introduce
to
the judge,
into
evidence
intrude
into
the house,
on
all those busy people,
upon
her uninvited
inundate
by
letters,
with
pain
invest
in
stocks and bonds,
with
great power
—J—
jealous
of
a person,
of
one
’
s good name,
for
their welfare
justified
in
the murder
—L—
labor
as
a miner,
at
a task,
for
a cause,
on
the new treaty,
through
the foreign
dictionary,
under
a handicap,
up
one flight of stairs,
with
tools
laugh
at
the clown,
away
our troubles, him
into
some manners,
off
the threats as being
baseless, caused him to laugh
on
the wrong side of his mouth, him
out
of town
level
a gun
at
, building levels
to
the ground,
with
you, line level
with
the horizon,
leveled
against
the leaders, different levels
down
, trails leveled
out
liable
for
illegal acts,
to
prosecution
liberal
in
his views,
with
praise
live
at
a place,
in
a town, honor lives
among
men,
by
peddling,
for
science,
on
through
his deeds,
to
a ripe age,
up
to that standard,
with
gusto,
with
the band leader
—M—
martyr
to
rheumatism, martyred
for
his beliefs
mastery
in
the field,
of
a craft,
of
the great artists,
over
his enemies
meddle
in
his affairs,
with
my things
militate
against
his promotion,
in
favor of progress
mock
at
a person, him
for
showing fear, be mocked
with
vain desires
—N—
negligent
about
traffic regulations,
in
her support,
of
attention
64
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE: The Right Preposition
—O—
oblivious
of
past slights,
to
the risks he runs
overlaid
by
folklore,
with
a thick veneer
overrun
by
rats,
with
weeds
overwhelm
by
demands,
with
bills
—P—
parallel
in
history,
to
the edge, cases parallel
with
each other
part
from
a person,
with
a thing
persevere
against
opposition,
in
a pursuit
persist
against
objection,
for
2000,
in
an action,
through
generations
piqued
at
something done to us,
by
ridicule, him
to
violent efforts
plunge
road plunges
along
the slope,
into
debt,
into
the water,
through
a crowd
possessed
by
a passion,
of
a strong back,
with
a desire for money
practice
at
smoking,
in
penmanship,
of
a profession
precedent
for
subversive action,
in
organizing the group,
of
paying only himself
predestined
for
the ministry,
to
die
preface
his speech
with
a vow,
of
the manuscript,
to
a great discovery
pregnant
by
her lover,
with
meaning
prejudice
against
alcoholic,
for
drinking, in favor
of
nonalcoholics
prejudiced
against
the appeal,
by
campaigning
prerequisite
for
voting,
of
a surgeon,
to
join
prevail
against
force,
in
the carpet
’
s colors,
over
enemies,
with
her to go
prevailed
silence prevailed
along
the funeral route,
upon
her to sing,
with
youthful skill
prohibit
them
from
striking
protest
in protest
against
(or
to
)
provide
against
disaster,
for
your college,
with
food and clothes
put
across
his point,
aside
(or
away
) the book, the time
at
5 o
’
clock, plants put
forth
leaves,
in
one
’
s opinion,
in
(or
into
) use,
in
(or
into
) water,
on
the table, a tax
on
cigarettes, wrong impression
on
events, minds
to
it,
to
work,
up
with,
upon
by his friends
—R—
replaced
by
an understandable English phrase, to replace it
with
a larger one
repugnance
between
versions of testimony,
of
a person
against
another,
to
a deed or
duty
resemblance
of
one thing to another
revenge
for
a hurt,
on
one
’
s enemies
65
Revised January 2000
GOOD USAGE: The Right Preposition
—S—
sanction
for
an act,
of
the law
solicitous
about
the crime rate,
for
her life,
of
the esteem of others,
to
please
strive
against
drawbacks,
for
excellence,
to
achieve,
with
no regrets
sympathetic
to
their needs,
toward
the dying,
with
the patients
sympathize
in
another
’
s mood,
with
a friend in trouble
sympathy
for
another,
in
his sorrow,
with
his desires
—T—
talk
to
(speak to) one or more persons,
with
(converse with) one or more persons in a
discussion
taste
for
simplicity,
in
house furnishings,
of
honey
thrill
at
the song of a thrush,
with
pleasure
tolerance
for
sugar,
of
a diseased heart,
to
antibiotics
tormented
by
shyness,
with
severe headaches
—U—
umbrage
take umbrage
at
one
’
s rudeness, gave umbrage
to
someone by not sending an
invitation
unequal
in
qualities,
to
a task
unfavorable
for
a new enterprise,
to
a calm discussion
—V—
variance
with
his superiors
vary
from
a rule,
with
the seasons
vest
power is vested
in
a man, a man is vested
with
power
vexed
at
a thing,
with
a person
—W—
wait
for
something to happen,
on
people at a table,
until
6 o
’
clock
worthy
of
note,
to
be called
—Y—
yearn
for
a loved one,
with
compassion
yield
of
authority,
to
a sign
66
Revised January 2000
APPENDIX 1
(Popular Union Name—Official Name—Acronym)
The popular names of AFL–CIO national and international unions (used in
running heads in the Board’s bound volumes and in citations of Board cases) are
followed by their official names and acronyms. The official names are listed
alphabetically in appendix 2.
Actors Equity
: Actors’ Equity Association, AFL–CIO [AEA]
Asbestos Workers
:
International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos
Workers, AFL–CIO [AWIU]
Auto Workers
:
United Automobile, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of America
International Union, AFL–CIO [UAW]
Bakery Workers
:
Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International
Union, AFL–CIO [BCTGM]
Boilermakers
:
International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths,
Forgers and Helpers, AFL–CIO [IBB]
Bricklayers
:
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers, AFL–CIO [BAC]
Carpenters
:
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, AFL–CIO [UBC]
Communications Workers
:
Communications Workers of America, AFL–CIO [CWA]
Electrical Workers
:
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, AFL–CIO [IBEW]
Electronic Workers
:
International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine and
Furniture Workers, AFL–CIO [IUE]
Elevator Constructors
:
International Union of Elevator Constructors, AFL–CIO [IUEC]
Flint Glass Workers
:
American Flint Glass Workers Union, AFL–CIO [AFGWU]
Food & Commercial Workers
:
United Food and Commercial Workers International Union,
AFL–CIO [UFCW]
Glass & Pottery Workers
:
Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers
International Union, AFL–CIO [GMP]
Graphic Communications Workers
:
Graphic Communications International Union,
AFL–CIO [GCIU]
Hotel & Restaurant Employees
:
Hotel Employees & Restaurant Employees International
Union, AFL–CIO [HERE]
Iron Workers
:
International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing
Iron Workers, AFL–CIO
Laborers
:
Laborers’ International Union of North America, AFL–CIO [LIUNA]
Laundry Workers
:
Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union, AFL–CIO
Longshoremen ILA
:
International Longshoremen’s Association, AFL–CIO [ILA]
Longshoremen ILWU
:
International Longshore and Warehouse Union, AFL–CIO [ILWU]
Machinists
:
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, AFL–CIO [IAM]
Mine Workers
:
United Mine Workers of America, AFL–CIO [UMWA]
Musical Artists
:
American Guild of Musical Artists, AFL–CIO [AGMA]
Musicians
:
American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada, AFL–CIO
[AFM]
Needletrades Employees
:
Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees,
AFL–CIO [UNITE!]
67
Revised January 2000
APPENDIX 1
( Popular Union Name—Official Name—Acronym)
Novelty Workers
:
International Union of Allied Novelty and Production Workers, AFL–CIO
Office Employees
:
Office and Professional Employees International Union, AFL–CIO
[OPEIU]
Operating Engineers
:
International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL–CIO [IUOE]
PACE
:
PACE International Union, AFL–CIO [PACE]
Painters
:
International Union of Painters and Allied Trades of the United States and
Canada, AFL–CIO
Plasterers
:
Operative Plasterers’ and Cement Masons’ International Association of the
United States and Canada, AFL–CIO [OP&CMIA]
Plate Printers
:
International Plate Printers, Die Stampers and Engravers Union of North
America, AFL–CIO
Plumbers
:
United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe
Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada, AFL–CIO [UA]
Postal Workers
:
American Postal Workers Union, AFL–CIO [APWU]
Professional Engineers
:
International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers,
AFL–CIO [IFPTE]
Professional Athletes
:
Federation of Professional Athletes, AFL–CIO
Radio Employees ARA
:
American Radio Association, AFL–CIO [ARA]
Roofers
:
United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers, AFL–CIO
Screen Actors
:
Screen Actors Guild, AFL–CIO [SAG]
Seafarers
:
Seafarers International Union of North America, AFL–CIO [SIU]
Service Employees
:
Service Employees International Union, AFL–CIO [SEIU]
SEIU District 1199
:
Service Employees International Union, District 1199, AFL–CIO [SEIU]
Sheet Metal Workers
:
Sheet Metal Workers International Association, AFL–CIO [SMWIA]
Stage Employees IATSE
:
International Alliance of Theatrical State Employees and
Moving Picture Technicians, Artists and Allied Crafts of the United States and Canada,
AFL–CIO [IATSE]
State County Employees AFSCME:
American Federation of State, County and Municipal
Employees, AFL–CIO [AFSCME]
Steelworkers
:
United Steelworkers of America, AFL–CIO [USWA]
Teamsters
:
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, AFL–CIO [IBT]
Teachers AFT
: American Federation of Teachers, AFL–CIO [AFT]
Television Artists AFTRA
:
American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, AFL–CIO
[AFTRA]
Utility Workers
:
Utility Workers Union of America, AFL–CIO [UWUA]
Variety Artists
:
American Guild of Variety Artists, AFL–CIO [AGVA]
68
Revised January 2000
APPENDIX 2
(Official Union Name—Popular Name—Acronym)
Actors’ Equity Association, AFL–CIO
:
Actors Equity
[AEA]
American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada, AFL–CIO
:
Musicians
[AFM]
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, AFL–CIO
:
State
County Employees AFSCME
American Federation of Teachers, AFL–CIO
:
Teachers AFT
American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, AFL–CIO
:
Television Artists
AFTRA
American Flint Glass Workers Union, AFL–CIO
:
Flint Glass Workers
[AFGWU]
American Guild of Musical Artists, AFL–CIO
:
Musical Artists
[AGMA]
American Guild of Variety Artists, AFL–CIO
:
Variety Artists
[AGVA]
American Postal Workers Union, AFL–CIO
:
Postal Workers
[APWU]
American Radio Association, AFL–CIO
:
Radio Employees ARA
Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union,
AFL–CIO
:
Bakery Workers
[BCTGM]
Communications Workers of America, AFL–CIO
:
Communications Workers
[CWA]
Federation of Professional Athletes, AFL–CIO
:
Professional Athletes
Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers International Union, AFL–CIO
:
Glass & Pottery Workers
[GMP]
Graphic Communications International Union, AFL–CIO
:
Graphic Communications
Workers
[GCIU]
Hotel Employees & Restaurant Employees International Union, AFL–CIO
:
Hotel &
Restaurant Employees
[HERE]
International Alliance of Theatrical State Employees and Moving Picture Technicians,
Artists and Allied Crafts of the United States and Canada, AFL–CIO
:
Stage
Employees IATSE
International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron
Workers, AFL–CIO
:
Iron Workers
International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers,
AFL–CIO
:
Asbestos Workers
[AWIU]
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, AFL–CIO
:
Machinists
[IAM]
Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers, AFL–CIO:
Boilermakers
[IBB]
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, AFL–CIO
:
Electrical Workers
[IBEW]
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, AFL–CIO
:
Teamsters
[IBT]
International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers, AFL–CIO
:
Professional Engineers
[IFPTE]
International Longshore and Warehouse Union, AFL–CIO
:
Longshoremen ILWU
International Longshoremen’s Association, AFL–CIO
:
Longshoremen ILA
International Plate Printers, Die Stampers and Engravers Union of North America,
AFL–CIO
:
Plate Printers
69
Revised January 2000
APPENDIX 2
(Official Union Name—Popular Name—Acronym)
International Union of Allied Novelty and Production Workers, AFL–CIO
:
Novelty
Workers
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers, AFL–CIO
:
Bricklayers
[BAC]
International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine and Furniture Workers,
AFL–CIO
:
Electronic Workers
[IUE]
International Union of Elevator Constructors, AFL–CIO
:
Elevator Constructors
[IUEC]
International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL–CIO
:
Operating Engineers
[IUOE]
International Union of Painters and Allied Trades of the United States and Canada,
AFL–CIO
:
Painters
Laborers’ International Union of North America, AFL–CIO
:
Laborers
[LIUNA]
Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union, AFL–CIO
:
Laundry Workers
Office and Professional Employees International Union, AFL–CIO
:
Office Employees
[OPEIU]
Operative Plasterers’ and Cement Masons’ International Association of the United
States and Canada, AFL–CIO
:
Plasterers
[OP&CMIA]
PACE International Union, AFL–CIO
:
PACE
Screen Actors Guild, AFL–CIO
:
Screen Actors
[SAG]
Seafarers International Union of North America, AFL–CIO
:
Seafarers
[SIU]
Service Employees International Union, AFL–CIO
:
Service Employees
[SEIU]
Service Employees International Union, District 1199, AFL–CIO
:
SEIU District 1199
[SEIU]
Sheet Metal Workers International Association, AFL–CIO
:
Sheet Metal Workers
[SMWIA]
Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees, AFL–CIO
:
Needletrades
Employees
[UNITE!]
United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry
of the United States and Canada, AFL–CIO:
Plumbers
[UA]
United Automobile, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of America
International Union, AFL–CIO
:
Auto Workers
[UAW]
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, AFL–CIO
:
Carpenters
[UBC]
United Food and Commercial Workers International Union, AFL–CIO
:
Food &
Commercial Workers
[UFCW]
United Mine Workers of America, AFL–CIO
:
Mine Workers
[UMWA]
United Steelworkers of America, AFL–CIO
:
Steelworkers
[USWA]
United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers, AFL–CIO
:
Roofers
Utility Workers Union of America, AFL–CIO
:
Utility Workers
[UWUA]
70
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
This index is to the Rules of Citation on pages 1–8 and to the words and
phrases treated on pages 9–66 of the Style Manual rules, showing good usage,
abbreviations, plurals, italicizing, punctuation, appropriate prepositions, etc.
The word list can be used as a dictionary, for spelling, capitalization, and
compounding of words, and as a quick reference to the manual rules.
Appendixes 1 and 2 on pages 67–70 contain of lists of unions, first by popular
names (as used in case citations) and next by their official names
.
A
a 401(k) provision ........................................20
a eulogy.........................................................48
a fortiori
not italicized .............................................49
for still stronger reason (preferred) .........49
a girl 5 feet 6..................................................26
a historic event ............................................48
A majority of the votes were no
. .................57
a man ............................................................48
A number of men were hurt
. .......................57
a one-way ticket............................................48
A slim majority was for it
. ...........................57
a thousand and one reasons .......................27
a TWA schedule ...........................................48
a UNESCO project ........................................48
a union...........................................................48
a WMAL program ..........................................48
a year or two .................................................26
a, b, and c .....................................................35
A.D. 1066; 429 B.C
. ......................................25
a.m., p.m....................................................9, 25
a’s, A’s (plurals) ...........................................32
abbreviations
addresses in footnotes ..............................9
addresses in parentheses ..........................9
government terms ......................................9
in footnotes................................................10
in names ...................................................10
in parenthesis............................................10
Jr. Sr. (comma omitted before) ................10
months of year...........................................10
Mr. Mrs. Ms. Miss (not used in text) ........10
Postal Service..............................................9
standard.......................................................9
State names .................................................9
abbreviations in citations
case history ..........................................2, 10
e.g., as signal...............................................6
id., ibid. (repeating signals)........................6
in running heads ........................................2
names of parties....................................2, 10
par. ¶, sec. § ..............................................10
State names in district court cases ...........1
words not abbreviated ...............................2
ABCs .............................................................29
aberration from, of .....................................58
abhorrent of, to ..........................................58
ability at, with .............................................58
about 200 ......................................................27
about 6 acres ................................................26
above (preferred over supra) .................6, 49
above-mentioned company .........................18
above-named union .....................................18
abridge, abridgment ..............................45, 48
absence .........................................................45
abstract (in lowercase) ................................13
abundance of (use sing. or pl. verb) ...........57
abut against, on .........................................58
accede ...........................................................45
accessible......................................................46
accessory after, before, to ........................58
accommodate ...............................................45
accommodate to, with ...............................58
accompanied by, with ................................58
accord between, of, with ...........................58
accord (as signal) ..........................................6
according to, claimed ..................................53
accountable for, to .....................................58
71
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
acknowledge, acknowledgment ............45, 48
acknowledged (attribution) ..........................53
acquaintance’ sake.......................................31
acquiesce in ...............................................58
acquit of, with ............................................58
acronym (written solid, no periods) ...........39
Act (NLRA).............................................1, 7, 11
ad hoc (not italicized) ...................................50
Adams [arrived] late
. ...................................33
adapted for, from, to ..................................58
added (attribution) .......................................53
addenda (sing. & pl.) ....................................28
addible...........................................................46
adept at, in ..................................................58
adequate for, to ..........................................58
adieu, adieus.................................................28
adjuster .........................................................45
administrative law judge ..............................11
Administrative Law Judge Jane Doe,
or Judge Doe .............................................11
Administrative Procedure Act (APA) ............8
admissible ....................................................46
admitted (attribution) ...................................53
advantage by, in, of, over ..........................58
adverb (splitting verb) .................................53
advertise........................................................47
advise ...........................................................47
advise of, with ............................................58
adviser...........................................................45
Advisory Opinion .........................................11
advocate for, of ..........................................58
affd., affirmed............................................2, 10
affect, effect .................................................53
affg., affirming...........................................2, 10
affinity between, with ................................58
AFL–CIO
popular names listed ...............................67
official names listed .................................69
omit comma after .....................................36
with en dash .............................................38
aforecited (avoid)..........................................51
aforementioned (avoid) ................................51
aforesaid (avoid) ..........................................51
African American .........................................21
After the word “man,” insert a colon
. .........41
aftercare ........................................................16
against the Company, the Respondent ......39
against the Union, the Respondent ............39
age 70 ...........................................................25
age of 3 .........................................................25
Agency (NLRB) .............................................11
agenda, agendas ..........................................28
agent (NLRB).................................................11
aggression upon ........................................58
agonize ..........................................................47
agree on, to, with ......................................58
agreed-upon method ...................................18
agreement (bargaining) ...............................11
aided by, in .................................................58
Air Force One ................................................27
air-conditioned room ...................................18
aircraft (italicize name) ................................50
Ala., AL ...........................................................9
Alaska, AK ......................................................9
albino, albinos ..............................................28
alien from, to, under ..................................58
alienation between, from, of .....................58
align...............................................................45
All employees who participated in the
strike were summarily discharged. .........35
all of, both of ................................................53
all right ..........................................................45
all times material herein (avoid) .................52
all-around ...............................................19, 45
allegiance from, to .....................................58
allude to, refer to ..........................................53
ally against, by, of, with .............................58
along the line of (avoid)................................52
along with (use sing. verb) ..........................57
aloof from, in ..............................................58
ALR2d, American Law Reports .....................7
also-rans .......................................................30
alter ego (not italicized) ...............................49
alternate along, between, in, with .............58
although, even though, though....................53
alumni............................................................28
alumnus (m. or f.) .........................................53
Am.Jur. 2d, Agency ........................................7
ambition for, of ...........................................58
amendment 5 (in lowercase) .......................13
American Law Reports (ALR2d) ....................7
American owned and managed firms .........19
American Potash rule ..................................50
American Usage and Style, Copperud 18, 54
amicus curiae (not italicized) ......................49
amity between, of, with ............................58
among other things (preferred over
inter alia) ....................................................49
72
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
among others (preferred over inter alia) ...49
among, between ...........................................53
amoral ...........................................................16
ampersand, & .........................................10, 29
in authors' names......................................34
in citations ............................................1, 10
in footnotes ...............................................29
in running heads ........................................2
amplify by, on .............................................58
amused at, by, with ....................................58
an AFL–CIO study ........................................48
an aunt ..........................................................48
an event ........................................................48
an FDA finding .............................................48
an hour .........................................................48
an NLRB decision ........................................48
an onion ........................................................48
an unusual one ............................................48
analogous .....................................................45
analogy between, by, to, with ...................59
analysis, analyses ........................................29
and/or (avoid)................................................51
anesthetize by ............................................59
anger at, toward..........................................59
Anglomania ..................................................16
angry at, with .............................................59
announced (attribution)................................53
annoyed at, with, by ...................................59
Annual Report, NLRB ....................................7
anomalous ....................................................45
answer (in the case) .....................................11
answered (attribution) .................................53
antebellum days............................................20
antedate ........................................................16
antenna, antennas .......................................28
ante-Norman .................................................16
anti-inflation .................................................17
antipathy against, to, between, toward ....59
anti-Semitic ..................................................16
antitrust ........................................................16
antiunion ......................................................15
anxiety about, to ........................................59
anxious about, for, to ................................59
any one year .................................................26
anyone ..........................................................17
anybody.........................................................17
anything ........................................................17
anywhere.......................................................17
APA, Administrative Procedure Act ..............8
apathy of, toward .......................................59
apostrophe
add ’ or ’s for possessive ....................31
joint possession .......................................31
not used when words more descriptive
than possessives ..................................32
plural of lowercase abbreviations ...........32
plural of single figures and letters ..........32
plural of symbols.......................................32
possessive of general terms ...................31
possessive of indefinite pronouns ..........31
other uses ..................................................32
when not used in abbreviations...............32
app. apps., appendix, appendixes ..............10
appeal (spell out in citation) ..........................2
appearance’ sake .........................................31
appendix C (in lowercase)............................13
appendix, appendixes ..................................28
appreciation for, of ....................................59
apprehensible ..............................................46
apprehensive for, of ...................................59
apprise ..........................................................47
approximation of, to ..................................59
apropos of ..................................................59
aquarium, aquariums....................................28
Arabic (not Roman) numerals for volume
numbers. .....................................................8
Arabic numerals substituted for large
Roman numerals and for all volume
numbers. ...............................................8, 27
areawide ........................................................16
argue about, for, with ................................59
argued (attribution).......................................53
argued (spell out in citation) .........................2
arguendo
not italicized .............................................49
for sake of argument (preferred) .............49
arise ..............................................................47
Ariz., AZ ..........................................................9
Ark., AR ...........................................................9
arm’s length .................................................31
arm’s-length agreement ..............................18
armadillo, armadillos ...................................28
arrive at, in ..................................................59
arrogate for, to ...........................................59
art. arts., article(s) ........................................10
article 1, section 3 (in lowercase) ...........8, 13
article and section (lowercase in
references) ............................................8, 13
73
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
article titles
in newspapers, italicized .....................8, 50
in periodicals, italicized .......................8, 50
articles (indefinite)
a an the ..................................................13
before vowels and consonants,
examples ...............................................48
not capitalized in headings and titles......13
as far as I am concerned (avoid) .................52
As he watches, they arriv[e] in a truck
and the violence resumes. .......................44
as long as (use sing. verb) ..........................57
as to (avoid) ..................................................53
as well as (use sing. verb) ...........................57
As you would expect, Brown did
. ...............36
as, as if, as though, like ...............................55
as, because, since .......................................54
asserted (attribution) ...................................53
assistant attorneys general..........................29
assistant chiefs of staff ...............................29
assistant comptrollers general ...................29
assistant professor.......................................21
Assn., Association .......................2, 10, 32, 40
assure, ensure, insure..................................54
at (instead of p. or pp.)
at 352–353 .................................................26
in case citations .........................................1
in repeating signals.....................................6
at about, at approximately (avoid) ..............52
at all times (avoid) ........................................52
at such time as (avoid) ................................52
at the present time (avoid) ...........................52
atomic energy project ..................................20
attest to .......................................................59
attorney, attorneys .......................................28
attorney at law ..............................................19
attorney at law’s fee ....................................31
attorney general ...........................................21
attorney general’s appointments ................31
attorneys at law.............................................29
attorneys general..........................................29
audible...........................................................46
audience (collective noun) ..........................57
augmentation of, by ..................................59
augmented by ............................................59
author’s alteration .......................................31
authors (omit given name and initials) .........7
authors' surnames (not italicized) ..............50
auto, autos ...................................................28
Ave., Avenue (address) ..................................9
aversion to, for, from .................................59
avocado, avocados.......................................28
avoid Latin expressions ..............................49
avoid legalese ..............................................51
avoid wordy phrases ...................................52
B
B52, B52s ......................................................29
Bach, Bachs .................................................28
backpay .........................................................15
bade, bid .......................................................54
bag, bagging, baggage.................................47
balance, rest, remainder...............................53
banjo, banjos ................................................28
bargaining unit employees...........................20
basis for, of ................................................59
basis, bases .................................................29
Baskin-Robbins Ice Cream Company
(BRICO) .....................................................39
Battle of Lexington ......................................12
beau, beaus ..................................................28
because, since, as .......................................54
beguile by, with ..........................................59
behalf on, in ...............................................59
believe ...........................................................47
bell-like .........................................................16
below (preferred over infra) ...................6, 49
benefited .......................................................45
beside, besides ............................................54
besides (use sing. verb) ..............................57
best liked books ...........................................20
bestseller ......................................................20
better drained roof .......................................20
better paying job ...........................................20
between 1995 and 1996 ...............................39
between 1995–1996 (avoid)..........................39
between, among............................................53
biannual ........................................................16
bid, bade .......................................................54
bills of fare ...................................................29
biweekly ........................................................15
Blackie [Charles Black] was coming
toward him. ...............................................44
blacklist ........................................................15
block quotation
emphasis added .......................................43
indentation ................................................43
74
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
long quote, four or more lines .................43
placement of citation ...............................43
run-on sentence (no colon) .....................43
short quote (for emphasis) ......................43
blowout .........................................................16
blue-pencil ....................................................19
blueprint .......................................................15
Blvd., Boulevard (address).............................9
BNA LA, labor arbitration ...............................7
Board (NLRB)............................................1, 11
Board agent ..................................................11
Board Agent Jane Doe .................................11
Board citations (always include year) ...........5
Board Member ........................................11, 13
Board volumes................................................1
Board, citation of ...........................................1
Board’s Annual Report ..................................7
Board’s Rules ...............................................11
Board’s Rules and Regulations ....................7
Board-conducted election............................18
bona fide (not italicized) ..............................50
bona fide transaction ...................................20
book 2 (in lowercase) ..................................13
book titles (italicized) ...................................50
bookkeeper ...................................................15
books
authors not italicized .................................8
titles italicized........................................8, 41
bookseller .....................................................15
bookstore .....................................................15
both of, all of ................................................53
Br., brief, e.g., (Br. at 17) ............................10
brackets
changing case ..........................................33
emphasis added .................................33, 43
general rules..............................................33
information inserted..................................33
significant errors, note or correct ...........33
insignificant typographical errors,
correct without notation .......................33
placement .................................................33
branch, judicial ............................................12
branch, legislative .......................................12
brass-smith ..................................................16
Bread and butter was all he had
. ................57
break away, in, with ...................................59
break down (v.) ............................................15
breakdown (n.) .............................................15
breaktime ......................................................15
Bridge, 14th Street .........................................9
Bridge, Ninth Avenue......................................9
brief, Br. e.g., Union's brief (at 17) .............10
Bros., Brothers .........................................2, 10
brothers-in-law .............................................29
Brown & Nelson’s store ...............................31
Brown of Texas’ motion ..............................31
bull. bulls., bulletin(s) ..................................10
bulletin 725....................................................26
bus, buses.....................................................28
buses .............................................................45
Bush, Bushes ...............................................28
Business Agent Gore....................................13
but see (as signal)...........................................6
but see, e.g. (as signal) .................................6
but, however .................................................55
buzz, buzzes .................................................28
by and large ..................................................17
by means of (avoid) .....................................52
by the name of (avoid) .................................52
by-election ....................................................17
bylaws ...........................................................15
bypass ...........................................................16
by-product ....................................................17
C
C.J.S., Agency.................................................7
c.o.d
. .............................................................40
c.o.d.’s (plural) .............................................32
C.P.A.s ..........................................................29
cactus, cactuses ...........................................28
Cal., CA ...........................................................9
calendar ........................................................45
cameo, cameos .............................................28
can’ts and won’ts .........................................29
canceled ........................................................45
cancellation...................................................45
candor ...........................................................45
cannot ...........................................................45
capacity for, of, to ......................................59
Cape of Good Hope .....................................12
capitalization
at NLRB, in lowercase...............................11
at NLRB, in uppercase .............................11
common names.........................................12
events and holidays .................................12
foreign names............................................12
general rules..............................................11
75
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
geographic places ....................................12
governmental units ..................................12
lowercase dockside terms .......................12
lowercase references................................13
lowercase seasons, directions ................12
lowercase the before firm names,
newspapers, vessels ............................12
proper names ...........................................11
titles and headings, except certain
words of four or fewer letters...............13
titles of prominent persons ......................13
titles of supervisors, officials...................13
employee designation (in lowercase)......13
Cappelli & Rogovsky, Ind. & Labor
Rel. Rev. ......................................................7
caption in JD (no footnote reference mark) 23
cardinal numbers..........................................25
careless about, in, of .................................59
Case 26–CA–4219 (with en dashes, not
hyphens) ....................................................38
case citations
always include the year ..........................1, 2
cite Board as NLRB ....................................2
cite court district, not division ..............1, 4
cite first page number and page
numbers of cited footnotes ....................1
cite only first party on either side ..............2
denial of certiorari ......................................1
denial of rehearing .....................................1
dissenting opinion .....................................1
enfd. mem. (no published opinion)............1
footnote(s), fn. fns
. .....................................1
illustrations..................................................1
Inc. and Ltd., when omitted .......................2
include relevant page numbers when
appropriate ..............................................8
inserting company name after
union name ...........................1, 2, 3, 5, 50
introductory signals ...................................6
italicize names of parties .....................1, 50
multiple citations separated by
semicolons...............................................1
omit d/b/a and preceding name(s) ...........2
omit et al. or etc
. ......................................2
omit given names and initials of
individuals ...............................................2
omitting footnotes in quotation ................1
parallel citations, when used ....................1
per curiam decision ....................................1
place citation in text, before or after
block quotation .....................................43
Postal Service, omit U.S. ...........................2
repeating signals.........................................6
running head rules .....................................2
shortening company names ......................2
case, often used unnecessarily (rewrite
sentence) ..................................................54
case-by-case ................................................19
Casehandling Manual, NLRB ........................7
case-in-chief .................................................19
cases cited therein (avoid) ..........................52
cash-flow problem .......................................18
catalog...........................................................45
catchall ..........................................................15
cause for, of ...............................................59
caveat (not italicized)....................................50
CBS (no periods) ..........................................40
cease-and-desist order.................................18
ceiling ............................................................47
cert., certiorari ..........................................2, 10
cf. (as signal)
compare (preferred) .............................6, 50
not italicized .........................................6, 50
CFR, Code of Federal Regulations ...............7
ch. chs., chapter(s) ......................................10
chagrin at ...................................................59
chagrin, chagrined........................................47
Chairman (NLRB) .........................................13
Chairman, the (NLRB) ..................................11
chairman, the ...............................................13
Chairman Collier ..........................................13
Chairman Jane Doe .....................................11
change, changeable, changeless,
changing ....................................................48
channeled......................................................45
chapter 2 .......................................................26
chapter titles (in quotation marks) ..............41
chapter(s), ch. chs
. ......................................10
charge (in the case) .....................................11
charging party exhibit, CP Exh
. ..................10
Charging Party, the (in the case) ................11
Charles White Jr
. .........................................37
Charles White Jr.’s account ........................31
Charles White Sr
. .........................................37
chassis (sing. & pl.) .....................................29
chastise .........................................................47
check off (v.) .................................................15
checkoff (n.) .................................................15
76
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
check out (v.) ................................................15
checkout (n.) ................................................15
Chief Peters (supervisor) ............................13
child welfare plan..........................................20
children’s hospital .......................................32
chimney, chimneys.......................................28
church and state ...........................................12
Cir. (circuit court)..........................................10
Cir., Circle (address).......................................9
circuit court decisions................................1, 4
circumnavigate ............................................16
circumscribe ................................................47
circumstances in, under ............................59
citation of books and treatises (omit
given names and initials of authors) ........7
citation of cases (always include the year) 1
cite first company name, even if a division 2
city, cities .....................................................28
civil rights case.............................................20
civil service examination .............................20
cl. cls., clause(s) ..........................................10
claimed, according to ..................................53
class of ’82 ...................................................27
clause(s), cl. cls
. ..........................................10
cleared about, at, for, from, of, through,
up, with .....................................................59
clock time ......................................................25
clockwise ......................................................16
closed-shop provision .................................18
Co., Company ...........................................2, 10
coalesce for, into, on .................................59
coats of arms ...............................................29
coercible .......................................................46
coexist ..........................................................16
coffeebreak ...................................................15
coffeetime......................................................15
cohesible.......................................................46
cold-shoulder................................................19
collapsible ....................................................46
collectible......................................................46
collective-bargaining agreement ................18
colliding with .............................................59
Colo., CO ........................................................9
colon
introduce formally ....................................34
list or amplify ............................................34
salutation and time....................................34
when not used ..........................................34
column(s), col. cols
. ....................................10
combustible ..................................................46
come-ons ......................................................30
comma
before and after Esq. etc. i.e. e.g.
et al. .......................................................36
before and after academic degrees .........36
general rules .............................................36
in series, comma before and ..................35
to separate series of modifiers ...............35
with abbreviations ....................................36
with nonrestrictive clause ........................35
no comma after question mark ................37
omit after city, State, or date used as
modifier .................................................36
omit after Inc. and AFL–CIO ....................36
omit with restrictive clause ......................35
omit before Jr., Sr. ..............................10, 37
other omissions.........................................37
commented (attribution) ..............................53
commingle ....................................................45
commit, committal, committed, committing47
commitment .................................................47
common sense (n.) ......................................15
commonsense (adj.) ....................................15
common-law right ........................................18
community-of-interest contention...............18
company rule ................................................11
Company, the (in the case) ........................11
companywide................................................15
compare to, with ........................................59
compare, as signal (preferred over cf.) .......6
compatible.....................................................46
compatible with ..........................................60
compete for, with .......................................60
complacent toward ....................................60
complaint (in the case) ................................11
complaisant toward ...................................60
complement of ...........................................60
complementary to ......................................60
compliment on ...........................................60
compound words
capital letter and other hyphenated
prefixes ..................................................19
hyphen in prefix.........................................17
hyphenated modifier before nouns .........18
hyphenated numbers 21 to 99 when
spelled out .............................................19
hyphenated prefix in titles .......................19
hyphenated spelled-out fractions ............19
77
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
hyphenated verbs......................................19
no hyphen in person’s title except for
combined offices ..................................21
no hyphen when meaning clear ...............20
no hyphen with adverb ending in ly .......20
no hyphen with comparative first
element ..................................................20
no hyphen with participle in last
element ..................................................20
prefix before capitalized word .................16
prefix that would double vowel ...............17
solid pronouns and adverbs.....................17
solid with prefix ........................................16
solid with suffix, exceptions ...................16
three or more words .................................19
use en dash in compound titles when
needed for clarity...................................38
when modifier is foreign phrase ..............20
with common basic element ...................19
with proper-name modifiers .....................21
written solid, no periods ..........................15
comprehensible ...........................................46
compressible ................................................46
comprise .......................................................47
comprise, include, consist of, are ..............55
compromise .................................................47
comptroller general’s decision ...................31
computer-based records .............................18
concealed (attribution) ................................53
conceded (attribution) .................................53
conceit ..........................................................47
concentration of, on ..................................60
concerned about, by, for, in, to, with .......60
Conclusions of Law (in the decision)..........11
concur in, with ...........................................60
confided in, to ............................................60
conflicts of interest ......................................29
conform to, with .........................................60
conformity to, with .....................................60
Cong.Rec., Congressional Record ................8
congenial to, with ......................................60
congratulate for, on, upon ........................60
Congress attitude ........................................32
Congress, the ...............................................12
Congress’ .....................................................31
Congressional Record
daily edition ................................................8
permanent edition ......................................8
conjunctions
and as both but if nor or than that
when ......................................................13
not capitalized in headings and titles ......13
Conn., CT ........................................................9
connect by, with .........................................60
connive at, with ..........................................60
connote, denote ...........................................54
conscience’ sake .........................................31
conscious during, of ..................................60
Consent Election Agreement ......................11
consequent on, to ......................................60
consist in, of ...............................................60
consist of, comprise, are, include ..............55
consistent in, with .....................................60
consonant with ..........................................60
Constitution, U.S., cited ................................8
consummate .................................................45
contact among, between, of, with .............60
contemptible ................................................46
contend against, for, with .........................60
contested-election cases ............................18
contiguous to .............................................60
contingent on .............................................60
continued (attribution)..................................53
contra (as signal) ...........................................6
contraband....................................................16
contract-bar issues.......................................18
contractible ..................................................46
contrast between, of, to, with ...................60
controvertible................................................46
convenient for, to .......................................60
conversant with .........................................60
converter .......................................................45
convertible ....................................................46
conveyor .......................................................45
convincible....................................................46
co-op .............................................................17
cooperate ......................................................17
coordinate ....................................................17
co-owner .......................................................17
Copperud, American Usage and Style 18, 54
corollary ........................................................45
Corp., Corporation....................................2, 10
corps’ ............................................................31
correlation between, of ..............................60
correlative with ..........................................60
correspond to, with ...................................60
corrigible ......................................................46
corrodible......................................................46
78
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
corruptible.....................................................46
cost-effective analysis..................................18
counsel (sing. & pl.) .....................................29
counseled .....................................................45
counselor .....................................................45
counterman...................................................15
counteroffer ..................................................15
counterproposal ..........................................15
countersink ..................................................16
countervailing ..............................................45
courage, courageous ...................................48
court (any lower court) ................................11
court citations (always include the year) ......3
Court (U.S. Supreme Court) ........................11
Court, the (U.S. Supreme Court) .................12
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit,
United States ............................................12
court of appeals, the ....................................12
court, the (lower court) ................................12
courthouse....................................................15
courts-martial................................................29
coworker .......................................................15
CP Exh., charging party exhibit ..................10
credence .......................................................45
credible....................................................45, 46
credulity.........................................................45
credulous .....................................................45
crisis, crises..................................................29
criteria ...........................................................28
cross out the 6’s ..........................................27
cross-examine...............................................15
cross-file........................................................19
cross-reference.............................................15
cross-reference (use p. for page number) 8
crucible .........................................................46
Ct., Court (address) .......................................9
culminate in ................................................60
cupful, cupfuls .............................................29
curriculum, curricula ...................................28
cutoff .............................................................16
D
D. (district court)...........................................10
D.C., DC ..........................................................9
d/b/a, doing business as ..............................10
d/b/a, omit with preceding name(s) in
case citation ...............................................2
Dallas, Texas facility ....................................36
Dallas, where he was born, is a thriving
metropolis. ................................................35
dash
uses of em dash .......................................38
uses of en dash .........................................38
use en dash in compound titles when
needed for clarity...................................38
when en dash not used.............................39
data (sing. & pl.)............................................28
dates in figures ............................................25
day’s labor.....................................................31
day-to-day occurrence .................................18
Dayton, Ohio suburbs...................................36
de facto (not italicized) ................................49
de jure (not italicized) ..................................49
de minimis (not italicized) ............................49
de novo (not italicized) ................................49
Dear Sir: .......................................................34
debar from ..................................................60
deceive...........................................................47
decide in, on ...............................................61
decimals in figures .......................................26
Decision and Determination of Dispute .....11
Decision and Order.......................................11
Decision on Review .....................................11
Decision, Order, and Direction of Election 11
decision (in the case) ..................................11
decision, 5–to–4 ...........................................19
decision making............................................45
decision-making process ............................18
declared (attribution) ...................................53
deducible.......................................................46
deductible .....................................................46
deemphasis...................................................15
deescalate .....................................................17
defeasible......................................................46
defect in, of .................................................61
defend from, against ..................................61
defendant ......................................................45
defensible .....................................................46
deficiency in, of ..........................................61
defile by, with .............................................61
defy, defiance, defied, defying ....................48
deign .............................................................47
deity...............................................................47
Del., DE ...........................................................9
demise ...........................................................47
demitasse......................................................16
denied (attribution) ......................................53
79
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
denied (spell out in citation) ..........................2
denying (spell out in citation) ........................2
denote, connote ............................................54
department, executive (lowercase) .............12
depend on, upon ........................................61
dependent .....................................................45
deputy sheriffs .............................................29
deputy surgeons general ............................29
derogate from .............................................61
derogation from, of ....................................61
desalinize .....................................................16
descendant ...................................................45
descendible...................................................46
desirous of, to ............................................61
desist from, in ............................................61
despise ..........................................................47
despite the fact that (avoid) .........................52
destined for, to ...........................................61
destructible ..................................................46
destructive of, to ........................................61
devise ...........................................................47
devolve from, in, upon ...............................61
dictum (not italicized) ..................................50
diemaker........................................................15
diesinker........................................................15
differ about, from, over, with ....................61
different, various...........................................56
differentiate among, between, from .........61
diffusible .......................................................46
digestible.......................................................46
diminutive......................................................45
Director Morgan ...........................................13
disappointed in, with .................................61
discernible...............................................45, 46
disclosed (attribution) ..................................53
disdain for, to .............................................61
disembark .....................................................16
disfranchise ..................................................47
disguise.........................................................47
disgusted at, by, with ................................61
disingenuous ...............................................45
dislike of, for ..............................................61
dismissed (spell out in citation) ...................2
dismissing (spell out in citation) ..................2
dispense from, with, without ....................61
displace by, from .......................................61
displeased at, with .....................................61
dispossess from, of ...................................61
disqualify for, from ....................................61
dissension among, between, with ............61
dissimilar from, to ......................................61
distances (use sing. verb) ...........................57
distill from, out ..........................................61
distinguished by, for, from ........................61
distractible ....................................................46
district court decisions ..............................1, 4
district court, cite district, not division ....1, 4
district court citations (traditional
abbreviations of State names)....................9
District, the (D.C.) ........................................12
distrustful of ...............................................61
diverted by, from, to ..................................61
divest of ......................................................61
divestible.......................................................46
divide by, into .............................................61
divisible ........................................................46
divorce between, from ...............................61
Do not be late
. ..............................................40
do’s and don’ts ......................................29, 32
doctor, Irene Brown, M.D
. ...........................10
dogma, dogmas ...........................................28
dominant in, over .......................................61
dominate by, over ......................................61
don’t ..............................................................32
Douglas Smith, Ph.D., ..................................36
downhearted ................................................16
downsize ......................................................15
down-to-earth ...............................................17
Dr. Irene Brown.............................................10
Dr., Drive (address).........................................9
drenched in, with, of ..................................61
dressmaker ...................................................15
dry dock (in lowercase) ...............................12
drywall ..........................................................15
Du Pont .........................................................12
du Pont de Nemours & Co., E. I
. .................12
due process law............................................20
due to the fact that (avoid) ..........................52
dues-checkoff provision...............................18
dues-deduction section................................18
duly (avoid) ...................................................51
dump truck driver (but truckdriver) ............15
durable goods industry ...............................20
during such time (avoid) ..............................52
during the course of (avoid).........................52
during the time that (avoid) .........................52
during, when, while .....................................54
dye, dyeing ...................................................48
80
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
dynamo, dynamos .......................................28
E
e.g.
as signal.......................................................6
not italicized .............................................50
e.s.t. (Eastern Standard Time) .....................40
each and every one (avoid) .........................52
each other’s store ........................................31
eager for, to ................................................61
eagerly awaited moment .............................20
EAJA, Equal Access to Justice Act ..............8
early 1980s ...................................................27
East (address).................................................9
echo, echoes ................................................28
Ed Ray, Esq
. .................................................10
ed. eds., edition(s) .......................................10
edible.............................................................46
editor in chief ...............................................21
editorial titles (in quotation marks) ............41
editors handbook..........................................32
educated concerning, for, in .....................62
educible.........................................................46
effect, affect .................................................53
egregious .....................................................45
either .............................................................47
either
. . . or .................................................57
Either food or drinks are needed
. ...............57
electromagnet ..............................................16
electro-optics ...............................................17
eligible ..........................................................46
eligible for, to .............................................62
ellipsis rules
general rules..............................................44
deleted words ...........................................44
deleted paragraphs ..................................44
three periods ......................................40, 43
four periods ........................................40, 43
when not used ..........................................44
ellipsis, ellipses ...........................................29
em dash ........................................................38
embark in, on .............................................62
emigrate from .............................................62
Emp. Exh., employer exhibit .......................10
emphasis added
in brackets...........................................33, 43
in parentheses.....................................33, 43
employ at, in ...............................................62
Employee A reported to Foreman B in
department X. ...........................................50
employer .......................................................11
Employer, the (in the case) ..........................11
en banc (not italicized) ................................49
en dash .........................................................38
enamored of, with ......................................62
enclose .........................................................45
encourage, encouraging .............................48
encouraged by, in ......................................62
encroach on ...............................................62
endorse .........................................................45
endowed with .............................................62
enf., enforcement .................................1, 2, 10
enfd., enforced ...............................1, 2, 10, 32
enfg., enforcing ....................................1, 2, 10
enforceable ...................................................45
enfd. mem. (no published opinion) .....1, 2, 10
enfranchise ...................................................47
engineroom ..................................................15
English- and Spanish-speaking employees19
enjoining (spell out in citation) .....................2
enraged against, at, with ...........................62
enroll .............................................................45
ensure ...........................................................45
ensure, insure, assure .................................54
enter by, in, into .........................................62
enterprise .....................................................47
entertained by, with ...................................62
entitled “The Harbor Act” ............................41
entrusted to, with .......................................62
equal in, to ..................................................62
Equal Access to Justice Act, EAJA ..............8
equilibrium, equilibriums ............................28
equivalent (adj.) in, to ................................62
equivalent (n.) of ........................................62
erodible .........................................................46
errata (sing. & pl.) ........................................28
Eskimo, Eskimos .........................................28
Esq., esquire (m. & f.) ............................10, 53
esquire, Anne Roe, Esq
. ..............................10
essay titles (in quotation marks) ................41
essential in, for, of, to ................................62
Essex, Essexes .............................................28
Essex’s, Essexes’ ........................................31
Estlund, U. Pa. L. Rev
. ...................................7
estrangement from, of ...............................62
et al. (not italicized) .....................................50
et seq.
81
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
not italicized .............................................50
used in citing statute .................................7
etc. (not italicized) .......................................50
even though, although, though ...................53
evenhanded ..................................................15
ever-normal granary ....................................20
ever-rising earnings .....................................20
Every window, picture, and mirror was
smashed. ...................................................57
everyone .......................................................17
every one (if single person or thing) ...........17
Everyone takes off his coat
. ........................57
everybody......................................................17
everything .....................................................17
everywhere ...................................................17
ex officio (not italicized) ..............................50
ex officio member ........................................20
ex parte (not italicized) ................................49
ex post facto .................................................19
example from, of, to ...................................62
exceed ...........................................................47
excel ..............................................................45
except (use sing. verb) ................................57
exceptions and brief(s) ................................39
excise ............................................................47
exclamation point (when used) ...................39
excommunicate ............................................16
excuse (n.) for ............................................62
excuse (v.) from .........................................62
executive department ..................................12
Executive Order 11240 ................................37
Executive Secretary (NLRB) ........................11
executor (m. or f.) ........................................53
exemptible ....................................................46
exercise .........................................................47
exfoliate ........................................................19
ex-Governor .................................................19
Exh. Exhs., exhibit(s)....................................10
exhaustible ...................................................46
exhibit 11 (in lowercase) .............................13
exhibitor .......................................................45
exorcise ........................................................47
expansible.....................................................46
expect from, of ...........................................62
experience for, in, of ..................................62
expert at, with ............................................62
explained (attribution) .................................53
expressible ...................................................46
ex-repairman.................................................19
extant ............................................................45
extrahazardous ...........................................16
extra-large (adj.) ...........................................17
extra-long (adj.) ............................................17
extra-strong (adj.) ........................................17
ex-vice-president .........................................19
F
f. ff., and following page(s) ..........................10
F.3d (circuit court case) ...........................1, 10
F.Supp.2d (district court case) ................1, 10
faced by, with .............................................62
fait accompli (not italicized).........................49
fallible ...........................................................46
falsetto, falsettos .........................................28
familiar to, with ..........................................62
far-reaching effects ......................................18
farther, further ..............................................54
fascinated by, with .....................................62
favorable for, to ..........................................62
faxed order ....................................................11
FBI (no periods) ...........................................40
fear of, for ...................................................62
feasible ....................................................45, 46
Fed.R.Civ.P., Fed. Rules of Civil Procedure 7
Fed.R.Evid., Federal Rules of Evidence ........7
Fed.Reg., Federal Register.............................7
Federal aid ....................................................12
Federal Practice and Procedure ...................7
Federal road ..................................................12
feign...............................................................47
feisty .............................................................47
female, male ..................................................55
fewer, less, less than ...................................54
field examiner..........................................11, 13
Fifth Circuit, the ...........................................12
Fifty cents is the price
. ................................57
fig. figs., figure(s)..........................................10
figure 7 (in lowercase) .................................13
filed (spell out in citation) .............................2
financier ........................................................47
first-shift employees ....................................18
first-step meeting..........................................18
Fisherman’s Wharf .......................................12
Five miles is a long way to walk
. ................57
fixed-fee arrangement .................................18
Fla., FL ............................................................9
flammable......................................................45
82
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
flexible...........................................................46
flinch at, from .............................................62
flood control study ......................................20
floorlady .......................................................15
Floorlady Bowman........................................13
fn. fns., footnote(s) ......................................10
focus, focuses ..............................................28
FOIA, Freedom of Information Act ................8
following page(s), f. ff
. .................................10
footnote reference mark (not in
JD caption) ................................................23
footnotes
discouraged ..............................................23
general rules .............................................23
citations in text preferred .........................23
abbreviated addresses................................9
abbreviated words.....................................10
cite first page number and page
numbers with footnotes ..........................1
illustrations................................................23
numbered separately in separate
opinion ...................................................23
placement of reference marks..................23
use of sec. secs
. ...................................8, 10
for the purpose of (avoid) ............................52
forbade .........................................................45
forbear...........................................................45
forbid to ......................................................62
force, forcible..........................................46, 48
forefinger.......................................................16
foreign ..........................................................47
Foreman Jones ............................................13
forfeit ............................................................47
forgo (abstain)...............................................45
forklift ...........................................................15
former, latter ................................................54
formula, formulas ........................................28
Fort (address)..................................................9
forthwith (avoid)............................................51
Forty were killed
. .........................................25
401(k) provision ...........................................20
fourth century ..............................................26
Fourth of July (the holiday) ...................12, 25
Fourth, the (of July) .....................................12
fox, foxes ......................................................28
franchise .......................................................47
free enterprise system..................................20
freedom from, of, to ...................................62
Freedom 7 ....................................................50
Freedom of Information Act, FOIA ................8
Freedom of speech, freedom of worship,
freedom from want, freedom from fear
—these are the fundamentals of moral
world order. ..............................................38
French-Irish descent ....................................21
friend .............................................................47
friend of, to .................................................62
frighten at, away, by ..................................62
frightened of ................................................62
fringe benefit plan ........................................20
from January 1 to June 30, 1996 .................39
from January 1–June 30, 1996 (avoid).........39
From the 1st to the 104th Congress
. ..........25
From the First to the Ninth Congress
. ........25
fulfill...............................................................45
full-time (as modifier) ...................................17
full time and part time, employed ................18
full-time and part-time employees...............18
fungible .........................................................46
fungus, fungi ................................................28
further, farther...............................................54
fusible............................................................46
G
Ga., GA ............................................................9
gauge.............................................................45
Gay Nineties ..................................................27
Geiger counter .............................................47
GC Exh., General Counsel exhibit ..............10
General Counsel (NLRB) .............................11
General Counsel exhibit, GC Exh
. ..............10
General Counsel, the ...................................13
general counsels ..........................................29
genius, geniuses ..........................................28
George Herman “Babe” Ruth.......................41
get, getting ...................................................47
ghetto, ghettos..............................................28
Give up conveniences, do not demand
special privileges, do not stop
work: these are necessary while we
are at war. .................................................34
giveaway .......................................................16
go-betweens..................................................30
goings-on .....................................................30
good example, i.e., .......................................36
good usage
use plain English.......................................51
83
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
avoid Latin expressions............................49
avoid legalese............................................51
avoid wordy phrases.................................52
rules for singular and plural ....................57
the right preposition ................................58
the right word ...........................................53
goodbye ........................................................45
good-faith doubt ..........................................18
Government, the ..........................................12
Governor, the ...............................................13
GPO Style Manual...................................15, 31
granted (spell out in citation) ........................2
grant-in-aid....................................................19
gray................................................................45
grievance-arbitration procedure .................18
grieve after, at, for .....................................63
grievous ........................................................47
grounds (spell out in citation) .......................2
gruesome .....................................................45
guarantee .....................................................45
guard against, from ...................................63
gullible...........................................................46
H
Hague, The ...................................................12
hairnet ...........................................................15
half an inch ...................................................27
half past 4 .....................................................25
halo, halos.....................................................28
handful, handfuls..........................................29
hand-me-downs ...........................................30
handyman .....................................................15
hangers-on ...................................................30
harass ...........................................................45
Hawaii, HI ........................................................9
he (Smith) said (avoid) ...............................55
He acknowledged the error! ........................39
He admitted “there was nothing wrong
or improper” with sitting down while
waiting. ......................................................44
He admitted having heard a rumor in
the plant (Tr. 76). ......................................40
He arrived at 11 [12] o’clock
. .......................33
He arrived at 11 [sic] o’clock
. ......................33
He asked her, “What are you doing?”
and she told him her plans. .....................37
He asked, “Have you an appointment?” ....43
He calle
d . . . and left. . . . When he
returned the ..............................................43
He calle
d . . . and left . . . . [H]e
returned the ..............................................43
He has had several years’ experience
and is thoroughly competent. .................36
He is a clever young man
. ...........................35
He is a friend of John’s and mine
. ..............32
He produced several items in his
defense: a compilation of dates,
10 daily production records, and ............34
He ran but he missed the train
. ...................36
He reported, “Smith said ‘No sale.’” ...........42
He said that no he would not
. .....................41
He said, “John arrived several hours
after the others.” ......................................35
He said—and no one contradicted
him—“The battle is lost.” .........................38
He sold his business, rented his house,
gave up his car, and set off for Africa
[short clauses, commas instead of
semicolons]. .............................................42
He told her yes
. ............................................41
He told the employee, “That’s right”;
he then changed his mind. ......................43
heading titles (in quotation marks) .............41
headings and titles, capitalize (except
articles, conjunctions, and
prepositions of four or fewer letters) ......13
headline titles (in quotation marks) ............41
health care institution...................................20
hearing officer...............................................11
Hearing Officer Jane Doe ............................11
height ............................................................47
heinous..........................................................47
heir ................................................................47
heir at law ......................................................19
heirs at law ....................................................29
hereby (avoid) ..............................................51
herein (avoid) ...............................................51
hereinafter (avoid).........................................51
hereto (avoid) ................................................51
herewith (avoid) ...........................................51
hero, heroes ..................................................28
hers (plural)...................................................32
herself ...........................................................17
hierarchy .......................................................45
high school student .....................................20
higher level decision ...................................20
high-level manager ......................................18
84
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
himself...........................................................17
His only son, John, went with him
. ............35
His son Joe is here
. .....................................35
his third birthday .........................................25
hold up (v.) ...................................................15
holdup (n.) ....................................................15
homestead ....................................................16
homogeneous ..............................................45
honored by, for, with .................................63
hope for, of .................................................63
horrible..........................................................46
hostess’, hostesses’ ....................................31
hours’ traveltime...........................................31
House bill, H.R
. ..............................................8
House, the ....................................................12
housekeeper .................................................15
Houses are a commodity
. ............................57
How beautiful! ..............................................39
How can you explain this?—“Fee
paid, $5.” ...................................................38
however, but ...............................................55
Hudson dock (in lowercase) ........................12
Hwy., Highway (address) ...............................9
hydroelectric ..........................................15, 16
hypertension ................................................16
hyphen
in compound words .................................15
in numbers ................................................27
in plurals ...................................................30
hypotension .................................................16
hypothesis, hypotheses ..............................29
I
I have heard his arguments and am now
convinced. ................................................36
I have heard his arguments, but am still
not convinced. ..........................................36
i.e
. ...................................................................9
i.e. (not italicized)..........................................50
I’ve ................................................................32
I-beam ...........................................................19
ibid. (as repeating signal)
same citation on same page.................6, 49
not italicized .............................................49
id. (as repeating signal)
same citation on same page, citing
different page number ......................6, 49
not italicized .............................................49
id. at 10 ...........................................................9
Idaho, ID .........................................................9
identical with ..............................................63
identify by, to, with ....................................63
If the bill should pass—which God
forbid—the service will be wrecked. .......38
ifs, ands, or buts ....................................29, 32
Ill., IL ..............................................................9
illegible .........................................................46
immerse in ..................................................63
immersible ....................................................46
immigrate to ...............................................63
imminent .......................................................45
impatient at, with .......................................63
imperceptible ...............................................46
impermissible................................................46
impersuasible ...............................................46
implausible ...................................................46
impose on, upon .......................................63
impossible.....................................................46
impress into, upon, with ............................63
impressed by, with .....................................63
impressible....................................................46
imprimatur ....................................................45
imprimatur (not italicized) ...........................50
improve in, by, upon ..................................63
improvement in, upon ...............................63
improvise ......................................................47
In 1980, 400 men were dismissed
. ..............36
in a manner similar to (avoid) ......................52
in a negligent manner (avoid) ......................52
in a position to (avoid) .................................52
in addition to (use sing. verb) ......................57
in advance of (avoid) ...................................52
in camera (not italicized) .............................49
in connection with (avoid) ...........................52
in excess of (avoid) ......................................52
in haec verba
not italicized .............................................49
verbatim (preferred) .................................49
in his midthirties, in his seventies ..............27
in lieu thereof (avoid)....................................52
in many cases (avoid)...................................52
in order to (avoid) ........................................52
in part (preferred over inter alia) ................49
in regard to (avoid) ......................................52
in respect to (avoid)......................................52
in some cases (avoid)...................................52
in spite of the fact (avoid) ............................52
85
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
in the amount of (avoid) ..............................52
in the case of (avoid) ...................................52
In the course of (avoid) ...............................52
In the event of (avoid) ..................................52
in the event of Mary’s leaving
. ....................32
in the immediate vicinity (avoid)..................52
in the last analysis (avoid) ...........................52
in the matter of (avoid) ................................52
in the near future (avoid) .............................52
in the neighborhood of (avoid) ...................52
in the not too distant future (avoid) ............52
in this day and age (avoid) ..........................52
in toto
not italicized .............................................49
totally (preferred).......................................49
in view of (avoid)...........................................52
in view of the fact that (avoid) ....................52
in, into ...........................................................55
inaccessible .................................................46
inadmissible ...........................................45, 46
inadvertence .................................................45
inapprehensible ...........................................46
inasmuch as (avoid) ....................................52
inaudible........................................................46
in-between.....................................................17
inbound ........................................................16
Inc. (omit comma after) ...............................36
Inc. and Ltd. (when omitted) ..........................2
Inc., Incorporated .....................................2, 10
incentive for, to ..........................................63
incise ............................................................47
include, comprise, consist of, are ..............55
including (use sing. verb) ............................57
incoercible ....................................................46
incombustible ..............................................46
income tax form ...........................................20
incompatible .................................................46
incomprehensible ........................................46
incontrovertible ............................................46
inconvertible ................................................46
inconvincible ................................................46
incorrigible ...................................................46
incorrodible ..................................................46
incorruptible .................................................46
incredible ......................................................46
incredible, incredulous.................................55
incumbent ....................................................45
Ind. & Labor Rel. Rev
. ....................................7
Ind., IN .............................................................9
indefeasible...................................................46
indefensible...................................................46
indefinite articles
a an the ....................................................13
before vowels and consonants,
examples ...............................................48
not capitalized in headings and titles ......13
indelible.........................................................46
indestructible ...............................................46
index, indexes ..............................................28
indigestible ...................................................46
indiscernible..................................................46
indivertible ....................................................46
indivisible .....................................................46
inducible .......................................................46
indulge in, with ...........................................63
indulgent of, to ...........................................63
industrywide .................................................15
ineligible........................................................46
inexhaustible ................................................46
inexpressible ................................................46
infallible.........................................................46
infeasible.......................................................46
inferable ........................................................45
infiltrate into ...............................................63
infiltration of ...............................................63
inflexible........................................................46
influence (n.) of, upon ...............................63
influence (v.) by, for ...................................63
infra
below (preferred)...................................6, 49
not italicized .........................................6, 49
infrared ..........................................................16
infusible ........................................................46
inimical to, toward .....................................63
initiate into .................................................63
in-law ......................................................17, 19
innate in ......................................................63
innermost .....................................................16
innocuous .....................................................45
innuendo .......................................................45
in-plant committee .......................................18
inquire into, of ............................................63
inquiry ...........................................................45
inquiry about, concerning, of ....................63
inroad into ..................................................63
ins and outs ..................................................32
insensible .....................................................46
inseparable from ........................................63
86
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
insert in, on ................................................63
Insert the following: “and the Universal
Military Training Act,”. ............................41
insight into .................................................63
insignia, insignias ........................................28
insisted (attribution) .....................................53
insistence......................................................45
inspire by, with ...........................................63
Instead of 20, 50 came
. ................................36
instill .............................................................45
instill in, into ..............................................63
instructible ...................................................46
insuppressible ..............................................46
insure, ensure, assure..................................54
insusceptible.................................................46
intangible ......................................................46
intelligible......................................................46
intent on, upon ...........................................64
intention of, to ............................................64
inter alia
in part, among other things, or among
others (preferred) ..................................49
not italicized .............................................49
intercede for, with ......................................64
intercom .......................................................16
interfere, interfered, interfering ............45, 48
intermediary between, in ...........................64
interruptible...................................................46
interstate ......................................................15
interstate commerce law .............................20
intervene between, in ................................64
intervenor ...............................................11, 45
Intervenor, the (in the case) ........................11
intimacy of, with .........................................64
intrastate ......................................................15
intraunion......................................................16
introduce to, into .......................................64
introductory signals .......................................6
introvert ........................................................16
intrude into, on, upon ................................64
inundate by, with .......................................64
invertible .......................................................46
invest in, with .............................................64
invincible.......................................................46
invisible ........................................................46
Iowa, IA ..........................................................9
ipso facto (not italicized) .............................49
irascible.........................................................46
irreducible ....................................................46
irrelevant .......................................................45
irremissible....................................................46
irreprehensible..............................................46
irresistible ....................................................46
irresponsible ................................................46
irrespressible ...............................................46
irreversible ...................................................46
IRS (no periods) ...........................................40
isometric........................................................16
It included a bargaining order. It also
included a broad order. (Tr. 11–12.) ........40
It is a valuable contribution which, if
utilized, would be most helpful. ..............35
It is a young, eager, intelligent group
. ........35
It is not unreasonable to assume that
[the Union] will engage in strike
violence again. ..........................................44
It is obvious, however, that this is no
solution. ....................................................35
It is ordered to cease and desist, to
bargain on request and, if an
agreement is reached, to .........................35
It is sold by the bolt, by the yard, or in
remnants [phrases, commas instead
of semicolons]. .........................................42
It is true in peace; it is true in war
. .............42
It occurred during the first shift at
12 [noon]. ..................................................44
It was a “gentlemen’s agreement.” .............41
It was known as glucinium [no quotation
marks after known as]. ............................41
it’s (it is) ........................................................32
Italian American area....................................21
italicizing
general rules .............................................50
aircraft, spacecraft, vessels ....................50
book and article titles ..............................50
names of parties (and v.) in case
citations .................................................50
not Latin expressions ..............................49
not titles of newspapers ..........................50
not titles of periodicals ............................50
its (possessive) ............................................32
it's (it is).........................................................32
itself...............................................................17
ITT (no periods).............................................40
J
87
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
jack-in-the-pulpits ........................................30
January, Januarys .......................................28
JD JDs, judge’s decision(s) ..................23, 29
JD slip op
. ................................................1, 10
jealous of, for .............................................64
jobsite............................................................15
John Doe, chairman .....................................13
John Doe, field examiner ............................13
John Doe, foreman ......................................13
John Doe, president ....................................13
John’s, Thomas’, and Henry’s ratings.........31
joint exhibit, Jt. Exh
. ....................................10
Jones, Joneses ............................................28
Jones’, Joneses’ ..........................................31
Jr. Sr. (comma omitted before) ...................10
Jt. Exh., joint exhibit ....................................10
judge (any lower court) ...............................11
judge (NLRB) ................................................11
Judge Doe .....................................................11
Judge Jane Doe ...........................................13
judge, judgment .....................................45, 48
judge’s decision(s), JD JDs ........................23
judicial branch .............................................12
June 11, 1998 .........................................25, 37
June 1998 ...............................................25, 37
June and July 1998 ................................25, 37
Junior, Charles White Jr
. .............................10
Justice (U.S. Supreme Court) .....................11
justified in ...................................................64
K
Kan., KS ..........................................................9
Kansas City, Kansas Citys ..........................28
Key Company, the ........................................12
kilogram ........................................................16
kimono, kimonos ........................................28
Ky., KY ............................................................9
L
L. LL., line(s) ................................................10
L.Ed.2d, citing United States Supreme
Court Reports Lawyers' edition ................8
L.W., United States Law Week ......................8
Lab. L.J., Labor Law Journal ........................7
La., LA .............................................................9
labeled...........................................................45
labor as, at, for, on, through, under,
up, with .....................................................64
labor arbitration, BNA LA ..............................7
Labor Day 1997 .............................................37
Labor Law Journal, Lab. L.J
. .........................7
Ladies and Gentlemen: ..............................34
laid-off employees ........................................18
land bank loan ..............................................20
land use program .........................................20
Landrum-Griffin Act, LMRDA ........................7
larger sized dress ........................................20
larva, larvae ..................................................28
lasso, lassos ................................................28
Latin American trip ......................................21
Latin expressions
avoid using ...............................................49
use plain English.......................................49
latter, former .................................................54
laugh at, away, into, off, on, out ...............64
law-abiding citizen .......................................18
lay off (v.) ......................................................15
layoff (n.) .......................................................15
leadman.........................................................15
leaves of absence ...................................19, 29
left-hand side ...............................................18
leftover ..........................................................16
legal jargon (avoid) ......................................51
legalese
avoid using ...............................................51
use plain English instead .........................51
legible ............................................................46
legislative branch..........................................12
Legislative History
Leg. Hist. (LMRA 1947)................................7
Leg. Hist. (LMRDA 1959) ............................7
Leg. Hist. (NLRB 1935) ...............................7
leisure............................................................47
lengthwise ....................................................45
less, less than, fewer ...................................54
level at, to, with, against, down, out .........64
leveled ..........................................................45
liable for, to ................................................64
liaison ...........................................................45
libelant ..........................................................45
liberal in, with .............................................64
life insurance company ...............................20
lifelike ...........................................................16
likable ...........................................................45
like (use sing. verb) .....................................57
88
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
like, as, as if, as though ...............................55
Line Item Veto Act (citation of public law) 8
line number(s), L. LL
. ..................................10
lines 5 and 6 (in lowercase) .........................26
liquefy, liquefied, liquefying ..................45, 48
listeners-in ...................................................30
live among, at, by, for, in, through, to,
up, with .....................................................64
LMRA, Taft-Hartley Act ..................................7
LMRDA, Landrum-Griffin Act ........................7
local (union), a .............................................11
Local 1 (the Local) .......................................39
Local 1 (the Respondent Union) .................39
Local 2, AFL–CIO or any other union .........36
Local 561, the Local .....................................11
lock (dockside term) ....................................12
locksmith.......................................................15
long- and short-term money rates...............19
longer than usual lunch period ...................20
longstanding ................................................15
long-term contract .......................................18
longtime.........................................................15
loose-leaf services........................................18
Lopez’, Lopezes’ ..........................................31
lower income group......................................20
lowercase type..............................................20
low-paying job...............................................20
LPN (no periods)...........................................40
LPNs .............................................................29
LRRM, BNA labor cases .................................8
Ltd. (omit comma after)................................36
Ltd. and Inc. (when omitted) ..........................2
Ltd., Limited .............................................2, 10
lumberyard ....................................................15
lump-sum payment ......................................18
lunchbreak ....................................................15
lunchtime ......................................................15
M
M.D.s .............................................................29
Macadam family ...........................................11
Macadam, John ............................................11
macadamized ...............................................11
magneto, magnetos .....................................28
maintenance-of-membership clause...........18
majority (collective noun).............................57
make-whole remedy......................................18
male, female .................................................55
malpractice ...................................................16
man’s, men’s ................................................31
manageable ..................................................46
management-rights clause...........................18
mandamus (not italicized) ...........................50
maneuver ......................................................45
manhood .......................................................16
Manufacturing, Mfg
. .................................2, 10
mark up (v.) ..................................................15
markup (n.) ....................................................15
marshaled .....................................................45
martyr to, for ..............................................64
Mary, Marys ..................................................28
Mass., MA ......................................................9
Massachusetts laws .....................................32
mastery in, of, over ....................................64
matrix, matrices ...........................................28
maximum, maximums .................................28
May we ask prompt payment
. .....................40
May 1 to June 1, 1998 ..................................25
May 4, 1982 discharge ..................................36
May, June, and July 1998 ......................25, 37
May–October (with en dash) .......................38
MC’ing ...........................................................32
McCormick on Evidence ................................7
Md., MD ...........................................................9
Me., ME ...........................................................9
measurements in figures..............................26
meatcutter ....................................................15
meatpacker ...................................................15
meddle in, with ...........................................64
media (sing. & pl.) ........................................28
mediocre .......................................................45
mem., enfd. (no published opinion) ....1, 2, 10
Member (NLRB) ............................................11
Member, National Labor Relations Board...37
memento, mementos ...................................28
memo, memos ..............................................28
memorandum, memoranda ...................28, 45
men buyers ...................................................29
men employees.............................................29
men’s and women’s clothing ......................31
mentioned (attribution) ................................53
merchandise .................................................47
merchants exchange ...................................32
Mfg., Manufacturing .................................2, 10
Mich., MI .........................................................9
micro-organisms...........................................17
microphone ..................................................16
89
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
mid-1982 .................................................17, 27
mid-April .......................................................16
midsummer ..................................................16
mile, mileage ..........................................45, 48
milieu ............................................................45
militate against, in .....................................64
millions for defense but not one cent
for tribute ..................................................27
millwork.........................................................15
millyard..........................................................15
minimum, minimums ...................................28
Minn., MN ........................................................9
minuscule......................................................45
minutia, minutiae .........................................28
misadvise .....................................................47
mischievous .................................................45
Miss., MS ........................................................9
misspell ........................................................45
misspelled words, frequently ......................45
misstate.........................................................16
Mo., MO ...........................................................9
mock at, for, with ......................................64
modeled.........................................................45
modified (spell out in citation).......................2
modifying (spell out in citation).....................2
mold...............................................................45
Monday–Friday (with en dash) ....................38
money (use sing. verb) ................................57
money in figures ..........................................26
money, moneys ............................................28
moneys .........................................................45
monogram ....................................................16
Mont., MT ........................................................9
Moore Dry Dock criteria ..............................50
Moore’s Federal Practice ..............................7
Moreover, they are not
. ...............................36
Morris, Developing Labor Law ......................7
most-favored-nation clause ........................18
mother-in-law ...............................................19
mother-of-pearl ............................................19
mothers-in-law .............................................29
motion (spell out in citation) .........................2
Motion for Summary Judgment ..................11
motion in limine (not italicized) ..................49
motion picture titles (in quotation marks) ..41
motion to dismiss ........................................11
motor No. 189463 .........................................37
Mount (address) .............................................9
movable .........................................................45
moviegoer .....................................................16
mph ...............................................................40
mph’s (plural) ...............................................32
Mrs. Smith’s and Mrs. Allen’s children ......31
multicolor .....................................................16
multiemployer ..............................................15
mustache ......................................................45
myself ...........................................................17
N
N.C.,NC ...........................................................9
N.D., ND ..........................................................9
N.H., NH ..........................................................9
N.J., NJ ...........................................................9
N.M., NM .........................................................9
N.Y., NY ...........................................................9
names in text
given name and surname, then
surname alone (or with title) ................13
Mr. Mrs. Ms. Miss not used in text ..........13
repeating titles as needed for clarity .......13
names of unions in Spanish ......................1, 2
National Labor Relations Act, NLRA .........1. 7
National Labor Relations Board, NLRB ........1
nationwide.....................................................15
Neb., NE ..........................................................9
negligent about, in, of ................................64
negligible.......................................................46
neighbor .......................................................47
neither ...........................................................47
neither snow, rain, nor heat ........................35
neophyte .......................................................16
Nev., NV ..........................................................9
New Year’s Eve ............................................12
New York State .............................................12
newspapers
article titles italicized ...............................50
article titles not placed in quotation
marks .....................................................41
titles not italicized ....................................50
newsprint ......................................................15
next of kin .....................................................19
nickel ............................................................45
nicknames (in quotation marks) .................41
niece ..............................................................47
night-shift employee ....................................18
nighttime ......................................................15
90
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
nine-and-under numbers rule ......................25
ninety-nine 6-inch guns................................27
NLRA (no periods) ...............................1, 7, 40
NLRB Annual Report .....................................7
NLRB Casehandling Manual .........................7
NLRB decisions
company respondents ...........................1, 5
union respondents .................................1, 5
no less than (use sing. verb) .......................57
no one ...........................................................17
No, she isn’t here
. ........................................36
No. and # (omit before number unless
required for clarity) ..................................27
No. Nos., number(s) .....................................10
nobody, no one ............................................17
no-hyphen rule (hyphenated).......................20
non sequitur .................................................17
non sequitur (not italicized) ........................50
non-civil-service ..........................................17
none (use sing. or pl. verb) .........................57
None are so fallible as those who are
sure they are right. ...................................57
None of us is perfect
. ..................................57
non-Government ..........................................16
nongovernmental .........................................16
nonneutral ....................................................16
nonrestrictive clause (set off by commas)..35
non-taxpaid ..................................................17
nonunion ......................................................15
nonworking ..................................................15
North (address) ..............................................9
north-central region......................................12
Northeast, NE (address) ................................9
Northwest, NW (address) ...............................9
no-show ........................................................19
no-solicitation rule........................................18
no-strike clause ...........................................18
not alone (use sing. verb) ...........................57
notaries public .............................................29
nothing .........................................................17
notice of hearing...........................................11
Notice to Show Cause .................................11
notice, noticeable ........................................48
no-trump .......................................................19
notwithstanding the fact (avoid) .................52
nowhere.........................................................17
NS Savannah.................................................50
nucleus, nuclei .............................................28
number (collective noun) ............................57
number one choice .......................................27
number(s), No. Nos
. .....................................10
numbers in figures
10 and higher ............................................25
addresses .................................................26
age .............................................................25
clock time ..................................................25
comma with five or more digits ...............27
dates ..........................................................25
decimals ....................................................26
measurement and time ............................25
measurements...........................................26
money ........................................................26
percentages...............................................26
serial numbers...........................................26
time ............................................................26
unit modifiers ............................................26
numbers spelled out
nine-and-under rule ..................................25
before compound modifier ......................27
before modifier with figures .....................27
figures of speech ......................................27
formal language ........................................27
fractions below one ..................................27
indefinite expressions...............................27
hyphenate 21 to 99 when spelled out .....19
numbers, general rules
Arabic numerals for volume numbers ......8
Roman numerals, low numbers only ..8, 27
at beginning of sentence .........................25
cardinal numbers (one, 10, etc.) ..............25
ordinal (first, 10th, etc.) ............................25
numbers in series .....................................25
plurals of figures ......................................27
punctuation ...............................................27
omit No. or # unless required for clarity 27
nunc pro tunc, now for then
not italicized .............................................49
retroactive (preferred)...............................49
nurses aide ...................................................32
O
o’clock ..........................................................32
Objection 4 ...................................................11
objection, the ...............................................11
oblivious of, to ...........................................65
observed (attribution) ..................................53
Obviously she had no intention of going. 37
91
Revised January 2000
¶
¶¶
¶¶
¶¶¶¶
INDEX AND WORD LIST
occur, occurred, occurrence .................45, 47
of an indefinite nature (avoid) .....................52
of an unusual kind (avoid) ...........................52
of great importance (avoid) .........................52
off-color.........................................................17
offense ..........................................................45
officer in charge .....................................11, 21
Officer in Charge Jane Doe..........................11
off-season ....................................................17
offset .............................................................15
offshore .........................................................16
off-the record ...............................................17
Ohio, OH .........................................................9
Okla., OK ........................................................9
old-fashioned style ......................................18
omissible ......................................................46
omissions ...............................................43–44
on (date), when omitted ...............................55
on its own motion (preferred over sua
sponte).......................................................49
on or about (avoid) ......................................52
on the ground that (avoid)............................52
on the order of (avoid)..................................52
on the part of (avoid) ...................................52
on, upon .......................................................55
on-and-off......................................................17
one gross .....................................................26
one hundred percent wrong ........................27
one of (use plural verb) ...............................57
One of those people who are never
on time. .....................................................57
one’s mortgage.............................................31
One-fifth of the boats were lost
. .................57
one-half inch ................................................27
one-half percent ...........................................26
Only one person—the chairman—voted
against the proposal. ...............................38
onstage..........................................................16
on-the-job......................................................17
opus, opuses ................................................28
oral, verbal ...................................................55
Order (in the case) .......................................11
order, an .......................................................11
order, faxed ..................................................11
ordinal numbers ...........................................25
Ore., OR ..........................................................9
oriental ..........................................................12
ostensible......................................................46
others’ homes ..............................................31
ours (possessive) ........................................32
ourselves ......................................................17
outmoded .....................................................16
out-of-doors .................................................17
out-of-pocket ................................................17
out-of-state....................................................12
out-of-the-way ..............................................17
out-of-work list .............................................18
outpatient .....................................................15
outrageous....................................................45
outsourcing...................................................15
overcompensate ..........................................16
overlaid by, with .........................................65
overrun by, with .........................................65
overwhelm by, with ....................................65
owing to the fact that (avoid) .......................52
P
P. Exh., petitioner exhibit ............................10
p. pp., page(s) ................................................9
p.m., a.m
. ..................................................9, 25
Pa., PA ...........................................................9
Pacific Reporter, P.2d ....................................8
page 2 (in lowercase)....................................13
page(s), p. pp
. ...............................................9
painter–door builder Jones (with en
dash, not hyphen) .....................................38
pair (collective noun)....................................57
Pan-American ...............................................16
panel (Board) ................................................11
papermill .......................................................15
paragraph 3 ..................................................26
paragraph 3 (in lowercase) ..........................13
Paragraph 7(b)(1)(a) will be found
on page 6. ................................................39
paragraph(s),
¶ ¶¶
. par. ..................................9
parallel in, to, with .....................................65
parallel citations (when used) .......................1
paramedic .....................................................16
parameters, perimeter .................................56
parentheses
in place of footnotes ................................39
transcript references ................................40
acronym or shortened name ....................39
parenthetic matter.....................................39
abbreviated words in ...............................10
abbreviated addresses in ...........................9
placement .................................................40
92
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
parenthesis, parentheses.............................29
Paris (France) ...............................................11
paris, plaster of ............................................11
parol evidence rule ......................................20
part from, with.............................................65
part(s), pt. pts
. ..............................................10
partially, partly .............................................55
parties
appeal under different name, sub nom......1
inserting company name after union
name.........................................................2
part-time (as modifier) .................................17
part time and full time, employed ...............18
part-time and full-time employees...............18
passersby......................................................30
pastime..........................................................45
patternmaker ................................................15
paycheck .......................................................15
payroll ...........................................................15
peace, peaceable .........................................48
people, persons ...........................................56
per annum, a year (preferred) .....................56
per capita (not italicized) .............................50
per capita tax ................................................20
per curiam (spell out in citation) ...................2
per se (not italicized) ...................................49
per diem (not italicized) ...............................50
per diem employee ......................................20
perceive.........................................................47
percent ....................................................15, 45
percentages in figures..................................26
perceptible ...................................................46
perfectible ....................................................46
perimeter, parameters .................................56
period
general rules .............................................40
ellipses.......................................................40
used in lowercase abbreviations .............40
omitted in uppercase abbreviations ........40
rhetorical question ...................................40
periodicals
titles not italicized ....................................50
article titles italicized ...............................50
article titles not placed in quotation
marks .....................................................41
permissible ...................................................46
persevere against, in .................................65
persist against, for, in, through ................65
persons, people ...........................................56
persuasible ...................................................46
pervertible ....................................................46
petition (in case) ..........................................11
petition (spell out in citation) ........................2
petitioner ......................................................11
petitioner exhibit, P. Exh
. ............................10
Petitioner, the (in the case) .........................11
Ph.D.s ...........................................................29
phenomenon, phenomena ..........................28
phone, telephone .........................................32
photo, photos ...............................................28
piano, pianos ................................................28
piccolo, piccolos ..........................................28
pick up (v.) ....................................................15
pickup (n.) .....................................................15
piece-rated machine ...................................18
piecework......................................................15
pier 32 (in lowercase) ..................................12
piety ...............................................................47
piqued at, by, to .........................................65
pity’s sake ....................................................31
Pkwy., Parkway (address) .............................9
Place (address) ..............................................9
plain English
avoid Latin expressions............................49
avoid legalese............................................51
plantwide.......................................................15
plaster of paris .............................................11
plateau, plateaus ..........................................28
plausible........................................................46
play titles (in quotation marks) ...................41
Plaza (address) ..............................................9
pleaded .........................................................45
plenty of (use sing. or pl. verb) ...................57
Plenty of potatoes are grown .....................57
plunge along, into, through .......................65
plurals
general rules..............................................28
add s or es .............................................28
add s to figures and capital letters ........29
change i to e .........................................29
change y to i .........................................28
with single figures use apostrophe .......27
noun before adverb...................................30
compound terms ......................................29
English plurals of foreign words, except
foreign plurals in common usage ........28
plus (not used as conjunction) ...................56
podium, podiums ........................................ 28
93
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
pointed out (attribution) ..............................53
polyester .......................................................16
Port (address) ................................................9
portfolio, portfolios ......................................28
Portland (Ore.) Chamber of Commerce ......39
portland cement plant .................................20
possessed by, of, with ...............................65
possessive pronoun (see Apostrophe).......31
possible.........................................................46
post at its facility in Bangor, Maine
copies of ...................................................36
Postal Reorganization Act, PRA ...................7
Postal Service abbreviations .........................9
postdecision .................................................15
postelection ..................................................15
postmaster (m. or f.) ....................................53
postmasters general.....................................29
postpetition ..................................................15
postwar..........................................................16
post-World War ............................................16
powerhouse .................................................15
powerplant ...................................................15
PRA, Postal Reorganization Act ...................7
practice at, in, of ........................................65
prearranged ..................................................16
precede .........................................................47
precedent for, in, of ...................................65
pre-Columbian .............................................16
predestined for, to .....................................65
preelection ...................................................15
preemergence ...............................................17
preeminent ...................................................17
preemployment ............................................15
preempt ........................................................17
pre-engineered .............................................17
preexist .........................................................17
preexisting ...................................................15
preface with, of, to .....................................65
prefer, preferring ..........................................47
preference .....................................................47
prefixes in compound words...........16, 17, 19
pregnant by, with .......................................65
pre-impasse ..................................................17
pre-interview ................................................17
prejudice against, for, of ...........................65
prejudiced against, by ...............................65
prepositions
at by for from in into like of off
on over to up upon with ..................13
not capitalized in headings and titles ......13
prerequisite for, of, to.................................65
prerogative ....................................................45
President, the (U.S.)......................................13
president, the ...............................................13
president, the Key Company .......................37
President-elect .............................................19
pretrial ..........................................................15
prevail against, in, over, with ....................65
prevailed along, upon, with .......................65
pricelist .........................................................15
prima facie (not italicized) ...........................50
prima facie evidence ....................................20
prince’s, princes’ ........................................31
princess’, princesses’ .................................31
printer’s ink ..................................................31
printout (computer) ......................................15
prior to (avoid) .............................................52
prisoners of war............................................29
pro forma (not italicized) .............................49
pro rata (not italicized) ................................50
proceed .........................................................47
procompany .................................................15
producible ....................................................46
production credit loan .................................20
proffer............................................................45
profit-sharing plan .......................................18
programmer ..................................................45
programming ................................................45
prohibit from ..............................................65
prologue ........................................................45
prorate ...........................................................16
pros and cons ..............................................29
protectible ....................................................46
protest against, to ......................................65
prounion........................................................15
provide against, for, with ..........................65
proviso, provisos .........................................28
pseudonym ...................................................16
pt. pts., part(s) ..............................................10
public law, citation of U.S. statute ................8
public utility plant ........................................20
punctuation ..................................................31
put across, aside, away, at, forth, in,
into, on, to, up, upon ................................65
Q
quasi appointment .......................................19
94
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
quasi-contractual .........................................19
question mark (no comma after) .................37
questionnaire ...............................................45
quid pro quo (not italicized) ........................49
quotation marks
in titles ......................................................41
nicknames .................................................41
single and double......................................42
placement .................................................41
used to enclose words after classified
designated endorsed entitled marked
named signed the term the word ......41
not used to enclose words after
known as called so-called ..................41
also when not used ..................................41
quotations
brackets for alterations.............................44
brackets for correcting significant
errors .....................................................44
insignificant typographical errors,
corrected without notation in brackets 44
ellipsis rules .............................................43
emphasis added .......................................43
placement of citation ................................43
placement of punctuation ........................43
short quote (three or fewer lines)
placed in text, except in block
quotation for emphasis ........................43
long quote placed in block quotation ......43
R
R. Exh., respondent exhibit .........................10
R. M. Conway Co. (Conway) ........................39
R. M. Conway Co. (the Respondent
Company) ..................................................39
R.I., RI .............................................................9
racetrack .......................................................15
radio program titles (in quotation marks) ..41
radio, radios .................................................28
radius, radii ..................................................28
rank-and-file employees ..............................18
Rd., Road (address) .......................................9
readable ........................................................45
real estate tax ...............................................20
receipt ...........................................................47
receive ..........................................................47
recommended Order.....................................11
recordkeeping...............................................15
recounted (attribution) .................................53
re-create ........................................................17
re-cross-examination....................................17
recurrence.....................................................45
red, white, and blue .....................................35
reducible .......................................................46
Reed, Black, et al. , .......................................36
reemploy........................................................17
reenact ..........................................................17
reenter ...........................................................17
refer to, allude to...........................................53
referable .......................................................45
referendum, referenda .................................28
referred .........................................................45
refusal-to-bargain case ................................18
Region (of the Board) ..................................11
Region 5 ........................................................11
regional attorney...........................................11
Regional Attorney Jane Doe ........................11
Regional Director..........................................11
Regional Office ............................................11
regrettable.....................................................46
rehearing (spell out in citation) .....................2
reign ..............................................................47
Reinstatement (Second) of Agency ..............7
relevant .........................................................45
relevant (spell out in citation) ........................2
relief ..............................................................47
relieve ............................................................47
remainder, rest, balance ..............................53
remanded (spell out in citation) ....................2
Remedy (in the case) ...................................11
remedy section .............................................11
repeating signals ...........................................6
replaced by, with ........................................65
report (Regional Director’s) ........................11
Report on Objections ..................................11
report titles (in quotation marks).................41
reporter services.............................................8
reprehensible ...............................................46
representative of a group, a ........................12
Representative, a (U.S. Congress)...............12
repressible ....................................................46
reproducible..................................................46
republican form of government. a ..............12
Republican, a (party member)......................12
repugnance against, between, of, to .......65
request for review.........................................11
re-redirect .....................................................17
95
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
res judicata (not italicized) ..........................50
rescission......................................................45
resemblance of ..........................................65
Resident Office ............................................11
resistant ........................................................45
resistible........................................................46
respective, respectively (avoid) ..................51
responded (attribution) ................................53
respondent exhibit, R. Exh
. .........................10
Respondent, the (in the case) .....................11
responsible ...................................................46
rest of (use sing. or pl. verb) .......................57
rest, remainder, balance ..............................53
restrictive clause (never set off by
commas) ...................................................35
retroactive (preferred over nunc pro tunc) 49
retrospect .....................................................16
reunite ...........................................................16
revd., reversed .........................................2, 10
revealed (attribution) ...................................53
revenge for, on ...........................................66
reversible ......................................................46
revertible ......................................................46
revg., reversing.........................................2, 10
revise.............................................................47
reviser ...........................................................45
right preposition, the ...................................58
right word, the ..............................................53
right-hand side..............................................18
right-of-way ..................................................19
rights-of-way ................................................29
right-to-work law ..........................................18
rise ................................................................47
Roman numerals (use only in low
numbers) ...............................................8, 27
rpm (revolutions per minute) .......................40
Rte., Route (address)......................................9
rule 2 (in lowercase) ....................................13
rulemaking ...................................................15
Rules and Regulations, NLRB ....................11
rules for singular and plural ........................57
Rules of Civil Procedure, Federal .................7
Rules of Evidence, Federal ...........................7
run off (v.) .....................................................15
runoff (n.) ......................................................15
run-ins ..........................................................30
running head case citations.....................2, 20
S
S.C., SC ...........................................................9
S.Ct., Supreme Court Reporter .....................8
S.D., SD ...........................................................9
said (attribution) ..........................................53
said, such (avoid) .........................................51
sale, salable ............................................45, 48
saleslady .......................................................15
salesman ......................................................15
salvo, salvos ................................................28
same, such (avoid) .......................................51
sanatorium, sanatoriums ............................28
sanction for, of ...........................................66
sanitarium, sanitariums ...............................28
sawmill ..........................................................15
Schmitz, Schmitzes .....................................28
science .........................................................47
sculptor (m. or f.) .........................................53
scurrilous .....................................................45
seasons (in lowercase).................................12
sec. secs. (in footnotes & parentheses) .....10
second-guess ...............................................17
second-step meeting ...................................18
secretaries-treasurers (plural) ....................29
secretary-treasurer (with hyphen) ..............21
secretary-treasurer’s seat ...........................31
secret-ballot election ...................................18
Section 2(6) and (7) ........................................8
Section 8(a)(1) ..............................................11
Section 8(a)(3) and (1) ...................................8
Section 8(b)(4)(i), (ii)(A) and (B) ....................8
section II,B,2,a of the judge’s decision .........8
section and article (lowercase in
references) ................................................13
section symbol §, use of ..............................8
section(s), § §§ ..............................................9
section, the ...................................................11
sections
capitalize in NLRA and Board
publications .............................................8
lowercase in non-NLRA citations ..............8
spelled out in text........................................8
use sec. secs. in footnotes and
parentheses ...........................................10
seducible.......................................................46
see generally (as signal).................................6
see, e.g. (as signal)...................................6, 36
seize ........................................................45, 47
96
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
self-government ...........................................19
semiannual....................................................16
semicolon
general rules .............................................42
to separate multiple citations ....................1
to separate short compound sentences 42
not used to separate longer compound
sentences...............................................42
also when not used ..................................42
semi-idleness ...............................................17
semi-indirect ................................................17
semiofficial....................................................15
Senate bill, S
. .................................................8
Senate Resolution, S. Res
. ............................8
Senate, the ...................................................12
Senate, U.S
. ..................................................12
Senior, Charles White Sr
. ............................10
sensible ........................................................46
Sergeant, Sgt
. ...............................................32
sergeants at arms ........................................29
serial numbers in figures .............................26
set up (v.) ......................................................15
setup (n.) ......................................................15
sevens (plural) .............................................32
Seventh and H Streets SE ...........................12
Seventy-eight passengers were aboard
the train. ....................................................25
Sgt., Sergeant ...............................................32
She drives her brother Francis’ car
. ...........32
She said Jones was a born liar
. ..................41
sheik .............................................................47
shopwork ......................................................15
short poem titles (in quotation marks)........41
short-term contract ......................................18
showdown ....................................................16
shut down (v.) ..............................................15
shutdown (n.) ...............................................15
sic [in brackets] (not italicized) ............33, 49
siege ..............................................................47
siesta ............................................................47
sieve ..............................................................47
signals
introductory ................................................6
no signal, indicates direct support ...........6
repeating .....................................................6
since, because, as .......................................54
sine die (not italicized) .................................49
sine qua non (not italicized) ........................49
single-employer unit ....................................18
single-entity finding .....................................18
single-integrated operation .........................18
single-store unit ...........................................18
singular and plural, rules for .......................57
situs (not italicized) .....................................50
sizable ...........................................................45
skillful ...........................................................45
sky, skies ......................................................28
slip op., Board decision ..............................10
slip opinion (cite year) ...................................1
slip opinion, JD slip op
. ...........................1, 10
Smith was not [emphasis added] in the
room with us. ............................................33
SMU (no periods) .........................................40
so-called investigation ................................18
social security program................................20
soft-pedal ......................................................19
soil conservation measures ........................20
soldiers and sailors’ home ..........................31
solicitous about, for, of, to ........................66
soliloquy, soliloquies ...................................28
solo, solos ....................................................28
some (collective noun) ................................57
somebody else’s pen ...................................31
somebody, someone ...................................17
somebody’s proposal ..................................31
someone .......................................................17
someone’s computer....................................31
something .....................................................17
sometime, some time, sometimes ..............56
somewhere ...................................................17
song titles (in quotation marks) ..................41
South (address) ..............................................9
Southeast, SE (address).................................9
southern California ......................................12
southwest, SW (address) ...............................9
spacecraft (italicize name) ...........................50
Spanish union names ................................1, 2
special delivery mail ....................................20
specie ...........................................................47
specious........................................................45
speech correction class ..............................20
spelling
-able (ending) ............................................46
article a before consonants,
exceptions .............................................48
article an before vowels, exceptions .....48
-ce or -ge before suffix...........................48
-cede (ending) ...........................................47
97
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
-ceed (ending) ...........................................47
change y to i unless suffix begins
with i ....................................................48
double final consonant before suffix ......47
drop e before suffix when d
before ge ..............................................48
frequently misspelled words....................45
i-before-e rule ...........................................47
-ible (ending) .............................................46
-ise (ending) ..............................................47
-ize (ending)...............................................47
-sede (ending)............................................47
silent e before suffix ..............................48
spiel ..............................................................45
spirit of ’76 ...................................................32
spoonful .......................................................16
Square (address) ...........................................9
SS America ...................................................50
St. Michael’s Men’s Club..............................31
St., Street (address)........................................9
stadium, stadiums .......................................28
staff (collective noun) ..................................57
State, a (in U.S.) ...........................................12
State, New York ............................................12
State Attorney ..............................................12
State’s evidence ...........................................12
State aid ........................................................12
State name ...................................................12
State names, Postal Service abbreviations 9
State road .....................................................12
state, church and .........................................12
state, out-of-state .........................................12
stated (attribution) .......................................53
statewide ......................................................12
status quo (not italicized) ............................50
status quo ante
not italicized .............................................49
restore status quo to given date
(preferred) .............................................49
statutes cited ..................................................8
stein...............................................................47
step-2 grievance ..........................................18
step-by-step .................................................19
stepfather .....................................................16
Sterns’ is running a sale
. ............................32
still-lingering doubt ......................................20
still-new car...................................................20
stimulus, stimuli ..........................................28
Stipulated Election Agreement ...................11
stone’s throw ...............................................31
storeroom......................................................15
storewide ......................................................15
strata .............................................................28
strawboss......................................................15
strive against, for, to, with ........................66
Strunk & White, Elements of Style 34, 38, 51
studio, studios .............................................28
stupefy ..........................................................45
stylus, styluses ............................................28
sua sponte
not italicized .............................................49
on its own motion (preferred) ..................49
sub nom., under the name ..................1, 2, 10
sub rosa (adv.) .............................................17
sub-rosa (adj.) ..............................................17
subch. subchs., subchapter(s) ...................10
subheading titles (in quotation marks) ......41
subhuman .....................................................16
subject titles (in quotation marks) ..............41
submersible ..................................................46
subpar. subpars., subparagraph(s) ............10
subpoena (not italicized) .............................50
subpoena ad testificandum
not italicized .............................................49
subpoena to testify, subpoena
(preferred) .............................................49
subpoena duces tecum
not italicized .............................................49
subpoena to produce documents
(preferred) .............................................49
subpoena to produce documents................49
subregion .....................................................15
subregional ..................................................15
Subregional Office........................................11
subsec. subsecs., subsection(s) ................10
subsequent to (avoid)...................................52
subtlety..........................................................45
succeed .........................................................47
successors-and-assigns clause ..................18
suffixes in compound words .......................16
suggestible....................................................46
Superintendent Heep ...................................13
supermarket..................................................16
supersede ...............................................45, 47
superseniority ..............................................15
supersensible................................................46
supervise.......................................................47
Supervisor Smith .........................................13
98
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
supp. supps., supplement(s) ......................10
suppressible..................................................46
supra
above (preferred) ..................................6, 49
not italicized .........................................6, 49
Supreme Court decisions
company names .........................................3
union names ............................................1, 3
Supreme Court Reporter (cited S.Ct.) ..........8
surmise .........................................................47
surname in text, first with given name
and then alone (or with title for clarity) 13
surnames with book titles .............................7
surprise ........................................................47
surreptitious..................................................45
surrounding circumstances (avoid) ............52
surveil............................................................56
surveillance...................................................45
susceptible....................................................46
Sutherland Statutory Constructions ............7
swing-shift employees .................................18
swore (attribution) ........................................53
syllabus, syllabuses ....................................28
symbol § in U.S.C. citations ........................8
symbols, plurals of ......................................32
sympathetic to, toward, with .....................66
sympathize in, with ....................................66
sympathy for, in, with ................................66
synopsis, synopses .....................................29
T
tableau, tableaus ..........................................28
Taft-Hartley Act (LMRA) .................................7
talk to, with .................................................66
tally of ballots ...............................................11
tangible .........................................................46
taste for, in, of ............................................66
teachers college ...........................................32
Teamsters Local 443 (the Union or the
Respondent) .............................................39
Teamsters Union ..........................................32
teaspoonful, teaspoonfuls ..........................29
technicians guide ........................................32
telephone, phone .........................................32
televise .........................................................47
Tell me how he did it
. ..................................40
temperature in the thirties ...........................27
Ten Commandments ....................................27
Tenn., TN ........................................................9
Ter., Terrace (address) ...................................9
terrible ..........................................................46
testified (attribution) ....................................53
Tex., TX ...........................................................9
that, which ....................................................56
The (initial), omitted in case citation ............2
the “duly” habit ............................................41
the “lameduck” amendment .......................41
the 1990s ......................................................27
the 1st (day) of the month ...........................25
The 9th group contained three items
and the 10th group contained four. ........25
The agreement (GC Exh. 2) was never
signed (Tr. 26–27). ....................................40
The answer is “Maybe.”................................42
The area is drought stricken
. ......................20
The area was used for beet growing
. .........20
The atomic bomb, which we developed,
was first used by us. ................................35
The boy is freckle faced
. .............................20
The Company produces many items, e.g.,
electrical and mechanical equipment. ....36
The court said: “[T]he underlying purpose
of this statute is industrial peace. This
conduct is not conducive to that end. ....34
The dam that gave way was poorly
constructed. ..............................................35
the Deep South .............................................12
The effects were far reaching
. ....................20
the fact that (avoid).......................................52
the field examiner ........................................13
the first (part) of October .............................25
The following question came up for
discussion: What policy should be
adopted? ...................................................34
the foreman ...................................................13
The foreman saw him at the timeclock
and directed him to go to the office.
(Smith had never been late before.
Many others had been.) They met the
steward there. ...........................................39
the heading “Collective Bargaining”...........37
The language should be ...............................34
The language should be as follows: ...........34
The man had 1 suit, 2 pairs of shoes,
and 15 pairs of socks for the trip. ...........25
The man had one suit, two pairs of
shoes, and one hat. ..................................25
99
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
the Middle West ...........................................12
the North .......................................................12
The number of accidents is great
. ..............57
the Pacific Coast...........................................12
the painter Van Gogh....................................37
the Panhandle ...............................................12
the port of New York.....................................12
the present time (avoid) ...............................52
The president pro tem [Arnold] spoke
briefly. .......................................................33
The President, he said, “will veto the bill.” 43
The primary issues are (a)
. . . (b) ...............34
The primary issues are: (a)
. . . (b) (avoid) 34
the primary result. [Emphasis added.]
(at end of block quotation) ......................33
the ship’s hovering nearby ..........................32
The sketches have been submitted; we
await their approval. ................................42
The so-called investigative body [no
quotation marks after so-called]. ............41
the Southwest ..............................................12
The squalor of the streets reminded him
of a line from Oscar Wilde: “We are all
in the gutter, but some of us are
looking at the stars.”.................................34
The third group contained 10 items
. ..........25
The third group contained nine items
. .......25
the Thirteen Original States ........................27
The trainman shouted, “All aboard!” ..........43
The trouble with truth is its many
varieties. ...................................................57
The United States is the principal
purchaser (by value) of these exports
(23 percent in 1995 and 19 percent
in 1996). .....................................................39
The violence resumed shortly after
“he arrive[d] in his truck.” ........................44
The vote was 77 yes and 9 no
. ....................41
The witness tried [evidently without
success] to convince the court. ..............33
theirs (possessive) ......................................32
theme titles (in quotation marks) ................41
themselves ...................................................17
Then we had much; now, nothing
. .............36
There are many exceptions, namely,
silk, cotton, nylon, and wool. ..................36
there can be no question that (avoid) .........52
therefor (avoid) ............................................51
therefrom (avoid) .........................................51
therein (avoid) ...............................................51
thereof (avoid)...............................................51
therewith (avoid) ..........................................51
thermocouple................................................16
thesis, theses ...............................................29
They had indeed gone
. ................................37
They had stopped work
. . . and [had
gone] to the office. ...................................44
This 1980 case (447 U.S. 490) is not
relevant. ....................................................39
this p.m
. ........................................................25
Thomas Brown, Esq., ..................................36
though, although, even though ...................53
three afternoons ...........................................26
three decades ...............................................26
three quarters (9 months) ............................26
three R’s .......................................................32
three-ply ........................................................26
threescore years and ten..............................27
threshold ......................................................45
thrill at, with ...............................................66
till, until .........................................................32
time (use sing. verb) ....................................57
time in figures ..............................................26
time-and-a-half wage rate.............................18
time-barred charge ......................................18
timecard ........................................................15
timesheet ......................................................15
timewasting ..................................................15
title 4 (in lowercase) ....................................13
titles (do not hyphenate except combined
offices) ......................................................21
titles and headings, capitalize (except
articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
of four or fewer letters) ............................13
titles and names in text ...............................13
titles, compound (use en dash when
needed for clarity) ....................................38
To Whom It May Concern: ...........................34
to wit (avoid) ................................................51
tobacco, tobaccos .......................................28
together with (use sing. verb) .....................57
tolerance for, of, to ....................................66
tomato, tomatoes .........................................28
tool-and-die maker .......................................18
toolmaker ......................................................15
torch, torches ...............................................28
tormented by, with ....................................66
torpedo, torpedoes ......................................28
100
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
total, totaled ...........................................45, 47
totally (preferred over in toto) ....................49
Tr., transcript ................................................10
tractor-trailer ................................................17
trade unions .................................................29
traffic, trafficking .........................................45
transatlantic .................................................16
trans-Canadian .............................................16
transcript, Tr
. ...............................................10
transfer, transferable, transferred ...............45
transfer, transferal, transference,
transferor ..................................................47
transfer, transferred, transferring ...............47
transoceanic .................................................16
transshipment ..............................................45
travel, traveled .......................................45, 47
Tree Fruits decision......................................50
tricolor...........................................................16
trio, trios .......................................................28
truckdriver (but dump truck driver) ............15
true, truism ...................................................48
TRW, Inc. recently built here
. ......................36
T-shirt .....................................................19, 45
turn over (v.) .................................................15
turnover (n.) ..................................................15
TV program titles (in quotation marks) ......41
Twenty years is a long time
. .......................57
twentyfold .....................................................16
two ½-inch boards .......................................27
two dozen......................................................26
two, twos ......................................................28
twofold or threefold .....................................19
twos, threes (plurals) ...................................32
U
U. Exhs., union exhibits ..............................10
U. Pa. L. Rev
. ..................................................7
U.S. (omitted in citing Federal agencies)......2
U.S. (citing United States Reports) .........8, 10
U.S. Attorney ..................................................9
U.S. Const., Art. I, § 9, cl. 2 ............................8
U.S. District Court ..........................................9
U.S. economy .................................................9
U.S. Government ............................................9
U.S. Senate ...............................................9, 12
U.S. Supreme Court .................................9, 12
U.S.C., United States Code ............................8
U.S.C.A., United States Code Annotated ......8
USCS, U.S. Code Service Lawyers Edition ...8
USCS, United States Supreme Court
Service Lawyers Edition ............................8
UAW (no periods)..........................................40
ultra-ambitious .............................................17
ultrasonic ......................................................16
umbrage at, to ............................................66
uncap ............................................................16
undercoverman ............................................20
underproductive ...........................................16
unequal in, to .............................................66
unfavorable for, to .....................................66
unilingual ......................................................16
unintelligible..................................................46
union agent ..................................................11
union animus (not antiunion animus) ........45
union exhibits, U. Exhs
. ..............................10
Union Steward Clark, who participated
in the strike, was promoted. ....................35
Union, the (in the case) ...............................11
union-security clause ..................................18
union-shop agreement ................................18
United States
foreign policy of .........................................9
The Supreme Court of the .........................9
United States Code (cited U.S.C.) .................8
United States Code Annotated
(cited U.S.C.A.) ...........................................8
United States Code Service Lawyers
Edition (cited USCS) ...................................8
United States control....................................32
United States Court of Appeals for the
Fifth Circuit ...............................................12
United States Law Week (L.W.) .....................8
United States Reports (cited U.S.) ..........8, 10
United States Supreme Court Reports
Lawyers' Edition (cited L.Ed.2d) ...............8
unmistakable.................................................46
unsusceptible................................................46
until such time as (avoid) ............................52
until, till .........................................................32
unto (avoid) ..................................................51
untrammeled ................................................45
unusually high strung supervisor ...............20
up to date (adv.) ............................................17
up-and-coming..............................................17
update ...........................................................16
upon, on ........................................................55
uppercase type .............................................20
101
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
upperclassman ............................................20
ups and downs .............................................32
up-to-date (adj.) ............................................17
usable............................................................45
USS Nautilus ................................................50
Utah, UT ..........................................................9
V
Va., VA ............................................................9
vacated (spell out in citation) ........................2
variance with...............................................66
various, different ..........................................56
vary from, with ...........................................66
Venetian ........................................................11
venetian blinds .............................................11
verbal, oral ...................................................55
verbatim (not italicized) ...............................50
verbatim (preferred over in haec verba) ....49
vessels (italicize names) ..............................50
vest in, with ................................................66
veto, vetoes ..................................................28
vexed at, with .............................................66
vice chairmen ...............................................29
vice president, ex-vice-president ..........19, 21
Vice President–General Manager Brown
(with en dash, not hyphen) ................13, 38
vice versa (not italicized) .............................50
vice-presidency.............................................19
Vice-President-elect .....................................19
vicissitude ....................................................45
vilify ..............................................................45
vincible .........................................................46
virtuoso, virtuosos .......................................28
vis-à-vis (avoid) ............................................51
visible ...........................................................46
viz. (avoid) ....................................................51
V-neck ...........................................................19
voir dire (not italicized) ................................49
vol. vols., volume(s)......................................10
volume 10 (in lowercase) .............................13
volume numbers (replace Roman with
Arabic numerals) ........................................8
Von Braun .....................................................12
von Braun, Wernher .....................................12
Vt., VT .............................................................9
W
W.Va., WV .......................................................9
wait for, on, until ........................................66
warehouseman .............................................15
Wash., WA .....................................................9
Washington Post (not italicized) .................50
Washington Post, Jan. 7, 1982 at D11,
col. 5 ............................................................7
Washington Post, the ..................................12
Washington, DC 20570–0001 ......................37
We have not carried that model for
some time, but we expect to restock it. ..36
weeks’ allowance..........................................31
weigh ............................................................47
Weinstein’s Federal Evidence........................7
weird..............................................................47
well-being .....................................................17
well-established procedure .........................18
well-kept farm ..............................................20
well-known lawyer ........................................20
well-known supporter ..................................18
well-settled principle ...................................18
well-thought-out maneuver .........................18
West (address) ...............................................9
What the difficulty is, is not known
. ...........36
What! .............................................................39
when, while, during .....................................54
Where the h— is he? ...................................38
where, when, in which, if .............................56
whereases ....................................................32
whereases and wherefores .........................29
whereby (avoid) ............................................51
wherein (avoid) ............................................51
whether or not (omit not when possible) ...52
Whether the Company (a) bargained in
bad faith, precluding a valid impasse,
(b) changed wages, benefits, and
working rules, and (c) [commas
instead of semicolons] .............................42
while, although, even though ......................56
White Senior..................................................37
Who shouted, “All aboard!” ........................39
wholly owned subsidiary .............................20
Why call it a “gentlemen’s agreement”? ....43
wide gauge ....................................................19
wide-awake....................................................19
widemouthed.................................................19
Wigmore on Evidence.....................................7
Williston on Contracts ...................................7
willful ............................................................45
102
Revised January 2000
INDEX AND WORD LIST
windup...........................................................16
Wis., WI ...........................................................9
Wisdom grows from experience, ................34
Wisdom grows from: experience, (avoid) ..34
with (use sing. verb) ....................................57
with reference to (avoid) ..............................52
with regard to (avoid) ...................................52
with the exception of (avoid) ......................52
withdrawn (spell out in citation) ...................2
withhold.........................................................45
women advisers............................................29
women writers ..............................................29
women’s votes .............................................32
word-for-word report ...................................18
work force ....................................................15
workers’ compensation ...............................32
workplace......................................................15
work-related complaint ................................18
worksheet .....................................................15
worktable ......................................................15
worktime .......................................................15
workweek .....................................................15
worthy of, to ...............................................66
Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and
Procedure ....................................................7
writer’s cramp ..............................................31
wrongdoer.....................................................15
WTOP–TV (with en dash) ............................38
Wyo., WY ........................................................9
X
X-raying .........................................................19
XYZ Company (the Company or the
Respondent) ..............................................39
Y
yearn for, with ............................................66
Yes, they are coming
. ..................................36
yeses and noes ......................................29, 32
yield of, to ...................................................66
YMCAs ..........................................................29
You are sure, are you not? ..........................36
You will observe that the sword is (1) old
fashioned, (2) still sharp, and (3) light
for its size. ................................................39
Your honesty, not your pleas, causes me
to relent. ....................................................57
yours (plural) ................................................32
yourself .........................................................17
yourselves.....................................................17
Z
zero miles ......................................................26
zero, zeros.....................................................28
103
Revised January 2000
